Kansas State University Feed Processing Technology to Improve Feed Efficiency in Pigs and Poultry 提高猪料和禽料效率的 饲料加工技术 查尔斯.斯塔克博士 Charles Stark, Ph.D. 堪萨斯州立大学 Kansas State University crstark@ksu.edu Use of trade names in this publication does not imply endorsement by Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service of the products mentioned.

Presentation Overview 大纲 Ingredient Receiving — 原料接收 Particle Size Reduction — 缩小颗粒尺寸 Batching/Dosing — 配料/配量 Pelleting — 制粒 Preventive Maintenance — 日常维护

Feed Manufacturing Goal — 饲料生产目标 The objective of a feed manufacturing facility should be to produce a safe high quality feed that optimizes the production of meat, milk, and eggs. — 饲料生产厂的目标是生产安全高质量的饲料，以最大化肉、奶或蛋的产量。 webmd.com kansasgrains.wordpress.com

Technology in the Modern Feed Mill — 现代化饲料厂技术 The challenge for a modern fully automated feed mill is defining how to convert thousands of data points each day into useful information. — 现代化全自动饲料厂所面临的挑战是找到方法将每天成千上万的数据点转化成有用的信息。 Guyer (2013) stated, “Most feed companies have made great investments in financial packages and formulation tools, but without understanding how to unlock their full value and potential, these tools may bring a false sense of security.” — 盖耶（2013）说道：“大多数饲料公司在财务软件和配方工具上投入大量资金，但是如果不理解怎样解锁它们的全部价值和潜能，这些工具可能只会带来安全的假象。”

Business Objectives — 商业目标 Commercial feed mills — 商业饲料厂 Sell feed for profit — 出售饲料来盈利 Customer service — 客户服务 Integrated feed mills — 一体化饲料厂 Delivery nutrients to animals for optimal performance or meat production — 为动物提供营养，优化运营和肉产量。 Low cost high volume — 低成本高产量 On-farm — 农场 Utilize grain grown on the farm to raise animals —利用农场自产谷物饲喂动物 Minimize feed input costs — 饲料投入最小化 The business objectives of these operations are different. A basic knowledge of their objectives is important when trying to understand how and why they make their decisions. Commercial feed mills sell feed for profit therefore customers loyalty, customer service, marketing, high quality consistent feed is important. Commercial feed mills must also follow state feed laws and meet label guarantees. Commercial feed mills sell products that are designed for a wide range of customers and productions systems. Customers could be backyard farmer, people with companion animals, or large animal production companies. Integrated feed mills are in the business of delivering nutrients to animals for optimal performance and/or meat, milk, and egg production based on genetics, production systems, and the health status of the animals they feed. These mills focus on high volume, low cost production of feed that fits into the economic model of the company. Integrated mills that feed their own animals typically are not required to register their feeds and meet label guarantees. On-farm mills are utilizing the grain grown on their farm to raise their own animals. Their goals is to minimize feed input costs associated with transportation of ingredients and feed processing charges.

Customer Objectives — 客户目标 Lowest live production cost — 最低饲养成本 Lowest feed cost — 最低饲料成本 Lowest manufacturing cost — 最低生产成本 Lowest delivery cost — 最低配送成本 Production of a premium product — 生产优质产品 Feed specifications — 饲料规格 Particle size — 颗粒尺寸 Pellet quality and pellet fines — 制粒质量和精细度

Ingredient and Feed Quality Control — 原料和饲料质量控制

Types of Quality Programs — 质量项目类型 ISO HACCP Safe Feed/Safe Food — 饲料安全/食品安全 Perquisite Programs 工作项目 Good Manufacturing Practices — 好的生产方法 Standard Operating Procedures — 标准操作流程 Quality Assurance Program — 质保项目 Ingredient Specification — 原料规格 Sanitation and Pest Control — 卫生和虫害防控 Recall Plan — 召回计划 Preventive Maintenance — 日常维护 Employee Training — 员工培训 Employee Hygiene — 员工卫生 There a number of quality programs that currently exist in the industry. ISO 22000 is a food quality program, HACCP and Safe Feed Safe Food are also third party audit programs available in the feed industry. All of these programs have perquisite programs that must exist in a feed mills. These include: Good Manufacturing Practices and Standard Operating Procedures Quality Assurance Program that includes Ingredient Specification Sanitation and Pest Control Recall Plan Preventive Maintenance Employee Training and Employee Hygiene American Feed Industry Association 美国饲料行业协会 National Grain and Feed Association 全国谷物和饲料协会

