History and Anthology of English Literature Introduction.

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1 History and Anthology of English Literature Introduction

2 What are we going to learn in this section? We will focus on: We will focus on: The requirements of the course Definition of literature, main forms\genres and elements of each type Definition of literature, main forms\genres and elements of each type Main periods of English literature, writers of each period and their major works Main periods of English literature, writers of each period and their major works

3 Requirements of the Course Course Title: History and Anthology of English Literature Course Title: History and Anthology of English Literature Assessment: Final Score= 60% Final Exam+20% Mid-exam (or Course Paper)+20% Class Performance Assessment: Final Score= 60% Final Exam+20% Mid-exam (or Course Paper)+20% Class Performance Class Performance will be assessed mainly according to your class attendance and class involvement. Class Performance will be assessed mainly according to your class attendance and class involvement. Course Paper is the main form of Mid-term exam, which requires you to write formally about some literary works. Course Paper is the main form of Mid-term exam, which requires you to write formally about some literary works.

4 Requirements of the Course Course Paper Guidance Course Paper Guidance Topics: concentrate your paper on one of the recommended topic areas to discuss. Topics: concentrate your paper on one of the recommended topic areas to discuss. Structure: write your paper in the form of an academic paper. That is, with an introductory part, a development part, a conclusion, abstract, keywords, notes, and bibliography. Use of References are strongly recommended. Structure: write your paper in the form of an academic paper. That is, with an introductory part, a development part, a conclusion, abstract, keywords, notes, and bibliography. Use of References are strongly recommended. Language: write your paper in accepted English, with the least grammatical mistakes. Language: write your paper in accepted English, with the least grammatical mistakes. Format: Follow the regular format for an academic paper. Format: Follow the regular format for an academic paper.

5 Requirements of the Course Course Paper Guidance: Special Notice!!! Course Paper Guidance: Special Notice!!! Write your own paper. All ideas and phrases that are not your own, whether they are derived from printed sources, resources on the internet, or lectures, must be acknowledged. Failure to acknowledge your sources will result in partial or total loss of marks for that piece of work. In more serious cases it will result in failure in the unit of study. Students who allow their work to be copied and passed off as the work of another student will be regarded as complicit in an act of plagiarism. Write your own paper. All ideas and phrases that are not your own, whether they are derived from printed sources, resources on the internet, or lectures, must be acknowledged. Failure to acknowledge your sources will result in partial or total loss of marks for that piece of work. In more serious cases it will result in failure in the unit of study. Students who allow their work to be copied and passed off as the work of another student will be regarded as complicit in an act of plagiarism.

6 Definition of Literature Literature Literature (From Latin littera letter), is the art of written works. In Western culture the most basic written literary types include fiction and nonfiction. Fiction refers to the creative and figurative use of langrage under which, there are four genres: novels, short stories, plays and poems. Non-fiction is called a literal expression of life or discursive writing. Another term for non-fiction is essay, which is traditionally classified into four categories: description, narration, exposition, and argumentation. In fiction, the four genres are rarely combined, but in essays, the four types rarely appear alone. (From Latin littera letter), is the art of written works. In Western culture the most basic written literary types include fiction and nonfiction. Fiction refers to the creative and figurative use of langrage under which, there are four genres: novels, short stories, plays and poems. Non-fiction is called a literal expression of life or discursive writing. Another term for non-fiction is essay, which is traditionally classified into four categories: description, narration, exposition, and argumentation. In fiction, the four genres are rarely combined, but in essays, the four types rarely appear alone.

