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从ACCF/ACG/AHA联合专家 共识看抗血小板药物的安全性

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Presentation on theme: "从ACCF/ACG/AHA联合专家 共识看抗血小板药物的安全性"— Presentation transcript:

1 从ACCF/ACG/AHA联合专家 共识看抗血小板药物的安全性
阿司匹林预防心脑血管事件获益远大于风险 胃肠道高危风险患者的抗血小板治疗选择 阿司匹林联合治疗是合理选择 氯吡格雷不能代替阿司匹林

2 目 录 阿司匹林预防心脑血管事件获益远大于风险 重视抗血小板药物消化道并发症的防治 胃肠道高危风险患者的抗血小板治疗选择

3 目前服用阿司匹林的人群巨大 美国目前服用阿司匹林的患者约为5000万 PCI术后接受双重抗血小板治疗的患者为120万
60岁以上人群服用阿司匹林者占60% 中国PCI术后服用双重抗血小板治疗患者 2005年为10万,2008年为16万

4 阿司匹林的获益远远大于风险 获益 风险 16个试验55,462名患者以及108次出血性卒中发作进行了分析。
总死亡率 心血管性死亡 心梗 总卒中 缺血性卒中 –2 –4 心血管事件/每1000名患者 –6 –8 获益 –10 风险 阿司匹林的获益远远大于风险 尽管该荟萃分析统计了部分超大剂量的阿司匹林试验,但是结果仍然显示阿司匹林的获益远远大于其风险,获益为风险的50倍左右。 –12 –14 16个试验55,462名患者以及108次出血性卒中发作进行了分析。 阿司匹林平均剂量273mg/day,平均治疗时间37个月 He J, et al. JAMA 1998;280:1930–5

5 脑梗死急性期 阿司匹林获益远远大于风险 P =0.001 P<0.000001 P =0.07 复发性缺 血性卒中 二次卒中 和死亡
10 8.2% 9.1% P =0.001 阿司匹林组 8 安慰剂组 发生率(%) P< 6 4 P =0.07 1.6% 2.3% 2 1.0% % 迄今为止,两项著名的阿司匹林卒中急性期研究为国际卒中研究(IST)以及中国急性卒中研究(CAST) 。 IST是一项大型随机开放性试验,目的是提供在卒中发生14天内尽早应用阿司匹林或皮下注射肝素进行抗栓疗法的安全性和有效性证据。36个国家的467家医院,共19435名可疑缺血性卒中患者在发作48小时内进入随机化,其中9410名患者接受了阿司匹林的治疗,300 mg/天,直至14天或出院。 CAST是一项大型随机安慰剂对照研究,比较了可疑缺血性卒中患者从发病48小时内开始到4周为止接受阿司匹林160mg/d的疗效。主要终点是4周治疗期间任何原因的死亡或出院时死亡,根据意向性治疗进行分析。413家医院共21106名急性缺血性卒中患者在平均发作25h后进入随机化,其中10554名接受阿司匹林治疗,10552名为安慰剂治疗。 IST和CAST共4万例受试者荟萃分析显示:阿司匹林显著降低急性期缺血性卒中患者死亡率及卒中复发率,而出血性卒中治疗组与安慰剂组无显著性差异。说明对于急性卒中患者,阿司匹林获益远远大于风险。阿司匹林也是迄今为止急性卒中唯一具有循证医学证据的抗血小板药物。 复发性缺 血性卒中 二次卒中 和死亡 出血性卒中 n=40541, ASA 325mg/d 或 160mg/d IST (International Stroke Trial) Collaborative Group, Lancet 1997;349; CAST (Chinese Acute Stroke Trial) Collaborative Group, Lancet 1997;349;

6 与安慰剂相比,服用小剂量阿司匹林每1000人每年
阿司匹林导致出血的绝对值很小 与安慰剂相比,服用小剂量阿司匹林每1000人每年 仅增加出血患者: 1.3例 1.2例 0.3例 相对危险比(与安慰剂相比) 2.07 1.71 1.65 Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Adverse Events of Low-dose Aspirin and Clopidogrel in Randomized Controlled Trials 从绝对值看,阿司匹林导致的出血发生率很低,从荟萃分析看出超过50%研究并未得出显著性差异, 从绝对值看,阿司匹林导致的消化道出血发生率也很低,从荟萃分析看出超过50%研究并未得出显著性差异, 从绝对值看,阿司匹林导致的颅内出血发生率更低,没有单一的试验能有统计学差异,只有数十万人的荟萃分析才可以得出结论。而具有数十万研究人群的药物本身极少。 阿司匹林导致 大出血 阿司匹林导致 消化道出血 阿司匹林导致 颅内出血 The American Journal of Medicine (2006) 119,

