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H7N9 Influenza 感染的診斷、治療與感染控制 主講人:王振泰 台大醫院內科部感染科 台大醫院感染控制中心.

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Presentation on theme: "H7N9 Influenza 感染的診斷、治療與感染控制 主講人:王振泰 台大醫院內科部感染科 台大醫院感染控制中心."— Presentation transcript:

1 H7N9 Influenza 感染的診斷、治療與感染控制 主講人:王振泰 台大醫院內科部感染科 台大醫院感染控制中心

2 課程大綱 1. 流感病毒現況 2.H7N9 流感病例 3. 流行性感冒的治療 請講師確認課程大綱

3 1. 流感病毒現況

4 Time Line of Detection of H7N9 Low pathogenic in domestic birds; High pathogenic for human beings. 資料來源: Li Q, et al. N Engl J Med 2013.

5 161 例, 49 例死亡 請講師確認內容標題 與資料來源 請講師確認內容標題 與資料來源

6 流感病毒的特性 (1/5) 可區分為 A 、 B 、 C 三型 – 只有 A 型流感會造成全世界的大流行 以水鳥類為天然宿主 抗原特質由 hemagglutinin ( H 抗原)及 neuraminidase ( N 抗原)決定 –H :有 16 種; N :有 9 種 –Antigen drift: mutation –Antigen shift: re-assortment (不同流感病毒間) 禽流感: – 只能在禽鳥間有效傳遞的流感病毒,感染人類的能力十分有限 ( H5N1 , H7N9 )

7 燕雀 資料來源: Gao R, et al. N Engl J Med 2013. 流感病毒的特性 (2/5) 請講師確認內容標題

8 流感病毒的特性 (3/5) 人流感:可在人與人之間有效傳遞的流感 – 季節流感:既存的、在人類世界中流傳已久的 – 新型流感:新發生、抗原特性不同於季節流感的流感 由季節流感病毒和禽流感病毒發生 re-assortment 所造成。 ( H2N2 , H3N2 等 ) 也可因為禽流感病毒不斷累積突變,導致轉變為可以有效感染 人類的病毒。( 1918 H1N1) 也可因為多種禽流感、豬流感病毒,發生 re-assortment 而成。 ( 2009 H1N1 )

9 請講師確認內容標題 資料來源: New England Journal of Medicine 流感病毒的特性 (4/5)

10 Figure 1. History of Reassortment Events in the Evolution of the 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) Virus. 請講師確認內容標題 資料來源: Trifonov V, et al. NEJM 2009 流感病毒的特性 (5/5)

11 症狀流感一般感冒 發作期 (Onset) 突然漸進 發燒 (Fever) 常見,且溫度高 ( 超過 38.3  C) ;維持 3 至 4 天 少見 咳嗽 (Cough) 有時會很嚴重乾咳 頭痛 (Headache) 明顯少見 肌肉痛 (Myalgia) 常見,通常嚴重輕微 疲勞 (Fatigue) 虛弱 (Weak) 維持 2 至 3 週輕微 極度疲乏明顯少見 胸部不適感常見輕至中度 鼻塞 (Stuffy nose) 偶爾常見 打噴嚏 (Sneezing) 偶爾經常 喉嚨痛 (Sore throat) 偶爾常見 流感與一般感冒 (Cold) 的症狀比較

12 Clinical Manifestation of H7N9 Infection Initial presentation: –Fever, cough, headache, myalgia, chills, malaise –No upper airway symptoms Progression: –5-7 (3-14) days later, persistent high fever –Dyspnea, hemoptysis, pneumonia, ARDS, septic shock, multi-organ (?) failure –Decrease of viral load: 15-20 days after onset Laboratory findings: –Leukopenia/lymphopenia; CK, GPT, Cre, LDH, CRP 上升 –Leukocytosis, marked elevation of cytokines while ARDS

13 Symptoms of H7N9 Infection: No Upper Airway Symptoms 資料來源: Trifonov V, et al. NEJM 2009

14 流行性感冒的診斷 臨床症狀與病史: Cluster Rapid antigen test Virus isolation RT-PCR Specific antibody reaction Microarray

15 類流感的定義 All of the following: –Sudden onset of fever (>38°C) –Absence of other known cause –At least one of the following two respiratory symptoms: Dry cough Sore throat 資料來源: WHO. Clinical Management of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus Infection. WHO Document 2009;Sep. 17.

