增進英文作文與翻譯寫作技巧 How to Write Smart? 國立高雄師範大學 李翠玉 07-25-2008.

Presentation on theme: "增進英文作文與翻譯寫作技巧 How to Write Smart? 國立高雄師範大學 李翠玉 07-25-2008."— Presentation transcript:

1 增進英文作文與翻譯寫作技巧 How to Write Smart? 國立高雄師範大學 李翠玉 07-25-2008

2 李翠玉 學經歷 學歷：台灣大學外國語文博士 美國伊利諾大學比較文學碩士 高雄師範大學英語研究所碩士 經歷：高雄師範大學英語系助理教授 兼研究發展處推廣合作組組長 高師大推動英語環境諮詢委員 英美文學學會理事 高雄縣政府英語村設置諮詢委員 高中職教科書編輯委員 全民英檢中高級評試委員

3 Write more. Write more and more, and Write Smart.

4 Outline 中英文修辭大不同 Chinese Rhetoric vs. English Rhetoric 英文作文 Dos and Don’ts 英文作文答題原則 Taking a Writing Test 段落式寫作技巧 Paragraph Writing 腦力激盪及大綱 Brainstorming 如何寫主題句 Topic Sentence 如何發展段落 Paragraph Developing 起承轉合常用句 transitional phrases 頭尾呼應 Coherence 學測與指考英文作文評分樣例 Scoring Samples 歷屆翻譯與作文考題分析 Scoring Criteria

5 中英文修辭大不同 circular 迂迴 Chinese Rhetoric 枝狀, 線型 English Rhetoric

6 英文作文十大忌 1. 天馬行空  不要離題 2. 後繼無力  不要沒寫完句子 3. 言少必失  沈默不是金，不要寫太少，低於 100 字要 求，致文意不清 4. 龍飛鳳舞  不要太潦草或塗改太多 5. 誤入歧途  不要把標點符號放在行首（儘量不要把 and, but, so 放在句首 ， 不要出現中文標點符號，如。 「」【】等） ） 6. 順手牽句  不要抄前面選擇題（也不要讓閱卷老師察 覺是「疑似背誦」的文章） 7. 縮頭烏龜  不要用縮寫字 8. 旁門左道  不要用阿拉伯數字表示「第一」、「第二」 或數量 9. 弄巧成拙  不要出現大綱式寫法 10. 自以為是  不要賣弄學問，用艱深難懂的語彙及比喻 （含古字）

7 英文作文切記 (15 守則 ) 1. 第一個字要大寫，句子結束要有標點符號 2. 段落式寫作，單行不成段 3. 開門見山，開宗明義（主題句放最前面） 4. 要舉實例支持（個人經驗；明確之人事時地物） 5. 拼字先求正確 play safe ，再求適當或優美 6. 用對時態及時態變化，且一致（敘述過去經驗 用過去式，描述一本書故事情節可用現在式） 7. 注意單複數 8. 可適度用諺語，但不落入俗套 9. 避免贅字或不相關之敘述

8 英文作文切記 (15 守則 ) 10. 參考使用「倒金字塔式」新聞寫作，發展順序： 由一般而至詳細 (General  Specific details) 由原則而至具體 (Principle  Concrete) 由重要而至不重要 (the most important  the least important) 由簡至繁 (Easy  Complex) 由近而遠 (close  remote) 11. 前後呼應，邏輯連貫 12. 單句、合句及複句，靈活運用，才會拿高分（科技 文章常用被動語態） 13. 書名或外語用劃底線（電腦文書處理亦可用斜體字） 方式表示 14. 開頭引人入勝，結尾強而有力 ( 不要虎頭蛇尾或劃 蛇添足 ) 15. 語氣肯定明確，勿模擬兩可或含混不清

9 英文作文答題原則 先看題目，記下腦海中浮現之關鍵字 作完選擇題後，靜下心來仔細看題目，瞭解題 意 判斷題目文類， 腦力激盪，作大綱，想例子 開始作答（有時間者，可先寫草稿，再謄稿） 檢查，逐字逐句檢查，包括拼字、動詞時態、 單複數

10 段落式寫作技巧 (I) 一、腦力激盪及大綱範例：

11 段落式寫作技巧 (II) 二、如何寫主題句 １．建議放在第一句 ２．多用肯定句 ３．語意明確，是段落軸心（段落中的每一句都與 其相關） One day, I was flying from Kaohsiung to Taipei. When the plane took off, the wind was blowing, and it was raining hard. I was a little nervous.... 直接寫出 My worst experience happened on an airplane in August 1995.

12 段落式寫作技巧 (III) 三、如何發展段落 １．援用例子或個人經驗／感受 ２．定義某一個原則或概念 ３．詳細說明主題句

13 範例一 ( 詳細說明 two cities, taste) A visitor to my country should visit two cities to get a taste of the country. From north to south, the traveler should stop at _______ which is mainly an industrial city with many tall buildings and stores. After he has seen _______, the traveler should drive south toward _________. He will see (the sea) as he drives along the coast. When he arrives in _______, he will find a friendly city, with many fruit trees and plants.