7 Main Forms\Genres of Literature Fiction: Fiction: BY LENGTH: short story; short novel; full-length novel; Trilogy; Tetralogy. BY LENGTH: short story; short novel; full-length novel; Trilogy; Tetralogy. BY SUBJECT MATTER: picaresque novel ( 传奇小说, 以流浪汉 [ 歹徒 ] 等的冒险事迹为题材的 ); gothic novel;; psychological novel; sociological novel (thesis novel); proletariat novel; romance. BY SUBJECT MATTER: picaresque novel ( 传奇小说, 以流浪汉 [ 歹徒 ] 等的冒险事迹为题材的 ); gothic novel;; psychological novel; sociological novel (thesis novel); proletariat novel; romance. Poetry: ballad; lyric; narrative poem; epic; sonnet; ode; elegy; pastoral; blank verse; free verse Poetry: ballad; lyric; narrative poem; epic; sonnet; ode; elegy; pastoral; blank verse; free verse Drama: comedy; tragedy Drama: comedy; tragedy (Film) (Film)

8 Gothic Novel Gothic novel as one branch of the English literature and the father of horror movies origins from The Castle of Otranto(1764). More importantly, it leads habitually with darkness and horror. Gothic elements include horror, mystery, supernatural phenomenon, misfortune,death,haunted houses, and family curses. Gothic novel as one branch of the English literature and the father of horror movies origins from The Castle of Otranto(1764). More importantly, it leads habitually with darkness and horror. Gothic elements include horror, mystery, supernatural phenomenon, misfortune,death,haunted houses, and family curses. 哥特小说，属于英语文学派别，是西方通俗文 学中惊险神秘小说的一种。一般被认为随着贺 瑞斯 · 华尔波尔的《奥特朗图堡》而产生。哥特 小说可以说是恐怖电影的鼻祖，更重要的是， 它使我们今天习惯地将哥特式与黑暗、恐怖联 系在一起。 显著的哥特小说元素包括恐怖，神 秘，超自然，厄运，死亡，颓废，住着幽灵的 老房子，癫狂，家族诅咒等。 哥特小说，属于英语文学派别，是西方通俗文 学中惊险神秘小说的一种。一般被认为随着贺 瑞斯 · 华尔波尔的《奥特朗图堡》而产生。哥特 小说可以说是恐怖电影的鼻祖，更重要的是， 它使我们今天习惯地将哥特式与黑暗、恐怖联 系在一起。 显著的哥特小说元素包括恐怖，神 秘，超自然，厄运，死亡，颓废，住着幽灵的 老房子，癫狂，家族诅咒等。

9 Elements of Fiction Theme: controlling idea or central insight; Theme: controlling idea or central insight; Plot and Structure: how is the story told, a complete phase of a plot includes exposition, conflict, climax, denouement. Plot and Structure: how is the story told, a complete phase of a plot includes exposition, conflict, climax, denouement. Character: persons invented, protagonist. Character: persons invented, protagonist. Setting: a particular time and place; Setting: a particular time and place; Point of View: outlook and attitude of a narrator, a standpoint, the first-person narrative and the third- person narrative Point of View: outlook and attitude of a narrator, a standpoint, the first-person narrative and the third- person narrative Tone and Style: ironic, abstract, concrete… Tone and Style: ironic, abstract, concrete…

10 Guidelines for Reading Fiction Read through the story for enjoyment Read through the story for enjoyment Consider the story from the standpoint of the elements Consider the story from the standpoint of the elements Try to interpret it according to your own understanding Try to interpret it according to your own understanding Write formally about it Write formally about it

11 Elements of Poetry Rhyme: the repetition of the stressed vowel sound and all succeeding sounds; most obvious characteristic of a poem; rhyme scheme (eg. ababc); Rhyme: the repetition of the stressed vowel sound and all succeeding sounds; most obvious characteristic of a poem; rhyme scheme (eg. ababc); Rhythm : the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables; meter 节拍, 格律 (iamb 抑扬格, trochee 扬抑 格 …) foot 音步 (monometer 单音步,… pentameter 五 音步 …). Rhythm : the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables; meter 节拍, 格律 (iamb 抑扬格, trochee 扬抑 格 …) foot 音步 (monometer 单音步,… pentameter 五 音步 …). Stanzaic Forms: a verse paragraph, a rhythmical unit (couplet, heroic couplet, triplet, quatrain, sonnet) Stanzaic Forms: a verse paragraph, a rhythmical unit (couplet, heroic couplet, triplet, quatrain, sonnet)