16 流行性感冒的實驗室檢查發現 Leukopenia Lymphopenia Thrombocytopenia Abnormal liver function Abnormal renal function Hyperglycemia

17 2.H7N9 流感病例

18 H7N9 流感病例定義及通報 (1/2) 臨床條件 (any of the following) : 同時符合以下兩項條件 – 急性呼吸道感染,臨床症狀至少包括發燒(≧ 38 ℃)及 咳嗽。 – 臨床、放射線診斷或病理學上顯示肺部實質疾病。 檢驗條件 (any of the following) : – 臨床檢體培養分離及鑑定出 H7N9 流感病毒 – 分子生物學 H7N9 核酸檢測陽性 – 血清學抗體檢測呈現為 H7N9 最近感染 *1 (1) + 3 (1) 亦符合通報定義! 資料來源: 102 年 4 月 26 日公布, 24 小時內通報; 7/22 修正版

19 H7N9 流感病例定義及通報 (2/2) 發病前 14 日內,具有下列任一條件: – 曾經與出現症狀的確定病例有密切接觸,包括在無適 當防護下提供照護、相處、或有呼吸道分泌物、體液 之直接接觸。 – 曾至有出現 H7N9 流感疫情流行地區之旅遊史或居住史。 – 曾有禽鳥接觸史或至禽鳥類相關場所。 – 在實驗室或其它環境,無上當防護下處理動物或人類 之檢體,而該檢體可能含有 H7N9 流感病毒。 *1 (1) + 3 (1) 亦符合通報定義! 資料來源: 102 年 4 月 26 日公布, 24 小時內通報; 7/22 修正版

20 H7N9 疾病分類 極可能病例 – 雖未經實驗室檢驗證實,但符合臨床條件,且於 14 日 內,曾經與出現症狀的確定病例有密切接觸者。 確定病例 – 符合檢驗條件者 資料來源:疾病管制署。 H7N9 流感病例定義

21 WHO: RT-PCR Standards: 2013/4/8 資料來源: http://www.who.int/influenza/gisrs_laboratory/cnic_realtime_rt_pcr_protocol_a_h7n9.pdf

22 資料來源: HI titer response. Yang S, et al. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013;ahesd of print. 請講師確認內容標題

23 Basic data Age : 53 year-old Gender : male Admission date : 2013/4/20 Chief complaint : –Dyspnea for one day Past history –HBV carrier –Hypertension without medical control –Gastric ulcer with H. pylori infection

24 TOCC history T : 3/28 -4/9 at 蘇州 O : Chief information officer of 混凝土公司 C : Denied any contact history C : Denied any cluster history

25 Brief history(1/4) –Coming back to Taiwan –Feel a little malaise, fatigue and heat sensation at night –No cough, no dyspnea, no muscle soreness no diarhhea, no abdominal discomfort –Symptoms progressed  visited LMD and body temperature was 40 ℃ at that time –Transfer to Taipei Medical University Hospital 4/9 4/12 4/16

26 –At ER, Influenza rapid test : negative –H7N9 (CDC) : negative reported later –CXR initially grossly normal –Prescribed Tamiflu 75mg BID –Admitted to ward –Still fever but no severe cough or dyspnea –Follow up CXR on 4/18 : RLL interstitial pneumonia –Used IV Moxifloxacin –Arrange Chest CT : right lower lung consolidation, left lingular segment focal alveolar infiltration 4/16 4/17 ~ 4/18 4/17 ~ 4/18 4/19 Brief history(2/4)

27 –However, fever with chills noted again –Progressive dyspnea developed at night –Followed up CXR : progressive bilateral lower –Lung consolidation –Transfer to NTUH ER –Intubation due to impending respiratory distress –Admitted to 6E1 –Used Tamiflu 150 mg BID and Levofloxacin –Sent H7N9 to CDC –Sent influenza-A rt-PCR to our Lab 4/19 4/20 Brief history(3/4)

28 –Lung protective strategy was used for ARDS. –Desaturation was still noted under FiO2 100%. –iNO was added  desaturation persisted –Add Ceftazidime for combination therapy –ECMO was indicated  VV-ECMO –Transferred to 4B1 –rt-PCR confirm H7N9 infection –Keep aggressive treatment 4/21 4/22 4/23 ~ 4/26 4/23 ~ 4/26 Brief history(4/4)

29 LAB at 北醫 2013/4/17 2013/4/19 WBCHbPLTSegLymCreBUNAST 795014.6111K44%48.7%1.220.752 WBCHbPLTCreBUN 465013.587K1.219.4 Mycoplasma AbUrine Legionella AgUrine pneumococcus AgAnti-HIV Negative 4/16Blood culture (1) : Negative