Importance of a QA Program — 质保项目的重要性 Quality feed begins with quality ingredients. — 高质量饲料的生产从高质量的原料开始 Very little can be done in the feed mill to improve the quality of poor ingredients. — 如果原料品质不佳，饲料厂提高产品质量的余地非常有限 Having a good QA program:— 拥有好的质保项目 Ensures that you receive what you paid for — 确保所得原料物有所值 Nutrient variability can be identified — 营养物质差异性可确定 Protects against natural toxins, unintentional contaminants & intentional adulterations — 减少自然毒素，防止非蓄意的污染和蓄意的掺假 The quality feed begins with quality ingredients, very little can be done in the feed mill to improve the quality of poor ingredients Having a good QA program: Ensures that you receive what you paid for. nutrient variability can be identified, and protects against natural toxins, unintentional contaminants & intentional adulterations.

Quality Definitions — 质量定义 Quality Assurance – comprehensive program of policies, procedures, and process controls that yield a consistent product. — 质量保证— 包含原则、步骤 和流程控制的一套复杂的项目， 以保证产品质量始终如一。 Quality Control – in-plant process measurements that insure quality parameters are met during receiving, manufacturing, and delivery. — 质量控制— 保证质量参数在接收、生产和配送过程中保持不变的厂内流程衡量机制。 I use the following quality definitions to differential between QA and QC in the feed mill. Quality Assurance is a comprehensive program of policies, procedures, and process controls that yield a consistent product. Where as Quality Control are in-plant process measurements that insure quality parameters are met during receiving, manufacturing, and delivery.

Purchase High Quality Ingredients — 购买高质量原料 The term “High Quality” may have different meaning for the supplier and buyer. — “高质量”这个词对供求双方可能意义不同 Develop purchasing specifications for ingredients. — 设定原料的购买规格 Conduct pre-purchase questionnaires. — 完成购买前调查问卷 Develop a quality assurance program that outlines the purchasing and receiving parameters. — 设计一套质量保证项目，列明购买和接收参数

Sampling — 取样 Develop and follow in-plant ingredient sampling procedures — 制定并执行厂内原料取样流程 Every feed mil should develop and follow a sampling plan. Some feed mills may have auto truck probes, while others may use the hand probes as seen on the right. Once the samples are taken they should be split either with a Boener dividers pictured on the left or the riffle divider in the middle. The Boener divider is typically used for grains, while the riffle divider is used for ground ingredients, meal and pelleted feeds. The objective is to equally divide the samples to obtain two representative samples.

Inbound Ingredient Analysis — 饲料成分分析 – NIR FOSS NIRS DS 2500 Forage and Feed Analyzer 饲草和饲料分析仪 Nutrients: Fat, Protein, Moisture, Starch, Amino Acids, Crude Fiber, NDF, and ADF 营养物质：脂肪，蛋白质，水分，淀粉，氨基酸，粗纤维 中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维 Source: FOSS

In-Line NIR Application — 嵌入式NIR应用 DDGS 4% Fat 4%脂肪DDGS DDGS 6% Fat 6%脂肪DDGS DDGS 8% Fat 8%脂肪DDGS Non-Contact NIR 非接触式NIR Source: essmueller.com

Particle Size Reduction 缩小颗粒尺寸

Growth Performance of Finishing Pigs 育肥猪生长表现 F/G = microns x .000415175 + 3.066333 (r=.61; P<.01) 料重比 = 微米 x .000415175 + 3.066333 (r=.61; P<.01) 2015 2005 1995 1985

Effect of Corn Particle Size on Feed Conversion — 玉米颗粒大小对饲料转化率的影响 Diet Form P < 0.01 饲喂模式 50:50混合 650微米 350微米 粕 颗粒 Nemecheck et al, 2013

Effect of Coarse Corn on Broiler FCR — 玉米粗颗粒对肉鸡饲料转化率的影响 Screened Pellets 过筛颗粒 a,b P<.05 A,B P<.01 Pen Study 分圈试验 Xu, 2012 0%粗颗粒玉米 50%粗颗粒玉米

Effect of Coarse Corn on Boiler Colon Bacterial Population 粗颗粒玉米对肉鸡结肠细菌数量的影响 The Enterobacteriaceae is a large family of Gram-negative bacteria that includes many of the more familiar pathogens, such as Salmonella; 0% Coarse Corn 0%粗颗粒玉米 50% Coarse Corn 50%粗颗粒玉米