7 获益>>风险是临床治疗的基本原则
无不良反应的药物是没有的, 获益远大于风险 是临床用药 的基本原则。 可能发生的 不良反应 疗效 获益是指药品疗效,风险是指药品的不良反应。凡是批准出售的药品都有疗效,也都有不良反应,因此可以用疗效大小及不良反应的轻重,衡量药品的优劣。疗效大于风险的药(获益风险比值高的药)优于疗效小于风险的药(获益风险比值低的药)。 药物是用来治疗疾病的,一个药物能够上市的基础是它符合FDA对安全性的定义—获益大于风险。无不良反应的药物是没有的,药物在带来获益的同时也带来副作用,像世界的万事万物一样,这是一个事物的两个方面。因此,药物风险的评估不能孤立于对其获益的考量。 以阿司匹林为例,《中国心血管病报告2005》公布的我国冠心病患者6000万来计算,我国每年因服用阿司匹林而死亡的人数为6024例,而如果100%的中国高危人群使用阿司匹林,每年能避免100万例死亡。看到这么巨大的获益和风险的差距,无论是患者还是不良反应监察组织都会做出正确的选择。 药物上市后应继续监测和收集临床获益和风险的数据,系统、定量、全面地评估药物安全性。在重视、监察药物不良反应的同时,理性看待药物风险,权衡获益/风险这两个方面。

8 14项随机对照研究荟萃分析显示,阿司匹林导致严重胃肠道出血的绝对危险为每年0.12%,并与剂量相关。
每5000例接受阿司匹林治疗的患者中,出现 1例呕血病例,但每治疗5000例患者,阿司匹林每年就会减少95例严重血管事件。 因此对于有适应证的患者应坚持长期抗血小板治疗。

9 使用阿司匹林,风险低于开车! Health Affairs 26, no. 3 (2007): 636–646;
药物的风险一直都备受关注, 年间,584种美国FDA批准上市的新药中56种撤市或被要求被要求标注黑色警告。2004年,在经历多年争论后,在大量研究数据提示其增加致死性心血管事件风险的基础上,美国默克的Vioxx(罗非昔布)撤市。2005年,因该药导致致命性疾病进行性多灶性脑白质病地发生,BiogenIdec和Elan公司停止销售治疗多发性硬化症和克隆病的药物Tysabri(那他珠单抗)。2007年,降糖药物罗格列酮被要求在包装上标注心血管风险的黑色警示。新近发布的ACCORD、ADVANCE等2型糖尿病研究促使FDA关注降糖药物的心血管风险,要求所有已上市和未上市降糖药物必须进行大规模临床试验观察其心血管风险。     除FDA外,药物不良反应同样是医生、患者、媒体和医疗政策制定者关注的焦点。由此,如何认识药物风险决定着药物的实际应用,乃至医疗政策和公众健康。临床医生经常遇到对药物不良反应及其恐惧的患者,这些患者的治疗依从性通常很差,那么作为医生,我们应该如何帮助患者、媒体和医疗政策制定者正确认识药物风险呢?     新英格兰医学中心的约书亚.科恩和彼德.纽曼教授的研究就药物的风险给出了一个具体而感性的描述。他们不是孤立地用百分比评估药物风险,而是将其与日常生活中常见的、为公众所熟知的事物进行比较,帮助我们正确对待药物风险。 研究比较了常用药物、不同公种、交通工具和娱乐项目的致死性风险。结果显示,药物、工种、交通工具和娱乐项目这4个领域中的不同组成部分的死亡风险差距很大。每100000患者年的死亡人数如下:(1)药物风险范围从0.07(水痘疫苗)到76;(2)不同工种的风险范围从0.4(办公室工作)到几百(一些体力劳动者);(3)交通工具的风险范围从 (火车、公交车和飞机)到450(摩托车);(4)娱乐项目的风险范围从<0.1(有组织的高中和大学足球活动)到>13000(攀登喜马拉雅山)。     总得来说,药物的死亡风险高于其他三个领域,提示我们确实需要对药物安全性进行严格监管。但我们很惊喜的看到一些常用药物的风险与常用交通工具的风险相似,甚至更低。如抗组胺药物的死亡风险为2.8/10万,50岁男性每日服用阿司匹林的死亡风险为10.4/10万,而开车的死亡风险为11/10万。因此,一些药物的不良反应并没有那么可怕,如果不恐惧开车的话就不要恐惧服用阿司匹林。 What’s More Dangerous, Your Aspirin Or Your Car? Thinking Rationally About Drug Risks (And Benefits) We compare mortality risks of several common drugs with risks related to work, transportation, and recreation. Comparing risks can provide a more intuitive sense of the magnitude of drug risks than stand-alone estimates can, to help inform policy discussions. The drug risks we quantify generally exceed the magnitude of risks for other domains (although aspirin and cars are similarly "risky" under the definition of risk used here). Nonetheless, these comparisons underscore a crucial point: that risks should not be evaluated without considering attendant benefits. We discuss the need for the Food and Drug Administration to compare risks and benefits quantitatively, consistently, and explicitly. 药物与职业 万人年死亡风险 50岁以上人群使用阿司匹林 万络治疗关节炎疼痛 美国所有职业平均风险 运输/搬运工 建筑工人 出租车司机 卡车司机 伐木工 Health Affairs 26, no. 3 (2007): 636–646;

