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食管异物的鉴别与处理 10硕董广敬.

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Presentation on theme: "食管异物的鉴别与处理 10硕董广敬."— Presentation transcript:

1 食管异物的鉴别与处理 10硕董广敬

2 内容 1. 诊断与鉴别 2. 处理

3 一、诊断与鉴别 1、食管是长管状的器官,是消化道最狭窄的部分。它的上端在环状软骨处与咽部相连接,下端穿过横膈膜肌1~4厘米后与胃贲门相接。从门齿到食管入口处的距离约15厘米,到贲门约40厘米。

4 2、原因 Speaker Notes 儿童多因口含玩物误吞或在玩耍、哭闹时将异物吞入。
Speaker Notes Use this space for overall notes and general comments. Simply select this text and replace it with your own comments. 2、原因 儿童多因口含玩物误吞或在玩耍、哭闹时将异物吞入。 成年人多因进食匆忙或注意力不集中,食物未经仔细咀嚼而咽下。 老年人牙齿脱落或使用假牙,咀嚼功能差,口内感觉欠敏感。 . 睡眠、麻醉、昏迷、酒醉后可将义齿误咽入食道而形成食道异物。 食道本身疾病,如食道狭窄或食道癌,食物通过时容易受阻、嵌顿。 精神疾病患者或有自杀企图者,常将各种物品强行吞下而成为异物。 Summary Heading. Text.

5 以动物性最常见70~75% ,如鱼刺、鸡骨、肉块等; 其次为金属类17% ,如硬币、针钉等(儿童多见60%) ; 还有化学制品及植物类,
异物种类: 以动物性最常见70~75% ,如鱼刺、鸡骨、肉块等; 其次为金属类17% ,如硬币、针钉等(儿童多见60%) ; 还有化学制品及植物类, 如假牙、瓶盖、枣核等。 异物停留部位: 最常见于食管入口(75%±), 其次为食管中段(20%±), 下段较少见(4%±)。 ( 《医学信息》- 《343例食道异物分析》- 76.7%.17.4%.5.8%) Many people do not understand that ethics are situation-specific and time-based -- and business ethics are no exception. Teaching Tip: But this does not mean that ethics are capricious or unimportant. In fact, all societies have a code of ethics and more businesses than ever recognize that a strong code of ethics is good business: it can protect the company from internal wrong-doing and possible legal liability, and, for marketers, serve as a strong foundation upon which to build long-term customer relationships. Ethical development can be thought of as having three levels: Preconventional Morality. This childlike level is calculating and self-centered. As a selfish morality, it is typically based upon what is likely to be immediately rewarded or punished. Conventional Morality. At this level the focus moves away from the self and toward the expectations (conventions) of the society in which the individual lives. Loyalty and obedience to “the rules” are important and this behavior can be generalized from society as a whole to an attachment to one’s company or organization. Marketers at this level are concerned with whether or not an activity is legal and how it is viewed by others. Postconventional Morality. At this level, the individual takes a long-run view of her or his actions, weighing them in relation to terminal values and matters of principle. This is the morality of the mature adult.

6 3、临床表现 吞咽困难(主要),异物嵌顿于环后隙及食管入口时,吞咽困难明显。重者滴水难咽,常张口流涎,同时感胸骨后部有物阻塞。
Use this space for overall reminders or special tips linked to the slide or occasion. Simply select this text and replace it with your own reminders. 3、临床表现 吞咽困难(主要),异物嵌顿于环后隙及食管入口时,吞咽困难明显。重者滴水难咽,常张口流涎,同时感胸骨后部有物阻塞。 Summary Heading. Text. 吞咽疼痛:位于食管上段 ,疼痛部位多在颈根部或胸骨上窝处。位于食管中段,多为胸骨后疼痛并可放射到背部。 呼吸道症状: 压迫气管后壁或压迫喉部发生呼吸困难。