Mechanical Grain Screener— 机械谷物筛 Improves flow characteristics of ground grains — 提高粉碎谷物的流动特性 Increases nutrient content — 增加营养成分 Reduces variation of the product — 降低产品差异 Reduces maintenance costs — 降低维护成本 Source:Intersystems.net Source: Rotex.com

Hammermill versus Roller Mill Efficiency 锤片粉碎机对照压辊粉碎机 粉碎玉米效率对比 压辊粉碎机和锤片粉碎机 效率-公斤/千瓦时 平均粉碎粒度 — 微米

Hammermill Particle Size 锤片粉碎机粉碎粒度 Screen Size — 筛网尺寸 Open Area – 30 - 40% — 筛孔面积30-40% Hammer Tip Speed — 锤片速度 Higher tip speed – higher % of small particles — 锤片速度越高，小颗粒所占比例越大 Air Assist System — 空气辅助系统 Good negative air will result in more efficient operation, less regrinding, heat, and moisture loss — 好的反向气流可以令运作效率更高，节省二次研磨、热量和水份 1.25 to 1.50 cfm/sq inch of screen area — 筛网区域1.25至1.50 cfm/sq inch Hammer setting 锤片放置 Coarse 0.95 to 1.27 cm gap from hammer tip to screen — 粗粒锤片顶端与筛网间距0.95到1.27厘米 Fine 0.48 to 0.64 cm gap from hammer tip to screen — 细粒锤片顶端与筛网间距0.48到0.64厘米 Hammer pattern 锤片模式 Heavy – Lower ratio of HP/Hammer Number — 重 — 马力/单个锤片比率较低 1.5 - 2 HP/Hammer — 1.5-2马力/锤片 Medium – Higher ratio of HP/Hammer Number — 中 — 马力/单个锤片比率较高 2.5 - 3.0 HP/Hammer — 2.5-3.0马力/锤片 Photos :Roskamp Champion

Hammermill Efficiency 锤片粉碎机效率 Maintenance cost 维护费用 $0.02 – 0.05 per ton grinding corn for a complete feed — 全价料0.02-0.05美元/吨玉米研磨 Energy cost 能源成本 $0.15 - $0.35 per ton — 0.15-0.35美元/吨 年生产费用 定期更换筛网 筛网磨损后，可通过筛网的物质减少，锤片粉碎机效能下降。 颗粒“找”不到孔洞，只找到一个缩小的椭圆形开口。 维护费用 能源成本 @50万吨/年 Anderson, 2010

Screen Selection 筛网选择 锤片粉碎机筛网 正确 错误 Low Open Area High Open Area 筛孔交错 筛孔少 The hole alignment on the left show correct hole stagger where as the right hand side has the holes in a row. 锤击顺序 High Open Area Source: Anderson 筛孔多

Hammermill Air Assist System — 锤片粉碎机吸风系统 II型过滤器 锤片粉碎机 锤片粉碎机沉降室 Larger hammermills in modern feed mills are equipped with air assist to help pull the particle through the screens using negative air. The particles are pulled in the a bag house or filter and then drop back into the ground corn stream. 空气阀

Roller Mill — 压辊粉碎机 2 High Roller Mill 2高压辊粉碎机

Roller Mill Maintenance — 压辊粉碎机的保养 Even Feeding Across the Rolls 在辊面均匀喂料 Balanced Work Between Rolls 使压辊工作保持均衡 一般操作 避免发生 压辊平行 Source: Hiemen 1999 压辊不平行

Measuring Particle Size — 测量颗粒尺寸 Sieve shaker 摇动筛粉器 13 sieves + Pan — 13个筛+一个托盘 Sieve agitators/cleaners — 筛式搅拌器/清洁器 Brushes — 刷 Balls — 球 Sifting Agents — 试剂 Fumed Silica —煅制氧化硅 Calcium Carbonate — 碳酸钙

Particle Size Analysis Method — 颗粒尺寸分析方法 ANSI/ASAE S319.5 2012 Dispersing Agent 分散剂 Ro-Tap 罗太普筛分机 Sieve Agitators 筛式搅拌器 Note: Method change – 15 min vs. 10 min For industrial applications, the end-point determination process can be omitted, and the end-point is set to be the sieving time of 15 min. 注：变换方法 — 15分钟或10分钟 工业用途来说，最后的测定步骤可以省略，此步骤即设定筛分时间为15分钟。