10 抗血小板治疗是血栓性疾病的 必要 治疗措施之一, 因担心不良反应而停用抗血小板药物无异于因噎废食。
抗血小板治疗不可因噎废食 抗血小板治疗是血栓性疾病的 必要 治疗措施之一, 因担心不良反应而停用抗血小板药物无异于因噎废食。 夫有以饐死者, 欲禁天下之食,悖。 ----- 《吕氏春秋·荡兵》

11 目 录 阿司匹林预防心脑血管事件获益远大于风险 重视抗血小板药物消化道并发症的防治 胃肠道高危风险患者的抗血小板治疗选择

12 综合评估获益与风险 ACCF/ACG/AHA2008联合专家共识
对于心血管高危患者,口服抗血小板药物能降低缺血事件危险,但可能增加出血并发症,以胃肠道出血最常见。胃保护策略包括高危出血风险的患者使用质子泵抑制剂和有溃疡史的患者根除幽门螺杆菌。心脏科医师、消化科医师和社区医师应紧密合作,认真评估每一位患者的获益与风险平衡。 1. GI Complications of ASA and Non-ASA NSAIDs Recommendation: As the use of any NSAID, including COX-2–selective agents and OTC doses of traditional NSAIDs, in conjunction with cardiac-dose ASA, substantially increases the risk of ulcer complications, a gastroprotective therapy should be prescribed for at-risk patients. 降低抗血小板药与非甾体抗炎药的胃肠道风险——ACCF/ACG/AHA颁布2008专家共识 目前,抗血小板制剂与非甾体类抗炎药物(NSAIDs)的临床应用日益广泛。由于这些药物可能对胃肠道产生不利影响,因此长期或大剂量应用时可能增加患者胃肠道不良反应的风险。为了有效降低这一风险,新近美国心脏病学会基金会(ACCF)、美国胃肠道疾病学会(ACG)、以及美国心脏协会(AHA)联合制定并颁布了专家共识,对相关问题进行了阐述。本共识主要内容如下:   1、由于NSAIDs与抗血小板制剂(特别是阿司匹林)可以增加患者溃疡性胃肠道合并症的危险,故对于高危患者应给于必要的胃肠道保护性治疗;   2、使用低剂量阿司匹林进行心血管病预防时可以使上消化道出血事件危险性增加2-3倍。肠溶制剂并不能降低出血性并发症的危险。对于胃肠道出血性事件危险较高的患者,需要予以相应的胃肠道保护性治疗。上消化道出血事件的危险性随着阿司匹林剂量的增加而升高,因此对于长期预防性用药,不应常规使用81mg/日以上的阿司匹林;   3、联合应用阿司匹林与抗凝药物(包括华法林、普通肝素和低分子量肝素)可以显著增加有临床意义的出血事件的危险性,其中多数为上消化道出血。因此这种联合用药方式需要严格掌握适应证,且患者需要同时应用质子泵抑制剂。若同时应用华法林与阿司匹林以及氯吡格雷,推荐将其INR控制在 范围内;   4、不推荐为降低复发性溃疡出血风险而用氯吡格雷替代阿司匹林,其效果逊于阿司匹林加质子泵抑制剂;   5、与单药治疗相比,氯吡格雷与华法林联合使用时可增加严重出血的危险性。所以在联合使用抗血小板与抗凝药物时应审慎权衡利弊与获益风险比;   6、为预防或治疗NSAID与阿司匹林所致的胃肠道损害,质子泵抑制剂是首选药物;   7、有溃疡病史的患者,在开始启动长期抗血小板治疗之前,建议首先检查幽门螺杆菌,若结果阳性应首先进行杀灭幽门螺杆菌治疗;   8、对于发生急性溃疡出血的患者,必须根据患者具体情况决定是否停用阿司匹林。此时需要认真评估患者的心血管系统与胃肠道系统的风险,权衡血栓形成倾向与出血性并发症风险的大小,然后决定是否需要停药;   9、对于接受双重抗血小板治疗的高危心血管病患者,发生溃疡出血后可能需要内镜治疗。在此情况下,需要心脏科专家与内镜专家共同评估停用双重抗血小板治疗的时限;   10、总之,对于心血管高危患者,长期口服抗血小板药物可以有效降低缺血事件的危险性,但可能增加出血性并发症的风险。对于这些患者应认真评估其获益与风险的平衡情况,并在必要时采取相应的预防或治疗措施。   点评:大量确凿证据证实,阿司匹林在冠心病一级预防和二级预防中具有重要且不可替代的作用。当然,在应用抗血小板药物过程中可能会增加出血性并发症的危险性。但对于大多数心血管高危患者,抗血小板治疗的获益显著超越其风险,因此不能因噎废食。患者根据现有临床试验结果,75-150mg/日的阿司匹林是安全有效的,适于大多数患者应用。由于本指南所重点关注的是抗血小板药物与NSAID的胃肠道不良反应与出血性并发症,因此与现行心血管病相关指南中关于抗血小板药物的推荐相比,对应用阿司匹林所持的态度较为保守。对于胃肠道出血性疾病高危患者,应用抗血小板治疗时需认真评估;对于大多数无胃肠道或出血性疾病高危因素的患者,应该继续积极充分合理的应用阿司匹林。