30 LAB at 台大 WBCHbPLTSegLymCreBUNALTCRP 4/20444015.196K60.6%38.3%1.1-36 4/21962014.8131K--1.426.3 11.02 4/22652012.1118K52% 10%(atypical lymphocyte) ---10.18 4.23671012.168K49.4%47.1%2.739.532 4/22Procalcitonin56.59 4/22Sputum, Influenza virus type A RNA PCR (qualitative test)Positive 4/22Sputum AFS for three setsNegative 4/22Sputum Chlamydiae AgNegative 4/22CMV IgGNegativeCMV IgMNegative 4/21Sputum cultureMix flora

31 4/16 4/18 4/20 凌晨 before transfer to NTUH 4/20 凌晨 before transfer to NTUH Serial CXR at 北醫

32 Chest CT on 4/19 at 北醫

33 Serial CXR at NTUH 4/20 4/21

34 Serial CXR at NTUH 4/22 4/23

35 3. 流行性感冒的治療

36 流行性感冒的治療 資料來源: WHO Guidelines for Pharmacological Management of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Influenza and other Influenza Viruses. Available from http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/swineflu/h1n1_guidelines_pharmaceutical_mngt.pdf 資料來源: WHO Guidelines for Pharmacological Management of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Influenza and other Influenza Viruses. Available from http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/swineflu/h1n1_guidelines_pharmaceutical_mngt.pdf

37 Dosage of Anti-Viral Agents(1/3)

38 Dosage of Anti-Viral Agents(2/3) 請講師確認內容標題

39 Dosage of Anti-Viral Agents(3/3) 請講師確認內容標題

40 Anti-viral Agents for H7N9 Resistant to M2 channel inhibitors –Amantadine, rimantadine Usually susceptible to neuraminidase inhibitor –Oseltamivir (Tamiflu), zanamivir (Relenza), peramivir (Rapiacta) –Mutation of R292K Decreased susceptibility to oseltamivir and zanamivir Clinical impact: need to clarify Taiwan data: –Resistant to oseltamivir / zanamivir, not to peramivir

41 Consideration of Peramivir Poor GI absorption of oral medication –Problem of oseltamivir Lower respiratory tract infection / on VCR, difficult to using inhaled anti-viral agents –Problem of zanamivir Peramivir – 國內未領有藥證,但曾獲 WHO 緊急授權使用。 – 與請病患或代理人填具同意書,經轄區指揮官同意後使 用。

42 流行性感冒的併發症 Pneumonia: –Viral pneumonia –Bacterial pneumonia (super infection) S. pneumoniae, S. aureus Encephalitis: Other rare complication: –Vital organ involvement –Viral invasion or immune-mediated?

43 Complication of H7N9 Infection Usual complication –Pneumonia, ARDS –Rhabdomyolysis –Acute renal failure –Encephalopathy –Superimposed bacterial infection / sepsis Mortality rate: –45/135 = 33.3%

44 呼吸輔助治療 Indication: –PaO2/FiO2 < 100 ;或使用 non-rebreathing mask 後, PaO2 < 80 mmHg Lung-protective strategies –Low airway pressure 吐氣管路末端加掛高效能過濾功能之人工鼻 使用 in-line suction 拋棄式管路 盡量減少 inhalation therapy

45 Ceftazidime Levofloxacin Tamiflu 150mg BID Peramivir 200mg QD VancomycinTeicoplanin Meropenem 請講師確認內容標題 4/20 4/21 4/22 4/23 4/24 4/25 4/26 4/27 4/28 Admitted to 6E1 Intubation with ventilator support Admitted to 6E1 Intubation with ventilator support on V-V ECMO Prescribed Peramivir Start CVVH due to deteriorated renal function

46 4/29 4/30 5/1 5/2 5/3 5/4 5/5 5/7 5/9 Meropenem Peramivir 200mg QD Teicoplanin cefepime Use IL-6 antibody once (Tocilizumab) ECMO clamp one day and evaluate the condition of the patient Remove ECMO Shift CVVH to SLEDD Taper ventilator gradually From AC mode -> SIMV mode -> CPAP + PS Taper ventilator gradually From AC mode -> SIMV mode -> CPAP + PS Extubation Transfer to general ward Increased urine output, hold H/D Ceftriaxone 請講師確認內容標題

47 4/29 4/30 5/1 5/2 5/3 5/4 5/5 5/7 5/9 cefepime Use IL-6 antibody once (Tocilizumab) ECMO clamp one day and evaluate the condition of the patient Remove ECMO Shift CVVH to SLEDD Taper ventilator gradually From AC mode -> SIMV mode -> CPAP + PS Transfer to general ward Increased urine output, hold H/D Ceftriaxone 請講師確認內容標題 2013/04/252013/05/012013/05/09 IL-1  022 IL-625601734305 IL-849916966 IL-102052510 TNF-  045 IP1032072021453 MCP-124721877259 Teicoplanin Meropenem Peramivir 200mg QD

