Unit 5 First aid 第四学时 Grammar
省略（Ellipsis）
一、省略的概念、分类 省略(Ellipsis)是为了避免重复，或使语言、句子等更加精练，在不使人发生误解的前提下，省去句中的某个词或某些成分。这样的句子，英语语法上称为省略句，被省略部分可以是主语、谓语、表语、宾语、状语。如： My brother smokes，but I don't (smoke)． 我的兄弟抽烟，而我不抽烟。 上面的例子省略了smoke，避免了词汇重复，使得语言表达更加简洁，而不影响交际功能。
1．简单句中的省略。 (1)省略主语 (I)Beg your pardon.对不起，请原谅！ (It)Doesn't matter.没关系。 (2)省略谓语 (Is)Anybody here？这里有人吗？ (3)省略主语和谓语或主语和谓语的一部分 (Are you)Hungry？你饿不饿？ (I'd like some)Apple pie，please.我要苹果派。 (Would you like to)Have a drink？要喝点什么吗？
(4)省略表语 —Are they beautiful? —Yes，they are (beautiful)． (5)省略宾语 —Can you tell me the answer? —Sorry，I don't know(the answer)． (6)不定式的省略 在同一个句子或联系紧密的对话里，常把不定式中to后内容相同的部分省略，只保留不定式符号to。
有三种情况：①在接不定式作宾语的动词如 like，love，hope，expect，wish，want，prefer，refuse，mean，try，agree等后面；②在接不定式作宾语补足语的动词如ask，tell，advise，allow，permit，warn，persuade等后面；③在某些形容词如 glad，happy，pleased，delighted等后面。 —Would you like to join us? — I'd love to (join you)．/I'd be glad to. —你愿意和我们一道去吗？ —我愿意。
She wants to go swimming alone but her parents won't allow her to She wants to go swimming alone but her parents won't allow her to.(go swimming alone) 她想独自去游泳但她父母不允许。 —Would you mind printing the report for me，Miss Gao? —Not at all.I'd be glad to.
温馨提示： 若不定式为to be...或to have done...时，不定式的省略则要保留be或have。 A：Are you the boss？你是老板吗？ B：No，and I don't want to be (the boss)． 不是，而且我也不想当。 He hasn't finished his homework yet though he is supposed to have (finished his homework)． 尽管他本该已经完成作业，可他还没有。
(7)省略介词 We have lived here (for)ten years. 我们在这儿已住了十年。 但是，在否定句中这类介词不能省略。 I haven't seen you for three months. 我有三个月没看到你了。 2．并列句中的省略。 在并列句中，省略是最常见的。一般说来，在后一并列句中凡是与上文相同的成分通常都要省略。 如： (1)My room is on the fifth floor，and hers (is)on the eighth (floor)．
我的房间在五楼，而她的在八楼。 (2)I came at eight but Henry (came)at nine. 我在八点来，但是亨利在九点来。 (3)To some, life is pleasure，and to others (life is) suffering. 对一些人来说，生活是一种享受；而对另一些人来说，生活是一种折磨。
3．复合句中的省略。 (1)状语从句 ①从属连词when，while，if，although等后面带ving或done，省略从句中的其他成分，如： When (it is)published，the novel will become one of the best sellers of the year. 那本小说一旦出版，就会成为当年的畅销书之一。 Although (he has been)working，he keeps energetic. 一直工作，他还是精力充沛。(他依然精力充沛)
②从属连词＋形容词 Although (he is)hardworking，he couldn't earn enough to support himself. 尽管努力工作，他的收入还是不够自己糊口。 You can ask them for help if/when (it is)necessary. 有必要时你可以向他们求助。 When (they are)ripe，the grapes will be delicious. 当葡萄成熟之后就会很好吃。 ③从属连词＋名词 Though (he is)young，he had to live on himself. 虽然年纪轻轻，但他不得不养活自己。
(2)定语从句中的省略 ①关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，可省略，如： He's the person(that/who)you can depend on. ②在以“the same...as”和“such as”引导的定语从句中，可以省略与主句相同的部分，如： I really don't like such books as this(is)．
(3)宾语从句中的省略 ①若带有多个宾语从句，第一个引导词“that”可省略，其余不能省，如： He said(that)he liked Guangdong very much and that he was willing to work there. ②由which，where，how，when和why引导的宾语从句，这些引导词后面的从句部分可以省略，如： He will come to Guangdong again, but he doesn't know when(he will come to Guangdong again)．
二、掌握好省略句，应注意以下几条 1. 感官动词或使役动词(如：notice，hear，let，make)等后接不定式作宾补时主动句省略to；被动句时to不能省略。 I saw him cross the street.(主动) 我看见他穿过街道。 比较：He was seen to cross the street.(被动) 有人看见他穿过街道。
2．在prefer to do. rather than do. ；cannot help but. ，do nothing 2．在prefer to do...rather than do...；cannot help but...，do nothing...but等句型中常省略to。 I prefer to stay home rather than go shopping with my wife. 我宁愿待在家里也不愿陪我太太逛商店。 I left the key on the table，so I could do nothing but wait outside the house for my husband to come back. 我把钥匙忘在桌子上了，所以，没有办法，我只好在屋外等待我丈夫回来。
3.为避免重复，不定式作某些动词(hope，want)的宾语或tell，order，ask的宾补时，省略不定式短语，只保留不定式符号to。 —Would you come to my birthday party this Sunday? 这个周日你会来参加我的生日宴会吗？ —I hope to. 我希望会。
4．not，so，neither，nor 等的“替代性”省略。 用so或not等代替而省略一个从句或从句的一部分。这种用法常用于think，believe，hope，expect，suppose，imagine，guess，say，hear，be afraid等或连词if的后面。如： —Will it be fine soon? —天气会很快好转吗？ —I hope so./I'm afraid not. —希望如此/恐怕不会。 —Do you think he will attend the lecture? —你认为他会来听演讲吗？
—I think/guess so. —我认为如此。 Are you going to join us？If so，please come on time.If not，please call back and tell me. 你打算来吗？如果来的话，请准时到，如果不来的话，请回电话告诉我。