Effect of Particle Size Analysis Method on Mean and Standard Deviation — 颗粒尺寸分析方法对平均值和标准误差的影响 SD 标准偏差 Sieve Shaker 摇筛机 Tyler Ro-Tap 泰勒筛 589 2.11 Retsch莱驰 497 2.53 Sieve Agitators 筛式搅拌器 With 有 523 2.40 Without 无 624 2.00 Sieving Agent 筛选器 486 2.46 560 2.10 Sieving Time 筛分时间 10 minutes 10分钟 15 minutes 15分钟 481 2.56 Fahrenholz et al., 2010

Effect of Agitators and Sieving Agents — 搅拌器和筛选器的作用 Finally, the combination of the agitator and agent appear to produce the lowest particles size results in corn, wheat, and sorghum. Thus based on these results I recommend that all samples be tested with agitators and flow agents as suggested in the official procedures. The challenge with this concept is that most of the animal research trials conducted in the past 10-20 years were probably not done with agitators and flow agents thus you will need a method for correlating that data back to the past research but this clearly indicates that without the no agitators or agents the correct particles size of the grain will not get reported. 玉米 小麦 高粱 无 搅拌器 筛选器 搅拌器+筛选器 Stark and Chewning, 2012

Batching/dosing system — 配料/配量系统

Feed Mill Designs — 饲料粉碎机设计 矿物质/维他命 蛋白质来源 副产品 蛋白质来源 副产品 矿物质/维他命 粉碎原料 全谷物 粉碎谷物 全谷物 配料秤 配料秤 混合器 There are four common types of batching systems used in the world but the most common I the pre-batch grind which is the typical system in the US. The pre-batch grind system involves grinding the grains prior to weighing or batching the ingredients. The post mix grind weighs all the ingredients which would include the whole grains mixes the ingredients grinds them in a hammermill and then remixes them and adds the liquids. The post batch grind system weighs the major ingredients and then grinds them and finally mixes them with the minerals, vitamins and other premixes. The post pellet blend system manufactures feed similar to the pre-batch grind system but withholds a portion of the corn which is then added back to the pellets. This processes is typically only used in broiler feed plants that want to include large grain particles in the feed for the broilers. 粉碎机 混合器 粉碎机 Pre-batch grind — 配料前粉碎 Post-batch grind — 配料后粉碎

Major and Minor Scales — 大小配料秤 According to the National Institute of Standards and Technology Handbook 44, scales with capacities greater than 200 kg can deviate up to 0.1% of the capacity. Consequently, scales need to be sized in accordance with the quantity of product being weighed. — 根据国家标准和技术学会44号手册，载重超过200公斤的配料秤，其误差可以达到载重的0.1%。因此，配料秤的选择应与所生产产品的质量一致。 The first step in the batching process is to weigh up each individual ingredient. The ingredients are transferred from bins to the scales with screw conveyors. Load cells on the corners of each scale detect the weight change and translates that change to a scale head which displays the current weigh. In push button mills the operator will watch the scale head but in automated mills the computer monitors the weight and determines when the screw conveyor should be turned off. The chains on the corner of the scales in the pictures are used to hang test weights to test the accuracy of the scale.

Batching – Micro System — 配料系统 Multiple Hopper Scale 多料斗配料秤 Single Hopper Scale 单料斗配料秤 Loss in Weight 重量损失 Micro bins systems are typically found in large integrated feed mills that weigh the same micro ingredients all day long. Micro scales systems can utilize multiple or singe scale hoppers. In either case they operate on the same basic principle. Each bins can hold from 200-400 lbs of bagged ingredients. The bagged ingredients are added to each bin and then a small screw conveyor pulls the material from the bin to a scale(s) under the bins. Micro systems can improve the accuracy of ingredient addition and reduce the amount of labor required to weigh each micro ingredient by hand in a premix room.

Micro Bins Screws — 螺旋输送机 High accuracy 高精度 Standard screw 标准输送机 Screw conveyors operated with variable speed drive (VFD). — 变速驱动的螺旋输送机 Standard screw conveyor — 标准螺旋输送机 High accuracy screw conveyor — 高精度螺旋输送机 Double flight — 双螺叶 Narrow flight — 单螺叶 Screw conveyors that operate at variable speeds are used in micro bin systems. The screw are operated with variable frequency or speed drive (VFD) which allows the screw to run fast until it gets close to a target weight an then slows down once the ingredient weight gets close to target. Mirco systems can be outfitted with a standard screw conveyor High accuracy screw conveyor which has a narrow flight. A double flight screw would have twice as many flights per linear foot as a standard pitch screw.

Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) Reduces Ingredient Batch Variation — 变频器减小原料批次差异 One-to-One: VFD to Screw Conveyor 单至单：变频器至螺旋输送机 One-to-Multiple: VFD to Multiple Screw Conveyor 单至多：变频器至多螺旋输送机

Statistical Process Control — 统计流程控制 SPC is the method of using specialized statistical probability methods to monitor and detect external influences on a systems performance. — SPC是一种利用专门的统计学概率方法来监测外部因素对系统性能影响的工具。 SPC should first be used to stabilize out-of-control processes, but it can also be used to monitor the consistency of products and services. — SPC应该首先用来稳定失控程序，它也可以用来监测产品和服务的稳定性。 Source: Six Sigma for Dummies, 2012

SPC Control Chart — SPC控制图

SPC Histogram – Soybean Meal — SPC直方图 — 豆粕 Mean = 1.4 kg/batch 均值 = 1.4公斤/批次

Pelleting & Cooling 制粒和冷却

Pelleting Benefits Boilers — 制粒优点 肉鸡 Benefits to feeding pelleted diets to broilers: 用颗粒饲料喂食肉鸡的优点： Decreased feed wastage — 减少饲料浪费 Reduced selective feeding — 减少选择性摄食 Decreased ingredient segregation — 减少原料分离 Less time and energy expended in prehension — 减少采食时间和能量消耗 Destruction of pathogens — 破坏病原体 Improved palatability — 改善适口性 Behnke, 1994

Effect of Diet Form on Finishing Pigs 配料对育肥猪的影响 BW 57 to 127 kg 体重57-127公斤 B 粕 50:50 粉末:颗粒 过筛颗粒 Nemecheck et al, 2012 Nemecheck et al, 2012

Performance Broilers fed Diets of Various Pellet Quality from 30-38 Days of Age 30-38日龄期间饲喂不同品质颗粒的肉鸡表现差异 % Pellets %颗粒 Weight Gain, g 增重，克 Feed/Gain 饲料/增重 Eating Frequency 采食频率 Mash 湿拌料 643c 2.02b .32a 100 725a 1.87a .52a 80 701ab 1.88a .78b 60 687ab 1.92a .84b 40 685ab 1.93ab 1.18c 20 675b 1.95ab 1.31c McKinney et al. 2004

Pellet Mill Features — 制粒设备特性 Variable Speed Conditioner 差速调质器 Force Feeders 压力喂料器 Variable Speed Die 差速模具 Roll Adjustments 压辊调节器

Pellet Mill Monitoring — 制粒机监控 Mash 粉料 Moisture 水分 Temperature 温度 Conditioner 调质器 RPM 转速 The two primary points that most automated systems monitor or that the operator will monitor are the conditioned mash temperature and motor load amps. The computer or pellet mill operator then adjusts the steam valve and feeder rate to achieve the desired temperature and motor load in order to optimize pellet mill throughput and pellet quality. Steam 蒸汽 Temperature 温度 Pressure 压力 Conditioned Mash 调质湿拌料 Moisture 水分 Temperature 温度 Motor 电机 Amps 安培 Hot Pellet Temperature 颗粒温度

Conditioning Targets — 调制目标 Time — 时间 Increasing the conditioning time will increase the moisture and heat penetration into the particles — 增加调质时间将增加颗粒水分和热量的渗透度 Conditioning time is important in the pelleting process. Increasing the conditioning time will increase the moisture and heat penetration into the particles which softens the particles and improves the binding and thus pellet quality. Conditioning times will vary from 15 sec up to 90 seconds. A 30 second conditioning time is typical of a single pass conditioner where as a double pass conditioner will achieve a 60-90 second conditioning time. Conditioning Time 调质时间

Factors that Affect Pellet Quality — 影响颗粒质量的因素 Fahrenholz, 2012 Behnke, 1994

Die Specifications — 模具属性 Effective thickness of the pellet die. — 颗粒模具有效厚度 8.0 to 15.0 L:D — 长径比8.0到15.0 Open area of the pellet die — 颗粒模具筛孔区域 Decreasing the hole diameter improves pellet quality but decreases throughput — 减小筛孔直径提高颗粒质量但降低产量 Chrome + = 19,584 holes — Blue = 21,216 holes —

