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LHAASO 的事例重建和物理分析 马欣华 2016 年高能物理计算与软件会 1
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内容 1.LHAASO 的观测对象 2.LHAASO 的事例重建 3.LHAASO 的物理分析 2
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primary cosmic rays (nuclei + gamma rays) single particle – time – position – direction – energy – component statistics – components – spectrum – imaging (anisotropy) – variation Crab Nebula 3
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Extensive Air Showers single secondary particle (γ,e,μ,Č,h…) – time – position – direction – energy (> E th ) – component statistics : – time – direction – core position – size – age Peter K.F. Grieder, Extensive Air Showers, Springer, 2010 4
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Extensive Air Showers 大气层可看成是量能器的簇射 介质, shower features: I.longitudinal development II.lateral development at one altitude longitudinal development lateral development Peter K.F. Grieder, Springer, 2010 5
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Main Array 1km 2 : 5242 electro-magnetic component detectors, every 15 m 1146 –detectors, every 30 m Water Cherenkov Detectors 80,000 m 2 CR Detectors: 18 wide field view Cherenkov telescopes Shower core detector array LHAASO 6 neutron detector array: 500 neutron detectors
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LHAASO detection longitudinal development WFCTA: Č(F) lateral development KM2A : e(γ),μ WCDA: e,μ SCDA: γ family at core → π0 (PRISMA: thermal neutrons → π+π-) 7
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events in detectors signal :单元探测器采样,计数 工作模式: light(S,Č,F) → PMT → pulse → ADC or FADC background – outside detectors 在高海拔,问题更突出 cosmic radiation (single μ, small shower, …) ground & atmosphere radiation – inside detectors electronics noise abnormal detectors 8
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1.LHAASO 的观测对象 2.LHAASO 的事例重建 3.LHAASO 的物理分析 9
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longitudinal development Wide Field Cherenkov Telescope Array (WFCTA) 10 Hillas-parameter based analysis
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Hillas Parameters Xmax Energy reconstruction + μ (KM2A-MD) Atmospheric Fluorescence
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lateral development at one altitude shower 的位置、时间 → 方向 shower 的位置、粒子数 → 芯位、 size 、 age Peter K.F. Grieder, Springer, 2010 12
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one KM^2 Array (KM2A) ED : ~5000 plastic scintillators+fibers, distance :15m , size: 1m×1m×2cm , 0.5cm lead plate as γ converter, MD : ~1200 water Č detectors, distance:30m , size:6m×6m , 2.8m dirt overburden 13
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Water Cherenkov Detector Array (WCDA) Water depth: 4.5m Cell size: 5X5m 2 Total cell: 3600 Total area: 90,000m 2 Time resolution: <2ns Low energy threshold 150m Proton Gamma 14
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PRImary Spectrum Measurement Array (PRISMA) 热中子探测 441 en-detectors to measure both thermal neutrons and electrons near core 5 m en-detectors Yu.V. Stenkin and J.F. Vald´es-Galicia,Modern Physics Letters A, Vol. 17, No. 26 (2002) 1745-1751 15
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前锋面拟合:最小二乘法 前锋面到达阵列时,第 i 个 hit 的坐标为 (x i, y i, t i ) 三个未知参量: θ,φ,t 0 α 为锥面因子, α=h/r , ARGO 取 0.03 ns/m 方向余弦 l=sinθcosφ, m=sinθsinφ, c: 光速 w: 权重( N,r 的函数) r i : 探测器到 core 的距离 平面: 锥面: rh Peter K.F. Grieder, Springer, 2010 16 重建方法:以 KM2A 为例
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lateral distribution: Nishimura 西村 -Kamata 蒲田 -Greisen (NKG) function ρ e ( 电子数 /m 2 ) :在 r 处的粒子数密度 r(m) :到簇射芯位的距离 N e : size ( 电子数,大小 ) R M (m): Molière 半径 s: age ( 年龄 ) (NKG 函数限制 s<2.25) Γ : gamma 函数 17 横向分布最大似然法拟合
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改进重建的目标:提高阵列性能 以 KM2A 为例 gamma : 30TeV~0.75km 2 Effective area gamma : 30TeV~27% 100TeV~21% E nergy resolution gamma 18
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Core Position resolution gamma : 30TeV~8m 100TeV~6m Angular resolution gamma : 30TeV~0.5° 100TeV~0.3° 19
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γ/CR discrimination: γ CR 20
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1.LHAASO 的观测对象 2.LHAASO 的事例重建 3.LHAASO 的物理分析 22
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LHAASO Physical Motivation To solve the problem of comic ray origin TeV gamma ray astronomy (1) energy spectrum measurement of gamma ray sources, to search for Pevatron (2) all sky survey for new TeV gamma ray sources 1TeV-1EeV cosmic ray composition and energy spectrum measurement 23
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Other cosmic ray topics: anisotropy moon shadow → p-/p+ ratio … topics in other fields : Solar physics Geophysics Dark Matter indirect search, Quantum gravity … LHAASO Physical Motivation (2) 24
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TeV gamma ray astronomy (以 SNR 为例) 找源:全天区扫描 能谱分析:等天顶角法、等赤纬法等 物理模型拟合:宇宙线的产生、加速、传播, gamma ray 的产生、传播 25
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SNR Sky map in galactic coordinates (zenith angle <45°) 1) SNRs: 294 (107 in the view of LHAASO), in the GeV and TeV energy band~ 36 (15 in the view of LHAASO) 2) TeV UNID: 36 (15 in the view of LHAASO) 3) Supperbubble: 2 (1 in the view of LHAASO) 26
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SNR models the unified model: gamma ray is generated in the environmental gas of SNR the accumulative diffusion model : gamma ray is generated by interaction between SNR and molecular clouds 27 to give the final judgment for acceleration mechanism to find Pevatron W51C Age=30kyr D~4.3kpc W51C ~3%Crab
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cosmic ray composition and energy spectrum measurement 能量确定 成份区分 – 直接挑选 – unfolding 计算流强 物理模型拟合 28
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1TeV–1EeV accurate measurement in SIX orders with only ONE array – LHAASO to remove systematic uncertainties from measurements of different detectors to build a bridge from direct measurement at lower energy to measurements at the highest energy (Auger, etc.) 29 1 st knee 2 nd knee
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ARGO-YBJ: Multi-parameter Analysis Bartoli et al., the ARGO-YBJ Collaboration and the LHAASO Collaboration, Knee of the cosmic hydrogen and helium spectrum below 1 PeV measured by ARGO-YBJ and a Cherenkov telescope of LHAASO, B. PHYSICAL REVIEW D 92, 092005 (2015) 30
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总结 LHAASO 包含了多种探测器,事例重建聚焦于簇射参数的分析 计算,已有初步的重建方法和程序, 下一步需要对其规范化, 形 成官方统一的版本,对各种探测手段的充分有效的利用是关键; 需要的计算、存储资源 – 模拟和数据 – 多种版本 – 不同的物理目标 – 不同的理论模型 31
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