13 阿司匹林的不良反应机理 阿司匹林缓慢释放 抑制PGE2合成 在胃粘膜堆积 胃粘膜保护作用 直接毒性作用 胃粘膜损伤 粘膜供血 粘液合成
碳酸氢盐合成 阿司匹林不良反应机理: 1.阿司匹林对胃粘膜的直接刺激导致胃粘膜损伤。 2.阿司匹林通过抑制粘膜细胞环氧化酶抑制了PGE2合成,而PGE2具有粘膜保护作用。当阿司匹林使PGE2合成减少后,胃肠道粘膜供血减少,粘液合成减少,碳酸氢盐合成减少,因此上述物质对胃肠道粘膜的保护作用也相应降低,导致胃粘膜受损。 3.阿司匹林抑制血小板环氧化酶也是导致胃出血发生率增加的原因之一。 胃粘膜保护作用 直接毒性作用 胃粘膜损伤

14 氯吡格雷不良反应的机理 抑制ADP受体发挥抗血小板作用,同时抑制了血小板释放促血管生成生长因子。
从而妨碍胃溃疡的愈合,包括小溃疡(胃糜烂、药物、Hp所致)的愈合。

15 ACCF/ACG/AHA专家共识建议采取有效方式预防和降低不良反应,取得最佳获益风险比
对于心血管高危患者,长期口服抗血小板药物可以有效降低缺血事件的危险性,但可能增加出血性并发症的风险。对于这些患者应认真评估其获益与风险的平衡情况,并在必要时采取相应的预防或治疗措施。

16 预防抗血小板药物消化道不良反应 掌握适应症——10年心血管病风险6%-10%人群。
尽量减少抗血小板药物联合应用时间——对于胃肠道并发症高危的患者如需要植入冠状动脉支架,应尽量选择裸金属支架。 Hp检测——有溃疡病史或溃疡并发症史的患者应进行,对于阳性患者给予治疗根除。目前推荐的筛查方法为UBT,检查前需要停用抗生素及铋剂至少4周,禁食6 h,停用PPI至少7d。

17 联合专家共识推荐下列患者加用PPI 胃肠道保护 性治疗 胃肠道出血病史的患者 溃疡病史的患者(检查并根治幽门螺杆菌) 双联抗血小板治疗的患者
同时应用华法林等抗凝药物的患者 有一项以上危险因素: 消化不良或有胃食管反流症状 年龄超过60岁 使用皮质激素 当患者原有消化性溃疡或幽门螺杆菌感染、凝血功能障碍者、中重度肝功能不全、尿毒症或并用其他抗血栓药物及非甾醇类抗炎药时,不论什么剂量的阿司匹林或者其他抗血小板药物均有可能引起原有病损的出血多于安慰剂。 胃肠道保护 性治疗

18 规范消化道高风险人群,抗血小板治疗流程 降低胃肠道出血的流程图 需要抗血小板治疗 评估消化道危险因素 检测幽门螺杆菌,若有感染需治疗
评估消化道危险因素 检测幽门螺杆菌,若有感染需治疗 溃疡并发症病史 溃疡病(非出血性)病史 消化道出血 双重抗血小板治疗 同时接受抗凝治疗 PPI 1种以上危险因素: 年龄≥60岁 使用皮质类固醇 消化不良或胃食管反流症状 PPI 降低胃肠道出血的流程图

