NASA Exercise Wrap-up

Inspirational Approaches to Leadership - Key Characteristics of Charismatic Leaders Vision and articulation願景感召. Has a vision—expressed as an idealized goal—that proposes a future better than the status quo; and is able to clarify the importance of the vision in terms that are understandable to others. Personal risk個人風險. Willing to take on high personal risk, incur high costs and engage in self-sacrifice to achieve the vision. Environmental sensitivity環境敏感. Able to make realistic assessments of the environmental constraints and resources needed to bring about change. Sensitivity to follower needs部屬敏感. Perceptive of others’ abilities and responsive to their needs and feelings. Unconventional behavior特立獨行. Engages in behaviors that are perceived as novel and counter to norms.

歐巴馬如何說 2

歐巴馬被譽為近代最有魅力的政治領袖之一 ,媒體往往拿他與金恩博士、甘迺迪總統等擅於演講的歷史人物相比。 歐巴馬的演講究竟有何獨到之處? 讓我們歡迎，歐罵馬出場~~~~~~~~(歐巴馬要有自信的走上場並說”謝謝~謝謝~”) 3

Barack Obama 父親為肯亞裔，母親為美國人 1991年哈佛法學院畢業 1996年伊利諾州參議員 2009年1月20日就職為美國總統 美國有史以來第一位非裔總統 4

歐巴馬著作： The Audacity of Hope 《我父親的夢想─無畏的希望》 資料來源 2004年7月，民主黨全國代表大會主題演講 2006年12月，民主黨全國期中選舉勝利演說 2008年3月，民調下滑時的演說 2008年11月，勝選演說 歐巴馬著作： The Audacity of Hope 《我父親的夢想─無畏的希望》 5

給予願景 回溯歷史故事來激勵大家 把美國歷史知名領袖與自身連結 Robert Kennedy reminded us of this. He reminds us still. He reminds us that we don’t need to wait for a hurricane to know that third world living conditions in the middle of an American city make us all poorer. We don’t need to wait for the 3000th death of someone else’s child in Iraq to make us realize that a war without an exit strategy… 6

給予願景 利用美國夢來傳遞一個美好的願景 Hope is what I saw in the eyes of young women. Hope is what I heard in the voice. Hope is what led me here today. This is our time, to put our people back to work and open doors of opportunity for our kids; to restore prosperity and promote the cause of peace; to reclaim the American dream and reaffirm that fundamental truth, that, ……Yes, we can! 7

演講態度 承擔責任不逃避 面對爭議問題，不逃避，而是主動開啟話題，承擔應負的責任 It was a mistake to have been engaged with him at all in this or any other personal business dealing that would allow him, or anyone else, to believe that he had done me a favor,” Obama said in a written statement Saturday. “For that reason, I consider this a mistake on my part and I regret it.” 8

Characteristics of Transactional Leaders Contingent Reward權變酬賞: Contracts exchange of rewards for effort, promises rewards for good performance, recognizes accomplishments. Management by Exception例外管理(active): Watches and searches for deviations from rules and standards, takes corrective action. Management by Exception例外管理(passive): Intervenes only if standards are not met. Laissez-Faire放任主義: Abdicates responsibilities, avoids making decisions.

Characteristics of Transformational Leaders Charisma理想感召: Provides vision and sense of mission, instills pride, gains respect and trust. Inspiration激勵鼓舞: Communicates high expectations, uses symbols to focus efforts, expresses important purposes in simple ways. Intellectual Stimulation心智啟發: Promotes intelligence, rationality, and careful problem solving. Individualized Consideration個別關懷: Gives personal attention, treats each employee individually, coaches, advises.

Transformation leadership 一、Identifying opportunity 1. 他在工作上，鼓勵我們要有創意，採取新的、更有效的作法。 2. 他總是設法使我們這個部門或公司更為成功。 3. 他鼓勵我們以積極進取的態度來面對問題。 二、Intellectual Stimulation 1. 他激勵我以新的方式思考舊的問題。 2. 他刺激我重新思考做事的方式。 3. 他有辦法讓我重新檢討我對工作所持的基本理念。

Transformation leadership 三、Articulating Vision 1.他能夠很清楚地說明他對未來願景的看法。 2. 他非常清楚我們未來的發展方向。 四、High Performance Expectation 1. 他讓我們知道他對我們有很高的期望。 2. 他激勵我設定高的個人目標。

Transformation leadership 五、Providing the Appropriate Model 1. 他總是以身作則。 2. 他不僅「言教」，更用「身教」來領導我們。 3. 他為我們樹立一個好榜樣。 六、Facilitating the Action of Others 1. 他在我們彼此之間努力創造出互信的環境。 2. 他知道如何來促進我們彼此之間的合作。 3. 他激勵我們群策群力，達成共同的目標。 4. 他會在我們彼此之間培養出團隊精神。

Transformation leadership 七、Recognizing and Reward Behavior 1. 他會獎勵我的優異表現。 2. 在我的表現高於一般水準時，他會大力稱讚我。 3. 如果我工作表現得不好，他會表示他的不滿。 八、Providing individualized Support 1. 在採取行動前，他會考慮到我的感受。 2. 他尊重我個人的感受。 3. 他的領導行為或行事作風，會考慮到我個人的需求。