12 Elements of Poetry Figure of Speech: simile, metaphor, personification, paradox, ambiguity, onomatopoeia; Figure of Speech: simile, metaphor, personification, paradox, ambiguity, onomatopoeia; Tone: mood, voice, attitude and outlook of a poet (eg. cold, eager, uncertain, boastful, protecting…) Tone: mood, voice, attitude and outlook of a poet (eg. cold, eager, uncertain, boastful, protecting…) Image: sense impressions (trees….) to create atmosphere, to focus an idea… Image: sense impressions (trees….) to create atmosphere, to focus an idea… Theme: emotion-arousing (a novel is always thought-provoking) Theme: emotion-arousing (a novel is always thought-provoking)

13 Elements of Poetry Special Rhymes Special Rhymes Alliteration ( 头韵 ) is the repetition of consonants, especially at the beginning of words or stressed syllables. For example : “While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping” Alliteration ( 头韵 ) is the repetition of consonants, especially at the beginning of words or stressed syllables. For example : “While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping” Assonance （元韵 ） is the repetition of similar vowel sounds within a noticeable range. For example, “All day the wind breathes low with mellower tone” Assonance （元韵 ） is the repetition of similar vowel sounds within a noticeable range. For example, “All day the wind breathes low with mellower tone” Consonance ( 辅音韵 ) is the repetition of identical consonant sounds before and after different vowels. For example, “tit” and “tat” “creak” and “crack” Consonance ( 辅音韵 ) is the repetition of identical consonant sounds before and after different vowels. For example, “tit” and “tat” “creak” and “crack”

14 Elements of Poetry Metrical Rhythm Metrical Rhythm Meter is based on syllables, indicating how stressed and unstressed syllables are arranged. Meter is based on syllables, indicating how stressed and unstressed syllables are arranged. For example, iamb : a stressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. (U/) and trochee /U, anapest UU/. For example, iamb : a stressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. (U/) and trochee /U, anapest UU/. Foot is applied within a single line, indicating how many meters are employed in that line. Foot is applied within a single line, indicating how many meters are employed in that line. For Example: For Example: Shall I \compare\ thee to\ a sum\mer’s day Shall I \compare\ thee to\ a sum\mer’s day Thou art\ more lovely and more temperate Thou art\ more lovely and more temperate As is shown above, the syllables are arranged in the pattern of the unstressed and stressed (U/), so the meter is iambic. And each of the lines contains five iambic units (iamb), so the lines are written in pentameter. The metrical rhythm of these lines are iambic pentameter. As is shown above, the syllables are arranged in the pattern of the unstressed and stressed (U/), so the meter is iambic. And each of the lines contains five iambic units (iamb), so the lines are written in pentameter. The metrical rhythm of these lines are iambic pentameter.

15 Guidelines for Reading a Poem Read the poem once straight through, with no particular expectations Read the poem once straight through, with no particular expectations Read for the exact sense of all the words Read for the exact sense of all the words Read aloud or sound the words in your mind Read aloud or sound the words in your mind Try to paraphrase the poem as a whole Try to paraphrase the poem as a whole 聆听诗歌的声音之美 beauty of the sounds 聆听诗歌的声音之美 beauty of the sounds

16 Elements of Drama Plot: arrangement of happenings; structure of a play’s action. Plot: arrangement of happenings; structure of a play’s action. Conflict: rising action, climax and a falling action Conflict: rising action, climax and a falling action Character: characters bring plays to life Character: characters bring plays to life Dialogue: a drama is a story in dialogue performed by actors on a stage before an audience Dialogue: a drama is a story in dialogue performed by actors on a stage before an audience Staging: positions of actors onstage, their nonverbal gestures and movements, scenic background, the prop0s and costumes, lighting and sound effect. Staging: positions of actors onstage, their nonverbal gestures and movements, scenic background, the prop0s and costumes, lighting and sound effect. Theme: meaning and significance. Theme: meaning and significance.

