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Living Stander: Incomes, Inequality, and poverty

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1 Living Stander: Incomes, Inequality, and poverty
學生: 碩二 歐婉如 碩二 謝皇儀

2 Living Stander: Incomes, Inequality, and poverty
學生: 碩二 歐婉如 碩二 謝皇儀

3 9.1 Income Growth 9.2 Poverty 9.2.1 Rural Poverty Official Poverty Line World Bank Internationally Comparable Poverty Line Explaining Poverty Trends 9.2.2 Urban Poverty 9.2.3 Overall Poverty 9.3 Inequality 9.3.1 Accounting for all Income Sources 9.4 Physical Quality of Indicators 9.4.1 Life Expectancy at Birth 9.4.2 Other Health-Related Indicators 9.4.3 Education 9.4.4 Human Development Index 9.5 Income, GDP Per Capita, and Purchasing Power Parity Once Again 9.6 Conclusion

4 9.1 Income Growth Growth of household income, convert in 2004 CPI
Three periods :

5 Shoddy rural CPI Other limitations to the official data 1.migrants and others with intermediate status are not covered 2.different measurement Affections: limit comparability ; overstate

6 table 9.1

7 9.2 Poverty 9.2.1 Rural Poverty 1978 250 million 1985 125 million
Official Poverty Line million million million Poverty is fundamentally a rural phenomenon

8 Figure 9.1

9 9.2.1.2 World Bank Internationally Comparable Poverty Line
Ravallion and Chen : 850 RMB per person Chinese standard : 627 RMB per person poverty : 3.2% % 29million millioin

10 9.2.1.3 Explaining Poverty Trends
In early 1980s : The term of trade of agriculture 1.price 2.modern inputs 3.dissolution of collectives After the mid-1980s Leading Group for Poverty Reduction in 1986

11 After the mid-1980s Leading Group for Poverty Reduction 1.Geographic targeting of designated poor counties 2.Appraisals 3.Government funding 4.the designation dose raise economic growth in poor counties by around 1% annually

12 During marketization of rural procurement and government provided support prices for farmers nonfarm rural employment and migration

13 Since 1996 growth was highly concentrated in urban coastal areas Farm prices fell in the late 1990s Urban reforms created urban unemployment and increasing labor-market competition Fiscal system Since 2000 Western Development Program : infrastructure investment

14 9.2.2 Urban Poverty Ravallion and Chen :
in 2002 , the cost of living in the city was 41% higher than in the countryside ; poverty line 1,200 yuan per person per year in the city 0.5% of the urban population was in poverty in 2001 their sample covered permanent urban residents only

15 9.2.3 Overall Poverty Ravallion and Chen find that 8% of China’s total population was in poverty in 2001 ,down form 22% in 1991 Decline in rural poverty – 11% urbanization – 3% the reduction in poverty in urban areas – <0.5%

16 9.3 Inequality Egalitarian Gini coefficient The unusual phenomenon
Simon Kuznets (1995)

17 Inequality in urban area :
1.capital 2.market distortion Inequality in rural area : 1.TVEs 2.individual entrepreneurship

18 Figure 9.2 evolution of Gini coefficient
0.447 0.33

19 9.3.1 Accounting for all Income Sources
透過學者、中國社會科學學會(Chinese Academy of Social Sciences )、國家統計局(National Statistical Bureau)規模的合作計算出更大的鄉村和都市居民重要的所得來源,整合基期年數1988 、1995、 2002 代表了中國各省的子樣本。 Khan 、 Riskin (KR)和 Chen、Ravallion(CR) 的比較。Figure9.2 數據計算上可能有不同,但不同方法皆得到所得不均提高的結果。

20 9.4 (9.4.1-9.4.3) Physical Quality of Life Indicators
由美國海外開發委員會提出的,於1977年作為測量貧困地區居民的生活質量指數,屬於一種綜合指標 。 以瑞典為基準的綜合指數

21 主要由三種指標所構成 1. 預期壽命 – Life Expectancy at Birth 2. 健康相關的指標: 嬰兒死亡率(Infant mortality) 自然死亡率(Nature of mortality) – Other Health-Related Indicator 3. 教育(如識字率) : Basic needs Education

22 PQLI的特色 : 這三個指標都是社會普遍關心的問題,是“需要” (Basic needs) 的基本構成要素
每個指標都是很好的綜合指數,反映了社會在滿足基本需要方面的許多特徵,是社會發展成就的綜合體現; 有廣泛的國際可比性 PQLI是識字率指數、嬰兒死亡率指數和預期壽命指數三者的算術平均值,計算簡單,易於理解 。

23 PQLI的缺點: 沒有反映一個國家全部的社會福利。 只反映健康狀況的有兩個指標,這實際上是賦予健康指標以雙倍的權重。
這可能適用於最貧窮的國家,對富國更缺乏敏感性 PQLI只是測度了一個國家社會發展的結果,而未能反映出發展的過程。 參考資料 : 網路 MBA智慧百科 網址:

24 9.4.4 Human Development Index
聯合國開發計畫署(United Nations Development Program-UNDP),自1990年起定期編製發佈的HDI (人類發展指數) 國際比較報告 壽命、知識(成人識字率與粗在學率-學生註冊人數),及生活水準(依購買力平價計算平均每人國民生產毛額)等三個領域統計數值,用以衡量一國整體的發展概況。 同時衡量了人民的健康、教育情況和經濟表現

25 人類發展指數介乎於0至1之間,可分為: 高度人類發展地區:人類發展指數在0.8或以上 中度人類發展地區:人類發展指數在0.5至0.799
低度人類發展地區:人類發展指數在0.5以下 參考資料: Quality Taiwan 中文品質百科 網址

26 沿海 西部 Table 9.3

27 9.5 Income, GDP Per Capita, and Purchasing Power Parity Once Again
檢測PPP GDP per capita 與 ordinary GDP per capita 以PPP計算出的GDP可以用來和其他國家比較,除去相對物價的問題 表9.3—比較人均GDP(以PPP計算)和人均GDP(以市場匯率)及兩個相除的比率

28 Table9.2

29 較窮困的國家PPP算出來的人均GDP會比用Exchange rate算出的人均GDP高很多
窮困的國家中有大量充足的非技術勞務人口與財貨,屬於非交易財。 中國的非交易財很多,且價格又特別的低,例如 都市的房子 健康保險 基本的食物產品,這都降低了他們的生活成本,,因此計算出PPP GDP會較高。

30 9.6 Conclusion 沒有任何一種單一的指標可以告訴我們在中國的經濟成長有多少,但是我們可以藉由許多指標的組合來描繪出中國,對於其他發展中國家的情況。 提升生活品質 提高教育素質 提升健康水準,以迎接下一階段的經濟成長。


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