Water Scarcity and Pollution General Institute for Water Resources and Hydropower Planning &Design Ministry of Water Resources March 2007

Contents Water resources in China The cost estimation of water scarcity caused by water pollution

National water resources assessment National water assessment quantity utilization ecology pollution status issues trends mechanism responses past present future quality rules Water Balance Pollution load Supply-drainage Ecological balance

Water resources in China Water quantity Water quality water use Water scarcity status

water quantity－calculating basins Ⅱ Ⅲ 松花江 8 18 辽河 6 12 海河 4 15 黄河 29 淮河 5 长江 45 东南诸河 7 11 珠江 10 22 西南诸河 14 西北诸河 33 合计 80 214

Water quantity 108m3 5.3 1.8 1.3 2.5 3.2 35.1 9.4 16.6 20.3 4.6 proportion(%)

The changes of surface water 2.41 12.85 -10.4 -40.8 -14.5 7.45 5.95 1.88 -1.9 2.21 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 10 20 全 国 松 花 江 区 辽 河 海 黄 淮 长 东 南 诸 珠 西 北 % The changes of surface water ％ The surface water decrease significantly during the past 20 years in the North China, as the result of climate change and human activities.

The changes of surface water 分区　 24年平均 21年平均 年径流量变化比例 年径流深变化比例 (1956~1979) (1980~2000) 径流量（亿m3） 径流深(mm) （%） 全国 27115 284 27769 292.1 2.4 2.9 松花江区 1218 130.2 1374 147.0 12.9 辽河区 435 138.9 390 124.2 -10.4 -10.6 海河区 288 90.5 171 53.3 -40.8 -41.1 黄河区 661 83.2 565 71.1 -14.5 淮河区 741 225.1 633 191.9 -14.7 长江区 9513 526.0 10221 573.4 7.5 9.0 其中：太湖 137 365.7 185 502.7 35.4 37.5 东南诸河区 2557 1066 2709 1108.6 6.0 4.0 珠江区 4685 806.9 4773 826.1 1.9 西南诸河区 5853 687.5 5743 680.3 -1.9 -1.0 西北诸河区 1164 34.5 1189 2.2 2.5

The changes of surface and ground water resources 2.5 12.2 -8.5 -24.8 -9.2 -9.6 7.4 5.9 1.7 -1.9 1.2 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 5 10 15 全 国 松 花 江 区 辽 河 海 黄 淮 长 东 南 诸 珠 西 北 % ％

water quality status Ⅳ类 12% Ⅴ类 6% 劣Ⅴ类 16% 等于或优于Ⅲ类 66% 评价类别河长比例图（全年） River length of assessment was 29×104km, 34% of which water quality was class Ⅳ or worse. 水质类别图点击放大(做链接)!!!!指出主要污染范围（文字或图）!!! Quality classes Length (km) Ⅰ类 19688 Ⅱ类 106823 Ⅲ类 61765 Ⅳ类 33232 Ⅴ类 17926 劣Ⅴ类 43743

The proportion of water function zone meeting standards The proportions of water function zones meeting standards in the Haihe,Huaihe,Songhuajiang,Liaohe Basin are less than 40 per cent respectively. % 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 松花江 辽河 海河 黄河 淮河 长江 其中太湖 东南诸河 珠江 西南诸河 西北诸河 水功能一级区 水功能二级区 水功能区

The total water supply was 5633×108m3 in 2000 Water use Other water 53 Groundwater 1106 Surface water 4474 79% 20% 1% The total water supply was 5633×108m3 in 2000 供水量组成（亿m3） Basin total songhuajiang liaohe Haihe Yellow river Huaihe changjiangriver Southeast rivers Peals river Southwest river Northwest rivers ％ 100.0 7.03 3.61 7.15 7.44 10.39 32.50 5.58 14.59 1.53 10.17

The changes of water supply during 1980-2000 5633 5304 4408 4403 4867 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 1980 1985 1990 1995 总供水量 地表水 地下水 其他 亿m3 3738 4474 647 1106 年均增长率1.23% 亿m3

The changes of water supply in the north China 海河、辽河、淮河、西北诸河地表供水量不同程度减少，地下供水量增加较大；松花江和黄河区地表、地下水供水量均有增加 2580 2441 2273 1993 2166 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 1980 1985 1990 1995 总供水量 地表水 地下水 其他 亿m3 553 967 亿m3