17 Guidelines for Reading a Play Read the opening stage directions carefully Read the opening stage directions carefully Read the opening scene slowly Read the opening scene slowly Note the places in the actions where conflicts develop most intensely Note the places in the actions where conflicts develop most intensely Listen carefully to the dialogue Listen carefully to the dialogue Try staging parts of the play in your minds Try staging parts of the play in your minds Consider its types and the central idea Consider its types and the central idea

18 Critical Approaches to Literature Formalist Criticism, also called the New Criticism, begins with a personal response to the literary work, but it goes to try to account for the response by closely examine the work. A key method that formalist use to explore the intense relationship within a poem is close reading. Formalist Criticism, also called the New Criticism, begins with a personal response to the literary work, but it goes to try to account for the response by closely examine the work. A key method that formalist use to explore the intense relationship within a poem is close reading. Marxist\Sociological Criticism sees history primarily as a struggle between socioeconomics classes, and it sees literature as the products of economic forces of the period. So it examines literature in the cultural, economic and political context in which it is written or received. Marxist\Sociological Criticism sees history primarily as a struggle between socioeconomics classes, and it sees literature as the products of economic forces of the period. So it examines literature in the cultural, economic and political context in which it is written or received. Structuralism, a method of analyzing phenomena, as in anthropology, linguistics, psychology, or literature, chiefly characterized by contrasting the elemental structures of the phenomena in a system of binary opposition. It based on linguistic theories of Saussure. Structuralism, a method of analyzing phenomena, as in anthropology, linguistics, psychology, or literature, chiefly characterized by contrasting the elemental structures of the phenomena in a system of binary opposition. It based on linguistic theories of Saussure.

19 Critical Approaches to Literature Deconstructionist Criticism, is an approach, which rigorously pursues the meaning of a text to the point of exposing the contradictions and internal oppositions upon which it is apparently founded and showing that those foundations are irreducibly complex, unstable, or impossible. It is an approach that may be deployed in philosophy, literary analysis, or other fields. Deconstructionist Criticism, is an approach, which rigorously pursues the meaning of a text to the point of exposing the contradictions and internal oppositions upon which it is apparently founded and showing that those foundations are irreducibly complex, unstable, or impossible. It is an approach that may be deployed in philosophy, literary analysis, or other fields. Psychoanalytical Criticism, refers to literary criticism which, in method, concept, theory, or form, is influenced by the tradition of psychoanalysis begun by Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalytical Criticism, refers to literary criticism which, in method, concept, theory, or form, is influenced by the tradition of psychoanalysis begun by Sigmund Freud. Feminist\Gender Criticism, is literary criticism informed by feminist theory, or by the politics of feminism more broadly. Feminist\Gender Criticism, is literary criticism informed by feminist theory, or by the politics of feminism more broadly. Mythic and Archetypal Criticism, is a type of critical theory that interprets a text by focusing on recurring myths and archetypes (from the Greek archē, or beginning, and typos, or imprint) in the narrative, symbols, images, and character types in a literary work. Mythic and Archetypal Criticism, is a type of critical theory that interprets a text by focusing on recurring myths and archetypes (from the Greek archē, or beginning, and typos, or imprint) in the narrative, symbols, images, and character types in a literary work.