19 由于NSAID与抗血小板制剂(如阿司匹林) 故对于 高危患者 应给与必要的胃肠道保护性治疗。
抗血小板药联合胃肠保护性治疗更安全 ACCF/ACG/AHA2008专家共识 由于NSAID与抗血小板制剂(如阿司匹林) 可以增加患者溃疡性胃肠道合并症的危险, 故对于 高危患者 应给与必要的胃肠道保护性治疗。 1. GI Complications of ASA and Non-ASA NSAIDs Recommendation: As the use of any NSAID, including COX-2–selective agents and OTC doses of traditional NSAIDs, in conjunction with cardiac-dose ASA, substantially increases the risk of ulcer complications, a gastroprotective therapy should be prescribed for at-risk patients. 降低抗血小板药与非甾体抗炎药的胃肠道风险——ACCF/ACG/AHA颁布2008专家共识 目前,抗血小板制剂与非甾体类抗炎药物(NSAIDs)的临床应用日益广泛。由于这些药物可能对胃肠道产生不利影响,因此长期或大剂量应用时可能增加患者胃肠道不良反应的风险。为了有效降低这一风险,新近美国心脏病学会基金会(ACCF)、美国胃肠道疾病学会(ACG)、以及美国心脏协会(AHA)联合制定并颁布了专家共识,对相关问题进行了阐述。本共识主要内容如下:   1、由于NSAIDs与抗血小板制剂(特别是阿司匹林)可以增加患者溃疡性胃肠道合并症的危险,故对于高危患者应给于必要的胃肠道保护性治疗;   2、使用低剂量阿司匹林进行心血管病预防时可以使上消化道出血事件危险性增加2-3倍。肠溶制剂并不能降低出血性并发症的危险。对于胃肠道出血性事件危险较高的患者,需要予以相应的胃肠道保护性治疗。上消化道出血事件的危险性随着阿司匹林剂量的增加而升高,因此对于长期预防性用药,不应常规使用81mg/日以上的阿司匹林;   3、联合应用阿司匹林与抗凝药物(包括华法林、普通肝素和低分子量肝素)可以显著增加有临床意义的出血事件的危险性,其中多数为上消化道出血。因此这种联合用药方式需要严格掌握适应证,且患者需要同时应用质子泵抑制剂。若同时应用华法林与阿司匹林以及氯吡格雷,推荐将其INR控制在 范围内;   4、不推荐为降低复发性溃疡出血风险而用氯吡格雷替代阿司匹林,其效果逊于阿司匹林加质子泵抑制剂;   5、与单药治疗相比,氯吡格雷与华法林联合使用时可增加严重出血的危险性。所以在联合使用抗血小板与抗凝药物时应审慎权衡利弊与获益风险比;   6、为预防或治疗NSAID与阿司匹林所致的胃肠道损害,质子泵抑制剂是首选药物;   7、有溃疡病史的患者,在开始启动长期抗血小板治疗之前,建议首先检查幽门螺杆菌,若结果阳性应首先进行杀灭幽门螺杆菌治疗;   8、对于发生急性溃疡出血的患者,必须根据患者具体情况决定是否停用阿司匹林。此时需要认真评估患者的心血管系统与胃肠道系统的风险,权衡血栓形成倾向与出血性并发症风险的大小,然后决定是否需要停药;   9、对于接受双重抗血小板治疗的高危心血管病患者,发生溃疡出血后可能需要内镜治疗。在此情况下,需要心脏科专家与内镜专家共同评估停用双重抗血小板治疗的时限;   10、总之,对于心血管高危患者,长期口服抗血小板药物可以有效降低缺血事件的危险性,但可能增加出血性并发症的风险。对于这些患者应认真评估其获益与风险的平衡情况,并在必要时采取相应的预防或治疗措施。   点评:大量确凿证据证实,阿司匹林在冠心病一级预防和二级预防中具有重要且不可替代的作用。当然,在应用抗血小板药物过程中可能会增加出血性并发症的危险性。但对于大多数心血管高危患者,抗血小板治疗的获益显著超越其风险,因此不能因噎废食。患者根据现有临床试验结果,75-150mg/日的阿司匹林是安全有效的,适于大多数患者应用。由于本指南所重点关注的是抗血小板药物与NSAID的胃肠道不良反应与出血性并发症,因此与现行心血管病相关指南中关于抗血小板药物的推荐相比,对应用阿司匹林所持的态度较为保守。对于胃肠道出血性疾病高危患者,应用抗血小板治疗时需认真评估;对于大多数无胃肠道或出血性疾病高危因素的患者,应该继续积极充分合理的应用阿司匹林。

20 推荐PPI作为阿司匹林或非类固醇类抗炎药(NSAID)所致消化道损伤的治疗和预防措施。
消化道保护性治疗药物推荐 ACCF/ACG/AHA2008专家共识 推荐PPI作为阿司匹林或非类固醇类抗炎药(NSAID)所致消化道损伤的治疗和预防措施。 专家共识推荐PPI作为阿司匹林或非类固醇类抗炎药(NSAID)所致消化道损伤的治疗和预防措施,并就此制定了降低消化道出血发生率的流程图

