Digital Image Processing Dr. Ren Mingwu Lab 603, Department of computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China Tel: 025-4315751-724 Email：renmingwu@sina.com 2002, Ver1.0 任明武，南京理工大学计算机系

Reference books in Chinese： 《图象工程》上下册，章毓晋，清华大学出版社。 《图象分割》，章毓晋，清华大学出版社。 《计算机视觉》，吴立德， 复旦大学出版社。 《图象处理与分析》， 徐建华， 科学出版社。 《计算机视觉与模式识别》郑南宁，国防工业出版社。 Reference journals in Chinese 《计算机研究与发展》 《中国图像图形学报〉 《计算机工程 》 《模式识别与人工智能 》 《电子学报》 2002, Ver1.0 任明武，南京理工大学计算机系

References in English (can be found in library or Lab 603, in NUST) 《IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence》, Abbreviated by T-PAMI 《IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 》,T-IP 《Pattern Recognition》,PR 《Image and Vision Computing》,IVC 《Optical Engineering》,OE 《Artificial Intelligence》,AI 《Computer Vision and Image Understanding》,CVIU 《Graphical Models and Image Processing》,GMIP 《Machine Vision and Applications》,MVA 《Pattern Recognition Letters》,PRL 2002, Ver1.0 任明武，南京理工大学计算机系

Chapter.1 Preface 1.1 Intruduction Digital Image processing, that is, the manipulation of images by computer, has been playing a more and more important role in today’s computer field. Four factors stimulate its development as the following: (1) Declining cost of the computer equipment required. (2) Increasing availability of equipment for digitizing and displaying images. (3)New technology, such as inexpensive charge-coupled device (CCD), new memory technologies for large low-cost image storage arrays, and inexpensive, high-resolution color display systems, trends to further the growth of the field. (4)Widely applied in commercial, medical application, industrial and in scientific research. <some examples> 2002, Ver1.0 任明武，南京理工大学计算机系

1.2 The Elements of Digital Image processing System Fig.1 A physical image and a corresponding digital image 2002, Ver1.0 任明武，南京理工大学计算机系

Fig.2 Digitizing an Image 2002, Ver1.0 任明武，南京理工大学计算机系

Here, 2002, Ver1.0 任明武，南京理工大学计算机系

Fig.3 A digital image processing system There are two popular input devices: Camera and Scanner 2002, Ver1.0 任明武，南京理工大学计算机系

The Curve of wavelength response A digital Camera A normal anolog A pinhole camera A line CCD device 2048x1 2002, Ver1.0 任明武，南京理工大学计算机系

Technical Specipications A dome camera 传统摄像机+内置服务器+内置网卡，通过以太网或互联网进行访问，支持远程控制(云台+解码器+镜头)，支持客户端多路同时录像，远端的浏览者不需任何专业软件，只要标准的网络浏览器(Microsoft IE 或Netscape) A IP Camera 2002, Ver1.0 任明武，南京理工大学计算机系

(5)高分辨率数字摄像机+专业的数字接口卡(RS644、LVDS卡) 摄像机 价格 A simple camera Usually called PC Eye 常用的摄像机与计算机的接口方式: (1)模拟摄像机+专业图像卡 (2)模拟摄像机+多媒体卡 (3)数字摄像机+USB接口 (4)数字摄像机+1394接口(或接口卡) (5)高分辨率数字摄像机+专业的数字接口卡(RS644、LVDS卡) 摄像机 价格 模拟摄像机 800˜4000元 电脑眼 200 ˜500元 IP 摄像机 4000 ˜8000元 红外热象仪 20-50万元 100万象素以上的数字摄像机 3 ˜8万元 2002, Ver1.0 任明武，南京理工大学计算机系

ICOLOR (PCI) B_ORION (AGP) 带CPU 的Odyssey Xpro 2002, Ver1.0 任明武，南京理工大学计算机系

扫描仪与计算机的接口方式 (1)扫描仪+并口 (2)扫描仪+SCSI卡 (3)扫描仪+USB接口 (4)扫描仪+1394接口(或接口卡) 克里奥 iQSmart扫描仪 传感器：CCD平台式 最大分辨率(光学): 5,500×10,000dpi 最大分辨率(插值): 10,000dpi 颜色深度: 16bit 最大密度：4.1 密度范围：3.9 接口方式：IEEE1394 Panasonic 2045c高速扫描仪 传输速度：20MB/s 接口方式：Ultra SCSI 耐久度：大约500万张 最大扫描幅面：A4 扫描速度：200dpi时， 　　　　　A4双面／2秒钟 2002, Ver1.0 任明武，南京理工大学计算机系

一种1394卡 一种多媒体卡 一种电视台专用编辑卡 2002, Ver1.0 任明武，南京理工大学计算机系

美国Coreco公司 BanditII图像卡 加拿大 Matrox公司 B_Orion图像卡 2002, Ver1.0 任明武，南京理工大学计算机系

1.3 The Terminology of Digital Image processing Fig.4 Types of Images A digital image is now a two-dimensional rectangular array of quantized sample values 2002, Ver1.0 任明武，南京理工大学计算机系

IR(Infra-red) : Temperature 2002, Ver1.0 任明武，南京理工大学计算机系

Image Analysis and Recognition Tab.1 The differences Between Image Processing, Image Analysis, and computer graphics Output Image Descriptive Data I N P U T Image Processing Image Analysis and Recognition Image Synthesis(computer graphics) Non-image-related uses of computers However, digital image processing usually covers both digital image processing and image analysis. 2002, Ver1.0 任明武，南京理工大学计算机系

1.4 The Tasks/Contents of Digital Image processing 1.4.1 Three Levels Small(小） High(高) Symbol (符号) 图象理解 High Level (高层) quantity of data (数据量) Abstract degree (抽象程度) Semantic (语义) Targets (目标) 图象分析 Middle Level(中层) Pixels (象素) 图象处理 Low Level(低层) Low(低) Large(大) 2002, Ver1.0 任明武，南京理工大学计算机系

A1 Acquirement and Sampling(图象采集与获取), Camera Calibrating(成象方法、摄象机校正等) 1.4.2 Contents A：Image Processing A1 Acquirement and Sampling(图象采集与获取), Camera Calibrating(成象方法、摄象机校正等) A2 Image Restoration(图象重建), epically from camera, such as CT. A3 Image Transform, Filtering, Enhancement, and Recovery( 图象变换、滤波、增强、恢复或复原等) A4 Image Compression and Coding(图象压缩编码) B：Image Analysis B1 Edge Detection, Segmentation(边缘检测、图象分割) B2 Target Expression, Description, and Measurement(目标表达、描述、测量) B3 Target Shape, Texture, movement(目标形状、纹理、空间、运动等的分析) B4 2-D Target recognition, classification and extraction(2维目标的识别、分类和提取) C：Image Understanding C1 Image match, console point match (序列、立体)图象(特征点)匹配 C2 3-D Model, scene recovery ( 建模、客观场景恢复) C3 scene understanding 2002, Ver1.0 任明武，南京理工大学计算机系

(There are a table near middle and a desk on up-right corner) 1.4.3 An example Image Understanding (There are a table near middle and a desk on up-right corner) Image Analysis (Segmentation) Image Analysis (Edge Detection) Image Processing (Median Filter) Original Image 2002, Ver1.0 任明武，南京理工大学计算机系