14 範例二 （定義 kind ） My mother was one of the kindest people on earth. When I was young, she would overlook almost all my mistakes and gently correct me. My mother would often be nice to other children in the neighborhood by sharing my food, toys, and even clothes with them.

15 範例三 詳細說明主題句 serious problem For most people nowadays, the need of energy is a serious problem. In industrialized countries, people need a lot of gas and electricity. Economists and political leaders continually warn us about the problem. They encourage us to save energy by driving less, turning down heaters, and turning off lights.

16 範例四 ( 詳細說明 several important qualities ＋舉例 ) My ideal husband would have to have several important qualities. First he would be kind and loving. For example, he would never stay angry for long and he would always find little ways to make life more fun for his family. Second he would be willing to share with me the responsibilities of the household. He would, for instance, do some of the cooking, laundry, and cleaning. He would also share in the raising of our children. Finally, he would be tall and thin with dark eyes.

17 常用於引言的字句 - 「起」 1. As an old English saying goes, “………” 有句英文諺語是這麼說的， … 2. There is no denying (doubt) that S+ V… 不可否認的是 … 3. Generally speaking, S + V….. 一般說來 … 4. According to my personal experience, S + V… In my opinion, Personally, I like/think, 根據我個人的經驗 … 5. Nothing in the world can delight me so much as + Ving….. 世界上沒有什麼比做 … 讓我更高興了。 6. As far as I know… 就我所知 … 7. As far as I can recall, S + V… 就我印象所及 …

18 常用於延展的字句 - 「承」 1. Indeed; It is true that + S + V…; Quite true; Rightly so, 的確… 2. To be honest, Frankly speaking; 事實上 3. It is widely believed that + S + V…; Belief has it that + S + V… 誠如所信 4. For example; For instance; To take + N+ for an example, S + V… 以…為例子… 5. We have reasons to believe that + S + V….. 我們有理由相信… 6. In fact; As a matter of fact, S + V….. 事實上… 7. Likewise, In a similar fashion, Similarly 同樣地 8. In other words; To be specific; 換句話說; 詳細地說 9. As mentioned from above, 如前所述

19 常用於語氣轉換的字句 - 「轉」 1. However, Nevertheless, Granted that 然而 … 2. Despite +N; Despite the fact that + S + V, … 儘管 …. 3. On the other hand, S + V..… 另一方面 … 4. On the contrary, On the opposite, In contrast 相反的是 … 5. When compared to A, B + V, 與 A 相比, B….

20 常用於結論的字句 -- 「合」 1. From this point of view, S + V…. 從這觀點來看 … 2. In a word, S + V…. 總而言之 … 3. To sum up, S + V; To conclude; In conclusion 總之 … 4. If we can really put + N + into action, S + V…… 如果我們能付諸實行 … 5. Last but not least, S + V…. 最後 …

21 常用轉折詞 （ 1 ） 因此；結果︰ as a result, consequently, as a consequence, in consequence, hence, therefore, accordingly, thus, on this ground, because of this （ 2 ） 順序 : first/firstly, in the first place, second/secondly, next, finally （ 3 ）此外︰ in addition, additionally, besides, furthermore, moreover, also, what‘s more （ 4 ） 然而︰ however, nevertheless （ 5 ） 換言之︰ that is, that is to say, namely, in other words, to put it differently （ 6 ） 同樣地︰ likewise, similarly, in the similar way （ 7 ） 相反地︰ instead, on the contrary, by contrast, conversely

22 段落式寫作技巧 (V) 四、頭尾呼應 １．雖然有二段，但首句及末句不能相互矛盾 ２．末句不要重覆首句 範例一 首句： You can learn many things from traveling that you cannot learn any other way. 末句： I learned a lot more about Australia from that experience than a book or TV show could have taught me. 首句： For the class reunion, I have decided that we should have a beach party. 末句： This reunion will be a way of fulfilling our promise to each other, as well as reminding ourselves of the value of our friendship.

23 段落與標點符號練習 To be well educated a person must do five important things first she must use her time wisely she should not watch too much tv and she should plan her days carefully second she must not limit her studies she should try to study as many different subjects as she can for example if she is a scientist she should study music art and drama she must see the relationship between different fields third she must have imagination she must be ready to see what others are unwilling or unable to see fourth she must have self confidence she should listen to what others say however she must trust herself enough to choose the good from the bad fifth she must never let her curiosity die she must always look for knowledge not wait for it to come to her

24 段落與標點符號練習 - 解答 To be well educated, a person must do five important things. First, she must use her time wisely. She should not watch too much TV, and she should plan her days carefully. Second, she must not limit her studies. She should try to study as many different subjects as she can. For example, if she is a scientist she should study music, art and drama. She must see the relationship between different fields. Third, she must have imagination. She must be ready to see what others are unwilling or unable to see. Fourth, she must have self confidence. She should listen to what others say; however, she must trust herself enough to choose the good from the bad. Fifth, she must never let her curiosity die. She must always look for knowledge, not wait for it to come to her.

25 歷屆翻譯與作文考題分析 題型及測驗目標 評分指標 學測與指考英文作文評分樣例

26 敬請指教