21 PPI降低上消化道出血风险 上消化道出血相关重要危险因素分析 OR P 95%CI 风险/保护因素 年龄 1.08 <0.001
性别 0.68 0.378 PCI前使用噻吩吡啶 2.40 0.040 1.04–5.53 PCI后使用PPI 0.08 0.002 0.02–0.40 直接PCI 27.80 6.28–123.05 UA/NSTEMI进行PCI 5.20 0.021 1.29–20.96 心脏骤停 6.17 0.003 1.82–20.84 肌力支持 5.85 0.001 1.98–17.27 Table 2. Significant Risk Factors Associated With UGI Bleeding Using Multivariate Logistic Regression Odds 95% Confidence Risk/Protective Factor Ratio P Value Interval Age 1.08 < –1.12 Gender –1.60 Thienopyridine use pre-PCI –5.53 PPI use after PCI –0.40 Primary PCI < –123.05 PCI for UA/NSTEMI –20.96 Cardiac arrest UA/NSTEMI –20.84 Inotropic support –17.27 Predictive and Protective Factors Associated With Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Case-Control Study Marcus W.S. Chin, M.B.B.S. (Hons.),1 Gerald Yong, M.B.B.S., F.R.A.C.P.,2 Max K. Bulsara, B.Sc. (Hons.), M.Sc.,3 Jamie Rankin, M.B.B.S., F.R.A.C.P.,4 and Geoffrey M. Forbes, M.B.B.S., M.D., F.R.A.C.P.5 1Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and 2Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia; 3School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia; 4Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia; 5Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Perth Hospital, and School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia BACKGROUND: Hemorrhagic complications of acute coronary syndromes and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are associated with increased mortality. Upper gastrointestinal (UGI) bleeding after PCI is a potential target for preventative strategies. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the risk factors for UGI bleeding in a large cohort of contemporary PCI patients and assess the outcomes of medical and endoscopic management. METHOD: A case-control study evaluating UGI bleeding in the 30 days following PCI for stable angina and acute coronary syndromes, at one institution between 1998 and Cases were identified and outcomes assessed using linkage analysis of data from institutional PCI and endoscopy databases, statewide vital statistics and hospital discharge registries, and a detailed review of medical notes for each case and three matched controls. Analysis of the case and control groups for risk and protective factors was performed using the χ2 test with Fisher’s exact P value and logistic regression. RESULTS: The incidence of UGI bleeding following PCI was 1.2% (70 of 5,673 patients). The etiologies of these bleeds were diverse. Risk factors for UGI bleeding were primary PCI (OR 27.80, 95% CI 6.28–123.05, P < 0.001), cardiac arrest (OR 6.17, 95% CI 1.82–20.84, P = 0.003), inotropic requirement (OR 5.85, 95% CI 1.98–17.27, P = 0.001), thienopyridine use before PCI (OR 2.40, 95% CI 1.04–5.53, P = 0.02), and advanced age (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.04–1.12, P < 0.001). Proton pump inhibitor use after PCI (OR 0.08, 95% CI 0.02–0.40, P = 0.002) was accompanied by a reduced risk of UGI bleeding. Endoscopy provided therapeutic intervention in 33% of patients. There were no serious complications of endoscopy. The 30-day mortality for cases was 11.9% and 0.5% for controls (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: UGI bleeding after PCI is relatively common and associated with increased mortality. Those undergoing PCI for acute myocardial infarction or in the presence hemodynamic instability are at highest risk. Proton pump inhibition following PCI may reduce the bleeding risk, though when UGI bleeding occurs, therapeutic endoscopy is safe. 病例对照研究 n=5,673 采用多因素logistic回归对PCI术后30天内上消化道出血进行分析 Am J Gastroenterol 2007;102:2411–2416

22 阿司匹林联合PPI治疗显著 降低消化性溃疡出血风险
硝酸盐和胃粘膜保护剂与消化性溃疡出血风险分析 硝酸盐 硝酸盐 H2受体拮抗剂 H2受体拮抗剂 PPI PPI Users of NA-NSAIDs† 657 (23.65) 511 (9.23) Nitrates, current use (0.19–1.24) H2-receptor antagonists, current use (0.17–0.53) PPIs, current use (0.04–0.19) Aspirin 100–300 mg/day 372 (13.39) 381 (6.88) Nitrates, current use (0.46–1.04) H2-receptor antagonists, current use (0.22–0.73) PPIs, current use (0.22–0.51) Effect of Antisecretory Drugs and Nitrates on the Risk of Ulcer Bleeding Associated With Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs, Antiplatelet Agents, and Anticoagulants Angel Lanas, M.D.,1 Luis A. Garc´ıa-Rodr´ıguez, M.D.,2 Maria T. Arroyo, M.D.,1 Luis Bujanda, M.D.,3 Fernando Gomoll´on, M.D.,4 Montserrat Forn´e, M.D.,5 Sof´ıa Aleman, M.D.,6 David Nicolas, M.D.,7 Faust Feu, M.D.,8 Antonio Gonz´alez-P´erez, M.D.,2 Ana Borda, M.D.,9 Manuel Castro, M.D.,10 Maria Jose Poveda, M.D.,11 and Juan Arenas, M.D.,1 on behalf of the Investigators of the Asociaci´on Espa˜nola de Gastroenterolog´ıa (AEG)∗ 1Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Cl´ınico Zaragoza, Ciber Hepad, Zaragoza, Spain; 2Centro Espa˜nol de Investigaci´on Farmacoepidemiol´ogica, Madrid, Spain; 3Hospital San Eloy (Vizcaya) Baracaldo (Vizcaya), Spain; 4Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Miguel Server, Zaragoza, Spain; 5Servicio de Gastroeenterologia, Mutua Terrasa, Barcelona, Spain; 6Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Ram´on y Cajal, Madrid, Spain; 7Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario de la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; 8Servicio de Gastroenterolog´ıa, Hospital Cl´ınic, Barcelona, Spain; 9Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; 10Servicio de Gastroenterolog´ıa, Hospital de Valme, Sevilla; 11Servicio de Gastroenterolog´ıa, Hospital Universitario, Alicante, Spain; Asociaci´on Espa˜nola de Gastroenterolog´ıa, Spain OBJECTIVES: After the withdrawal of some cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) selective inhibitors, traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use has increased, but without additional prevention strategies against upper gastrointestinal (GI) complications in many cases. Here, we report the effect of antisecretory drugs and nitrates on the risk of upper GI peptic ulcer bleeding (UGIB) associated with nonselective NSAIDs, aspirin, antiplatelet agents, and anticoagulants. METHODS: This case–control study matched 2,777 consecutive patients with UGIB (confirmed by endoscopy) with 5,532 controls (2:1). Adjusted relative risks (RR) of UGIB are reported. RESULTS: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) (RR 0.33, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.27–0.39), H2-receptor antagonists (H2-RAs) (RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.50–0.85), and nitrates (RR 0.52, 95% CI 0.38–0.70) reduced UGIB risk. PPI use was associated with greater reductions among both traditional NSAID (RR 0.13, 95% CI 0.09–0.19 vs RR 0.30, 95% CI 0.17–0.53 with H2-RAs; RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.19–1.24 with nitrates) and low-dose aspirin users (RR 0.32, 95% CI 0.22–0.51 vs RR 0.40, 95% CI 0.19–0.73 with H2-RA; RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.36–1.04 with nitrates), and among patients taking clopidogrel (RR 0.19, 95% CI 0.07–0.49). For patients taking anticoagulants, use of nitrates, H2-RA, or PPIs was not associated with a significant effect on UGIB risk. CONCLUSION: Antisecretory agent or nitrate treatment is associated with reduced UGIB RR in patients taking NSAID or aspirin. Only PPI therapy was associated with a marked, consistent risk reduction among patients receiving all types of agents (including nonaspirin antiplatelet agents). Protection was not apparent in patients taking anticoagulants. 0. 5 1 0. 5 1 保护 风险 保护 风险 所有NA-NSAIDs病例 阿司匹林100–300 mg/d组 Cases:N=657 Controls:N=511 Cases:N=372 Controls:N=381 Am J Gastroenterol 2007;102:507–515