48 5/10 5/15 5/17 5/20 5/23 5/24 Ceftriaxone Follow up Chest CT to evaluate the lung condition after recovery Hb : 8.9 -> 7.5 Stool OB 2+ Suspected GI loss Consider PES and discuss with patient Hb : 8.9 -> 7.5 Stool OB 2+ Suspected GI loss Consider PES and discuss with patient Partially resolved RLL patchy consolidation. Increased interstitial change and ground-glass opacity at bilateral lungs. Smaller mediastinal and axillary LNs. Less pleural effusion. Arrange PES and recheck stool OB (-) PES : Gastric erosion, fundus and upper body no ulcer PES : Gastric erosion, fundus and upper body no ulcer Prepare discharge Pulmonary function test 請講師確認內容標題

49 Pulmonary function test Report : Normal standard spirometry, Severe impairment of diffusion capacity

50 Chest CT on 5/17

51 Serial CXR after admission(1/3)

52 Serial CXR after admission(2/3)

53 Serial CXR after admission(3/3)

54 Immunosuppressive Agents Steroid: –For refractory septic shock only Low dose (1 mg/kg.day prednisolone), tapering it when inotropic agents able to be tapered Anti-IL-6 receptor antibody –Role of IL-6: Involved in several important immune responses and a stimulator for B and T cells maturation –Why tocilizumab: Proven for RA, effective for other auto-immune diseases Neoplasmic B cell of our patients

55 Potential Role of ECMO Not a routine therapeutic module Probable role: –Septic shock results in massive fluid replacement, which in turn leads to marked lung edema refractory respiratory failure un-response to VCR –Support oxygenation, facilitate fluid replacement –Removing while recovery of septic shock, lung edema, and response to VCR support only.

56 Transmission of H7N9 Seasonal flu: droplet transmission (within 1 m) H7N9: –Limited person-to-person transmission –Incubation period: 2 – 10 (maybe up to 14) days 感染管制措施的原則: under investigation, suspected, probable, confirmed – 基本要求:飛沫、接觸傳染與標準防護措施 單人病室 – 較好的要求:空氣、接觸傳染與標準防護措施 負壓隔離病室

57 資料來源: 疾病管制署 H7N9 流感醫院感染管制措施 請講師確認內容標題 H7N9 流感感染管制措施

58 因應 H7N9 流感之醫療照護工作人員防護裝備建議 處置項目場所 呼吸防護 手套 隔離 衣 護目 裝備 外科 口罩 N95 (含) 以上 理學檢查及收集病 史資料 門診或急診檢傷區  執行住院疑似病人 之常規醫療照護 收治病室(以負壓 隔離室為優先)  執行可能引發飛沫 微粒之醫療行為 收治病室或專屬區 域(如負壓或通風 良好的檢查室)  環境清消  協助病人或接觸者 就醫、病人轉送 病室、救護車  屍體處理、解剖 病室、太平間、 解剖室 資料來源: 疾病管制署 H7N9 流感醫院感染管制措施

59 照護 H7N9 流感極可能病例與確定病例之醫療 工作人員的健康監測與管理 (1/2) 曾經照護 H7N9 流感極可能病例與確定病例的工作 人員,於最後一次照護病人後 14 日內皆應進行自 主健康管理,並由院方列冊追蹤管理;若出現任何 急性呼吸道症狀或癥候,應主動通報單位主管。 曾經在無適當防護下照護 H7N9 流感極可能病例與 確定病例的工作人員,於最後一次照護病人後 14 日內,若出現任何急性呼吸道症狀或癥候,除應主 動通報單位主管外,在有症狀期間不應該繼續工作 ,並須確實遵循呼吸道衛生及咳嗽禮儀,及立即接 受所需之醫療協助。 參考資料: CDC (USA): Interim Guidance

60 照護 H7N9 流感極可能病例與確定病例之醫療 工作人員的健康監測與管理 (2/2) 曾經在無適當防護下照護 H7N9 流感極可能病例 與確定病例但無症狀的工作人員,自主健康管理 期間儘量於家中作息與活動。惟若考量單位人力 需求,這些人員可以在服用預防性用藥,且於醫 療照護單位工作期間全程配戴口罩的情況下,繼 續工作。 所謂適當防護並非僅限於配戴口罩,還包括如手 套、隔離衣、護目鏡或面罩等,並應注意正確使 用相關防護裝備及落實手部衛生。 參考資料: CDC (USA): Interim Guidance

61 課程結束


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