Pellet Quality Measurements — 制粒质量测定 Kansas State PDI Holmen

Final Moisture Content of Pelleted Feed — 颗粒饲料最终水分含量 Item — 项目 DM % ME (kcal/kg) 100 3,753 Low moisture ingredients Excellent pellet cooling — 低水分原料颗粒冷却好 88 3,303 Formulated Diet — 配方料 87 3,265 Higher moisture ingredients Poor pellet cooling — 高水分原料颗粒冷却差 86 3,228 Cooling Fan 冷却扇 VFD 变频器 Photos :CPM, Geelen, Bliss

Cooler Bed Depth is Important—冷却堆厚度的重要性 Air will take the path of least resistance 空气会向阻力最小的方向流动 Wellhausen, 2010

Preventive maintenance — 日常维护

Maintenance Goals & Objectives 维护的目标 Limited Unscheduled Downtime — 减小计划外故障停机时间 No Customer Waiting Time — 消除客户等待时间 Low Cost — 成本低 Well Maintained Facility — 保持设备良好状态 Compliance with Safety Regulations — 遵守安全规定 No Dramatic Events — 消除突发事件 Limited Unscheduled Downtime No Customer Waiting Time Low Cost Well Maintained Facility Compliance with Safety Regulations No Dramatic Events

Preventive Maintenance Programs 日常维护项目

Sanitation — 卫生 Promptly clean up grain spills and litter from inside and outside of the plant — 迅速清理厂内外撒漏和废弃谷物 Pallets should be stacked neatly — 颗粒要整齐堆放 Broken bags taped and product cleaned up ASAP — 尽快封好破损包装袋，清理撒漏产品 Sanitation Program — 卫生项目 Operators assigned areas — 为操作员分配区域 Sanitation crew — 卫生工作组 Rotation based on priority — 根据优先级排班 Regular mill shutdowns — 定期停工 Promptly clean up grain spills and litter from inside and outside of the plant. Pallets should be stacked neatly Broken bags taped and product cleaned up ASAP A formal Sanitation Program will help keep the feed mill clean. The plant should be free of accumulated grain. Assign employees areas of responsibility to clean on a regular schedule. This will also help eliminate attractants such as spilled grains, ingredient, and feed for insects, birds, and microbial. Removing dusts minimizes explosions and fires

Inspection — 检查 Routine Inspections — 例行检查 Tall weeds and grass — 高大野草 Debris that harbors rodents (pallets) — 碎屑招引老鼠（托盘） Equipment that is stored close to the building — 建筑物附近存放的设备 Proper drainage (no standing water) — 合适的排水系统（无积水） Feed mill roof for: — 饲料厂屋顶设计： leaking — 渗漏 bucket elevators — 斗式运输机 spouting — 落水管 cyclones — 排风管 bag houses — 集尘室 Routine inspections should occur in the feed mill and the grounds surrounding the mill Look for tall weeds and grass Check for debris that harbors rodents such as pallets and old drums Look for equipment that is stored close to the building Evaluate drainage after rain events and look for standing water Walk around the roof while equipment is running and check for leaking bucket elevators, spouting, cyclones, bag houses, exhaust fans

Pesticide and Baiting Program — 除虫和捕鼠项目 Rodent control — 防鼠 Licensed employee — 持证上岗 Pest control company — 捕鼠公司 Bird control — 防鸟 Pest control company — 杀虫公司 Pest Control Contractor — 杀虫外包公司 License and contract on file — 许可证和协议归档 MSDS/Safety information on products — 产品随附MSDS/安全信息 Written report — 书面报告 Accompany contractor on each monthly visit — 员工陪同外包公司每月例行检查 Pesticide and baiting programs should not be the only control method in the plant, they should be used in combination with a housekeeping program and physical barriers. Rodent control should be done by a licensed employee or a pest control company, check your local and state regulations regarding the licensing requirement. Bird control should be done by a licensed employee or a pest control company, check your local and state regulations regarding the licensing requirement. Pest Control Contractors should be licensed and the contract should be kept on file as well as MSDS information for any products supplied by the contractor. A written report should be provided at the end of each visit, some feed mill managers will have a supervisor or maintenance person accompany the contractor on the monthly visits to get a better understanding of the pest problems at the feed mill.

Summary — 总结 Purchasing new equipment will NOT improve performance and profit unless the equipment is properly maintained and feed mills understand how to unlock the full value and potential of the equipment. — 购买新设备不会提高绩效和盈利，只有合理的设备维护且饲料厂找到解锁设备全部价值和潜能的方法才能实现这些目标。 Converting data to information quickly is the key to operating a safe and efficient feed mill. — 将数据快速转换为信息是运作一个安全高效的饲料厂的关键。

Questions — 问题 Charles Stark – crstark@ksu.edu