23 阿司匹林联合治疗明显降低溃疡复发率 阿司匹林+PPI组治疗52周,复发性溃疡的累积发生率为 0 复方性溃疡累积发生率(%) 13.6%
阿司匹林+PPI 氯吡格雷 170例服用小剂量阿司匹林( )发生溃疡出血的患者,随机分为两组: ASA100mg/d+PPI20mg/d,n=86;CLO75mg/d, n=84。随访时间:52周 CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY 2006;4:860–865

24 抗血小板药物消化道副作用的处理 胃黏膜损伤的治疗: PPI:奥美拉唑,20 mg/次,1~2次/d;潘妥拉唑、埃索美拉唑。
H2RA:法莫替丁,20 mg/次,2次/d;雷尼替丁,150mg/次,1/d。 各种胃肠黏膜保护剂: 米索前列醇,0.2 mg/次,2~4次/d; 替普瑞酮(施维舒),50mg/次,3次/d; 生长抑素素(善宁)。 麦滋林、三九胃泰、胃速乐、胃舒平、达喜等。

25 抗血小板药物消化道副作用的处理 急性消化道出血的治疗:
停用抗血小板治疗:联合使用多种抗血小板和抗凝药物时,如果发生严重出血,应考虑减少药物种类和剂量,严重出血威胁生命时可能需要停用所有的抗凝和抗血小板药物。 应用PPI静脉持续点滴。 消化道大量出血、穿孔、肠腔明显狭窄等严重并发症,应采取内镜(注射、血管夹、电凝、电切等)或外科手术治疗。 输血的适应证:低血压、红细胞压积<25%或血红蛋白<80 g/L 。

26 停用阿司匹林增加急性心肌梗死发生率 连续475例AMI住院患者,11例在过去15天内停用阿司匹林
该11例原为无症状冠心病患者,病情稳定,服药已3.8±2.9年 停用阿司匹林后9.4±3.2天发生急性心肌梗死 停药-心肌梗死的平均时间与停药-血小板活性反跳性增高时间相同 推测:停用阿司匹林伴随的反跳效应导致急性冠状动脉血栓形成 Intern J Cardiol 2000, 76:257–258

27 成功止血后何时恢复抗血小板药物治疗? 在溃疡治愈后8周可恢复抗血小板治疗。
对于高危人群,建议在内镜下止血加持续静脉输注PPI治疗,在3~7d内没有发生再出血,可恢复抗血小板治疗,同时要密切监测患者溃疡出血复发的可能。

28 根除幽门螺杆菌 抗血小板治疗更安全 ACCF/ACG/AHA2008专家共识
有溃疡病史的患者,在开始启动长期抗血小板治疗之前,建议首先检查幽门螺杆菌,若结果阳性应首先进行杀灭幽门螺杆菌治疗

29 目 录 阿司匹林预防心脑血管事件获益远大于风险 重视抗血小板药物消化道并发症的防治 胃肠道高危风险患者的抗血小板治疗选择

30 对于需要接受长期抗血小板药物治疗, 而存在复发消化道并发症风险的高危患者 如何进行抗血小板药物治疗?
根据这一共识,接受抗血小板治疗的患者中,溃疡性疾病或消化道出血病史、双联抗血小板治疗、或应用华法林等抗凝药物,均为消化道出血的高危因素。此外,60岁以上、使用皮质激素、消化不良或有胃食管反流症状者,在接受抗血小板治疗时也应预防消化道溃疡和出血。