7 4、诊断 嘱患者作咽口水动作,面部 可立即出现痉挛性的痛苦 表情,转头缩颈,手扶痛处 异物史、 疼痛的部 位和程度 梨状窝有唾液
4、诊断 Use this space for overall reminders or special tips linked to the slide or occassion. Simply select this text and replace it with your own reminders. 嘱患者作咽口水动作,面部 可立即出现痉挛性的痛苦 表情,转头缩颈,手扶痛处 异物史、 疼痛的部 位和程度 梨状窝有唾液 滞留,或杓状 软骨呈水肿隆 起,应认为有 食管异物可能 食管镜检查 咽、下咽 的检查 Summary Heading. Text. 诊断 X线检查 食管吞钡透视、点片 颈前软组织侧位片 食管X线检查,对金属不透光异物或大块致密骨质可以确诊, 并可经X线拍片定位。对较小、不显影、非金属异物可用钡剂检查, 或加入棉絮纤维作透视定位。疑有食管穿孔时应改用碘油。 少数病例,尤其小儿X 线检查未发现异物,但有明显异物史, 而且症状持续存在不能确诊时,应作食管镜检查。

8 并发症 尖锐异物可在短期内发生食管穿孔,导致纵隔炎或脓肿, 出现胸骨柄后疼痛加重,伴高热。
并发症 尖锐异物可在短期内发生食管穿孔,导致纵隔炎或脓肿, 出现胸骨柄后疼痛加重,伴高热。 光滑钝性异物,但在较长久滞留后,同样可以造成穿孔。 故凡有食管异物者,出现颈部皮下气肿或纵隔气肿 即示食管已穿孔。尖锐异物嵌顿在食管第二狭窄外, 穿破食管引起食管周围化脓性感染, 动脉壁被侵蚀,破坏其弹性纤维而形成假性动脉瘤, 或尖锐异物直接刺伤大血管,发生致死性大出血死亡。 少数滞留较大异物,感染及肌层可引起食管瘢痕性狭窄。

9 5、鉴别 口咽异物:咽部刺痛, 吞咽时加重、舌骨平面以上 喉异物:剧烈咳嗽 呼吸困难 喉鸣 声嘶 喉痛 发绀、死亡
Replace with presentation notes here. 口咽异物:咽部刺痛, 吞咽时加重、舌骨平面以上 喉异物:剧烈咳嗽 呼吸困难 喉鸣 声嘶 喉痛 发绀、死亡 5、鉴别 Summary Overview XXXX Major Title Heading. XXXX 气管、支气管异物(误诊率20%)1: 剧烈呛咳憋气、呼吸不畅 拍击音(咳嗽时或呼气末期) 反复发生的支气管肺炎及其他并发症 影像学检查:胸透、胸片、CT 支气管镜的检查 1 杨勇,叶凌气管异物误诊分析 中外医疗

10 处理 二、处理 Speaker Notes 食管镜检查取异物 纤维食管镜检查取异物 抗炎、对症支持处理 并发症的处理
Speaker Notes Use this space for overall notes and general comments. Simply select this text and replace it with your own comments. 二、处理 食管镜检查取异物 纤维食管镜检查取异物 处理 Summary Heading. Text. 抗炎、对症支持处理 并发症的处理

11 手术后若有粘膜损伤,应禁食、或镜下留鼻饲管,给大量广谱抗生素。有穿孔者请胸外科协助处理。
食管异物应于食管镜下取出,若异物存留时间较久,病人就诊时极度衰竭、脱水、食管炎症较重,应先纠正全身情况,抗炎治疗,待情况好转再进行食管镜检并取出异物。对特殊形状、尖锐带钩异物,如假牙等应先研究,设计取出方案后,再行手术取出,防止强拉硬拉造成食管粘膜损伤、穿孔等并发症,如已有并发症或异物插入主动脉弓压迫食管狭窄部位,危险性大时,请胸外科开胸取出。 手术后若有粘膜损伤,应禁食、或镜下留鼻饲管,给大量广谱抗生素。有穿孔者请胸外科协助处理。

12 预防 Speaker Notes 细嚼慢咽、纠正不良习惯 损坏的义齿要及时修复 注意全麻及昏迷病人的护理 误咽异物后忌饮醋、吞服食物等
Speaker Notes Use this space for overall notes and general comments. Simply select this text and replace it with your own comments. 细嚼慢咽、纠正不良习惯 损坏的义齿要及时修复 预防 Summary Heading. Text. 注意全麻及昏迷病人的护理 误咽异物后忌饮醋、吞服食物等

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