The ratio of total use to total water available in 2000 13 16 1 41 17 80 63 60 53 49 76 123 102 22 40 66 101 20 100 120 140 松 花 江 区 辽 河 流 域 海 北 系 南 黄 淮 水 沂 沭 泗 山 东 半 岛 长 太 湖 诸 珠 西 （ % ） 全国平均18% 50% 注意图上标题要醒目!!!加可利用量、一次性供水量、用水消耗量做一个表（2000年），同时注明其中：辽河、淮河的情况。 全国水资源开发利用程度总体不高，但南北方差异大，北方地区平均45%，南方地区平均12%

Water use equal or exceed to the available water in the north China 可利用量 2000年一次性开发利用量 亿m3

water scarcity in different basin (108m3) Basins Urban domestic Urban production Urban ecology Rural domestic Rural production Rural ecology total Total 1 35 328 11 377 Songhuajiang 0.0 5.8 18.8 10.1 34.8 Liaohe 3.3 0.1 24.4 0.3 28.1 Haihe 14.0 75.8 89.9 Yellow R 1.2 49.3 0.2 50.9 Huaihe 1.0 9.4 56.3 66.7 Changjiang 0.8 34.4 0.4 35.8 Southeast rivers 1.4 7.8 Peals river 14.8 15.4 Southwest rivers 6.8 6.9 Northwest rivers 39.5 39.3

Water scarcity status Water scarcity degree

The cost estimation of water scarcity caused by water pollution Main concerns Methods to estimate the water scarcity caused by water pollution The cost of water scarcity Strategic measures to mitigation

Main concerns Water scarcity caused by pollution：water scarcity (including groundwater depletion), sources water of supply not meeting standards. Cost：①Health, ②production, ③ecology, ④increase of treat cost of water supply not meeting standard. Here only ② and ④ considered.

Methods to estimate the quantity of water scarcity caused bypollution （1）The north area ① The quantity of supply of source water which were not meeting standards ② Water scarcity (repressing water demand) ③ Groundwater depletion ④ Available water ⑤ Water quality status

Methods to estimate the quantity of water scarcity caused by pollution （2）The south area ① The quantity of supply of source water which were not meeting standards ② Groundwater depletion ③ Water quality status

The cost of water scarcity caused by water pollution Water supply (source water) not meeting water quality standards Groundwater depletion The value of water in China The cost of water scarcity related to pollution Strategy measures to mitigation

water supply (source water) not meeting water quality standards （1）The proportion of source water quality meeting standards to supply

water supply (source water) not meeting water quality standards （2）the quantity of water supply not meeting water standards（106m3） provinces urban domestic use Rural domestic use industry irrigation others total Beijing 100 Tianjin 13 731 744 Hebei 14 910 1159 2083 Shanxi 30 69 105 342 612 1158 Inner mongolia 67 468 194 742 Liaoning 41 381 2049 233 2703 Jiling 309 55 190 1084 1639 Heilongjiang 289 1190 354 2211 4045 … Total 5516 1866 10073 9348 20018 46821

Groundwater depletion （1）groundwater depletion status The ratios of groundwater depletion to rechargeable groundwater in the North plain area of China during 1900~2000 少单位???

Groundwater depletion （2）the quantity of groundwater depletion provinces quantity urban domestic use Rural domestic use industry irrigation total Beijing 74 8 64 114 261 Tianjin 45 49 113 215 Hebei 316 331 909 4553 6109 Shanxi 37 35 108 363 543 Inner mongolia 75 87 159 2406 2728 Liaoning 127 51 280 823 1280 Jiling 28 121 419 605 Heilongjiang 67 39 305 1078 1489 … Total 1320 1224 3930 17763 24236

The value of water in China Marginal value method 1～5 yuan/m3 The cost of current mitigation measures The South-North Water Diversion Project 1.2～1.3 yuan/m3；The treatment cost 2.6～4.6 yuan/m3 The value used in this part（CAEP ） 3.5~3.9 yuan/m3（Marginal value ）;

The cost of water scarcity related to pollution （104 Yuan） provinces Water scarcity(1) Water supply not meeting standards(2) Environmental cost (1)＋(2) Cost of groundwater depletion (3) Beijing 721 1 360 Tianjin 961 60 1 022 1 122 Hebei 18 790 63 18 853 31 744 Shanxi 2 547 565 3 112 2 595 Inner mongolia 9 431 344 9 775 10 735 Liaoning 1 881 1 872 3 753 3 925 Jiling 971 1 072 2 044 1 853 Heilongjiang 2 971 6 277 9 248 4 556 … Total 85 429 61 258 146 687 92 356

Strategy measure to mitigation Development: Green Economy Water saving society Optimization of water allocation Sewage water treatment Integrated water resources management

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