動詞與動狀詞 Verbs and Verbals 黃勇仁
OUTLINE Verbs and Verbals (動詞與動狀詞) Helping and Modal Auxiliary Verbs (助動詞與語氣助動詞) Conditional Verb Forms (條件語氣的動詞型態) Sequence of Verb Tenses (動詞時態的一致)
Verbs and Verbals (動詞與動狀詞) 動詞在句子中表達 doing (動作) 或 being (狀態) 的觀念 分類方式 : 及物動詞 (transitive verbs)需要受詞來完成 、不及物動詞 (intransitive verbs) 不需要受詞. 動詞有主動語態 和被動語態(用被動語態寫出來的句子予人一種寫作不用心的感覺)
Verbs and Verbals (動詞與動狀詞) I will present this paper on 26 April. This paper will be presented by me on 26 April.
Verbs and Verbals (動詞與動狀詞) 語氣可分成敘述 (事實) 語氣 ，被用來做陳述或問問題。祈使語氣，被用在需要下命令、指示及給予強烈建議的場合。假設語氣 被用在從屬子句中，它的作用如下： 表達一項願望 以 if 做開頭，表達一種不存在的情況 以 as if 和 as though 做開頭，這類子句在敘述一項臆測或與事實相反的情況 以 that 做開頭，表達一項需求、要求、需要或建議
Verbs and Verbals (動詞與動狀詞) She wishes her boyfriend were here. If Juan were more aggressive, he'd make a good baseball player. We would have passed if we had studied harder. He acted as if he were guilty. I requested that he be present at the hearing.
Helping and Modal Auxiliary Verbs (助動詞與語氣助動詞) 助動詞 助動詞 -- 如 will, shall, may, might, can, could, must, ought to, should, would, used to, need -- 與主動詞連用來表達時間和語氣的狀態。 might 和 may 是比較麻煩的語氣助動詞的其中兩個。當用於表示許可或請示的句子時，might 是 may 的假設法過去式。might 比 may 客氣很多，含有比較沒把握，猶豫的意思。
Helping and Modal Auxiliary Verbs (助動詞與語氣助動詞) can 被用來表示能力、表示允許、表示理論上的可能性 could 被用來表示過去的能力、表示過去或未來的許可、表示現在的可能性、表示有條件的可能性或能力 You can do it. You could do it.
條件語氣的動詞型態 Conditional Verb Forms 在表達一種條件的情況時，我們必須區分何者是事實的敘述，而何者是假設的敘述 (其他可表達假設意思的用語包括非事實、想像等)。 事實的敘述 The dog is always happy if Dad stays home. If the sun shines all day, it gets hot.
條件語氣的動詞型態 Conditional Verb Forms 假設的敘述：當我們要表達現在式的假設敘述時，有趣的是，我們係使用過去式動詞。 If you liked tennis, we could go play on the new courts. 如果結果子句是未來式，那麼我們就將條件子句的動詞退後一步，變成現在式 If the Bulls win the game tomorrow, they will be champs again.
條件語氣的動詞型態 Conditional Verb Forms 對現在非事實的事件而言，我們則將條件子句的動詞退後一步，變成過去式： If the Bulls won another championship, Roberto would drive into Chicago for the celebration. I wish I had tickets. If they were available anywhere, I would pay any price for them. If he were a good friend, he would buy them for me.
動詞時態的一致 Sequence of Verb Tenses 只要主要子句的動詞不是過去式，也不是過去完成式，那麼附屬子句的動詞可以是任何可以正確表達意思的時態。 然而，如果主要子句的動詞是過去式或過去完成式，那麼附屬子句的動詞就必須是過去式或過去完成式。