20 Main Periods of English Literature Old English Literatue(449-1066) Old English Literatue(449-1066) Medieval English Literature(1066-1485) Medieval English Literature(1066-1485) Renaissance English Literature(1485-1603) Renaissance English Literature(1485-1603) Seventeenth-Century Literature(1603-1700) Seventeenth-Century Literature(1603-1700) Enlightenment English Literature(1700-1798) Enlightenment English Literature(1700-1798) Romantic English Literature(1798-1832) Romantic English Literature(1798-1832) Victorian English Literature(1832-1900) Victorian English Literature(1832-1900) Literature of 20th-Century Literature and that of 21th-Century Literature of 20th-Century Literature and that of 21th-Century

21 Old English Literatue(449-1066) The Anglo-Saxon The Anglo-Saxon Norman Conquer Norman Conquer Beowulf ( 英国古代史诗, 公元 5 世纪时 已开始口头传诵，约 8 世纪时成书。 勇士贝奥武甫与怪物格伦德尔搏斗， 使其断臂而死。怪物之母为子复仇， 又被他追踪杀死。后来他做了国王。 一次火龙来犯，他挺身斩龙，伤重而 死。人民为他举行了隆重的葬礼。 现存的《贝奥武甫》唯一手稿，处于 一个不知名的书记员之手，成稿时间 为十世纪早期。被发现是在 1705 年， 反映的是六世纪发生在欧洲大陆的一 些事情。。《贝奥武夫》它体现的是 英雄叙事长诗，完成于公元九世纪。 全诗长 3183 行 ) Beowulf ( 英国古代史诗, 公元 5 世纪时 已开始口头传诵，约 8 世纪时成书。 勇士贝奥武甫与怪物格伦德尔搏斗， 使其断臂而死。怪物之母为子复仇， 又被他追踪杀死。后来他做了国王。 一次火龙来犯，他挺身斩龙，伤重而 死。人民为他举行了隆重的葬礼。 现存的《贝奥武甫》唯一手稿，处于 一个不知名的书记员之手，成稿时间 为十世纪早期。被发现是在 1705 年， 反映的是六世纪发生在欧洲大陆的一 些事情。。《贝奥武夫》它体现的是 英雄叙事长诗，完成于公元九世纪。 全诗长 3183 行 )

22 Medieval English Literature (1066-1485) Anglo-Norman Period Anglo-Norman Period Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Medieval Period Medieval Period Geoffrey Chaucer( 杰弗 里 · 乔叟, 英国中世纪著名作 家，代表作《坎特伯雷故事 集》乔叟率先采用伦敦方言 写作，并创作 “ 英雄双行体 ” ， 对英国民族语言和文学的发 展影响极大，故被誉为 “ 英 国诗歌之父 ” 。 ) Geoffrey Chaucer( 杰弗 里 · 乔叟, 英国中世纪著名作 家，代表作《坎特伯雷故事 集》乔叟率先采用伦敦方言 写作，并创作 “ 英雄双行体 ” ， 对英国民族语言和文学的发 展影响极大，故被誉为 “ 英 国诗歌之父 ” 。 )

23 Renaissance English Literature (1485-1603) The Renaissance Movement The Renaissance Movement William Shakespeare ( 莎士 比亚 1564 ～ 1616 ）英国文艺 复兴时期伟大的剧作家、诗 人，欧洲文艺复兴时期人文 主义文学的集大成者。 ) William Shakespeare ( 莎士 比亚 1564 ～ 1616 ）英国文艺 复兴时期伟大的剧作家、诗 人，欧洲文艺复兴时期人文 主义文学的集大成者。 ) Francis Bacon ( 弗朗西斯 · 培 根朗西斯 · 培根, 英国文艺复 兴时期最重要的散作家、哲 学家。 ) Francis Bacon ( 弗朗西斯 · 培 根朗西斯 · 培根, 英国文艺复 兴时期最重要的散作家、哲 学家。 )

24 《莎翁情史》, 第 71 届奥斯卡最佳影片、 最佳原著剧本、最佳 美术指导、最佳服装 设计、最佳音乐或喜 剧类电影配乐, 片中 的女主角格温妮丝 · 帕 尔特洛获得 “ 最佳女主 角 ” ；朱迪 · 丹奇获得 最佳女配角。

25 Seventeenth-Century Literature (1603-1700) Revolution and Restoration Revolution and Restoration 英国资产阶级革命是从 1640 年查理一 世召开三级会议的事件开始到 1688 年 詹姆斯二世退位的事件结束，以新贵 族阶级为代表推翻封建统治建立起英 国资本主义制度的社会革命，也称又 称英国内战、清教徒革命。英国资产 阶级革命揭开了欧洲和北美资产阶级 革命运动的序幕，推动了世界历史发 展的进程，是世界近代史的开端。 英国资产阶级革命是从 1640 年查理一 世召开三级会议的事件开始到 1688 年 詹姆斯二世退位的事件结束，以新贵 族阶级为代表推翻封建统治建立起英 国资本主义制度的社会革命，也称又 称英国内战、清教徒革命。英国资产 阶级革命揭开了欧洲和北美资产阶级 革命运动的序幕，推动了世界历史发 展的进程，是世界近代史的开端。 John Done John Done John Milton John Milton John Bunyan John Bunyan

26 Enlightenment English Literature (1700-1798) The Enlightenmet Movement The Enlightenmet Movement Daniel Defoe Daniel Defoe 鲁滨逊漂流记（英文原名： Robinson Crusoe ，又译作鲁宾逊 漂流记，直译作鲁宾逊 · 克鲁索） 是一本由丹尼尔 · 笛福 59 岁时所著 的第一部小说，这本小说被认为 是第一本用英文以日记形式写成 的小说，享有英国第一部现实主 义长篇小说的头衔。 鲁滨逊漂流记（英文原名： Robinson Crusoe ，又译作鲁宾逊 漂流记，直译作鲁宾逊 · 克鲁索） 是一本由丹尼尔 · 笛福 59 岁时所著 的第一部小说，这本小说被认为 是第一本用英文以日记形式写成 的小说，享有英国第一部现实主 义长篇小说的头衔。 Jonathan Swift Jonathan Swift William Blake William Blake Robert Burns Robert Burns

27 Jonathan Swift 乔纳森 · 斯威夫特（ 1667- 1745 ）是英国著名的讽刺作 家。斯威夫特最著名的文学 作品是寓言小说《格列佛游 记》（ 1726 ）（第一卷 小 人国之旅 ）。作者借托船 长格列佛之口逼真地描述了 在四次航海中的奇异经历， 通过这种幻想旅行的方式来 影射现实，极尽讽刺之能事， 对英国的君主政体、司法制 度、殖民政策和社会风尚进 行了揭露。 乔纳森 · 斯威夫特（ 1667- 1745 ）是英国著名的讽刺作 家。斯威夫特最著名的文学 作品是寓言小说《格列佛游 记》（ 1726 ）（第一卷 小 人国之旅 ）。作者借托船 长格列佛之口逼真地描述了 在四次航海中的奇异经历， 通过这种幻想旅行的方式来 影射现实，极尽讽刺之能事， 对英国的君主政体、司法制 度、殖民政策和社会风尚进 行了揭露。格列佛游 记格列佛游 记

28 Summary of this Section In this section, we have got some basic and preparatory knowledge about literature and literature of Great Britain. But this is less than sufficient. The most important thing about learning literature is, to read and interpret personally, and then to appreciate or think critically and write about it, because “literature is the art that uses language as a medium”. In this section, we have got some basic and preparatory knowledge about literature and literature of Great Britain. But this is less than sufficient. The most important thing about learning literature is, to read and interpret personally, and then to appreciate or think critically and write about it, because “literature is the art that uses language as a medium”.

29 Homework Preview part one. The Anglo-Saxon Period and try to find out the origin of English literature. Preview part one. The Anglo-Saxon Period and try to find out the origin of English literature. Consult your dictionary and give your definition of literature and tell us your experiences with English literature (including films) and your favorite and reasons for your liking. Consult your dictionary and give your definition of literature and tell us your experiences with English literature (including films) and your favorite and reasons for your liking.