31 既往指南建议 2004年ACC/AHA指南:对复发性溃疡出血风险高的患者无特殊建议 对于曾有消化道出血史的心肌梗死后或ACS后患者及消化道
出血风险大的患者,推荐使用≤100mg/d的阿司匹林进行抗 血小板治疗。 ACCP7 对于阿司匹林胃肠道不能耐受的ACS患者,建议选用氯吡格 雷替代治疗。 ACC/AHA

32 部分指南建议氯吡格雷替代治疗的循证依据 -----CAPRIE研究
1.1% 氯吡格雷组 阿司匹林组 P<0.01 事件发生率(%) 0.72% 0.7% 0.52% 迄今为止唯一的阿司匹林与氯吡格雷直接对照试验(1997年CAPRIE): CAPRIE研究比较了氯吡格雷在稳定型心绞痛患者中的疗效, 该研究包括3个样本量一致的人群(既往心肌梗死、既往卒中和既往患外周动脉疾病)。 与325 mg/d阿司匹林(服用该剂量阿司匹林所产生疗效可能较75 mg/d阿司匹林差)相比,75 mg/d氯吡格雷疗效略优(每年发生心血管病的绝对危险降低0.51%,P=0.043)。 亚组分析结果显示,氯吡格雷的优势仅表现在外周动脉疾病组。 尽管阿司匹林剂量较大,但其所致胃肠道出血的发生率仅略高于氯吡格雷(治疗1.9年后出血率为2.66%对1.99%)。由于该研究中阿司匹林的剂量 (325 mg/d)并非其最佳剂量,因此氯吡格雷的疗效优势可能被高估。 CAPRIE研究未纳入不耐受阿司匹林的患者,因此没有与安慰剂相比时氯吡格雷导致消化道出血发生率的数据。氯吡格雷价格显著高于阿司匹林,对不耐受阿司匹林且动脉血栓发生危险显著增高的患者可考虑使用。 主要胃肠道出血 因胃肠道出血 住院治疗的病例 Lancet 1996; 348: 1329–39 N=19185, ASA325mg/d vs.CLO 75mg/d, 1-3yrs

33 CAPRIE研究中阿司匹林的剂量 不是最佳剂量
ATC荟萃分析:阿司匹林的最佳剂量是75-150mg/d 阿司匹林剂量 (每天) <75mg 75-150 mg mg mg 5 严重血管事件危险降低(%) 10 循证医学证实阿司匹林的长期使用最佳剂量为75-100mg(100mg)。 著名的抗栓治疗协作组荟萃分析ATC(全称为:抗血小板治疗预防高危患者死亡、心肌梗死及卒中的随机临床试验的协作荟萃分析)证实抗血小板治疗可使严重血管事件的风险下降约1/4。ATC对不同剂量的阿司匹林在预防严重的心脑血管事件方面的疗效进行了荟萃分析。结果表明,325mg不是阿司匹林使用的最佳剂量,增加ASA的剂量并没有增强其抗血小板的功效(不良反应增加);而剂量过小(小于75mg)时,疗效则不确定。小剂量(75-150mg)阿司匹林长期服用,能够获得相对最佳的耐受性和疗效。 15 20 25 30 P<0.001 35 BMJ..2002;324:71-86.

34 由于阿司匹林剂量(325mg)并不是其最佳疗效剂量 (75-150mg),CAPRIE 研究中氯吡格雷的疗效可能被高估
2006年ESC稳定性冠心病指南 对CAPRIE研究的结论提出质疑 由于阿司匹林剂量(325mg)并不是其最佳疗效剂量 (75-150mg),CAPRIE 研究中氯吡格雷的疗效可能被高估 (over-estimated) 稳定性冠心病患者,指南对氯吡格雷的推荐。 CAPRIE研究中由于阿司匹林剂量偏大,ESC指南指出了其结果可能过高估计了氯吡格雷的疗效

35 大多数心肌梗死或者支架植入患者需要接受阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷抗血小板治疗
氯吡格雷加用PPI效果怎样? 大多数心肌梗死或者支架植入患者需要接受阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷抗血小板治疗

36 PPI显著降低氯吡格雷的抗血小板功效 OCLA研究 83.9 血小板活性指数(%) 83.2 P<0.0001 51.4 39.8
氯吡格雷+安慰剂组 氯吡格雷+PPI组 P<0.0001 51.4 39.8 Influence of omeprazole on the antiplatelet action of clopidogrel associated with aspirin: the randomized, double-blind OCLA (Omeprazole CLopidogrel Aspirin) study. Gilard M, Arnaud B, Cornily JC, Le Gal G, Lacut K, Le Calvez G, Mansourati J, Mottier D, Abgrall JF, Boschat J. Department of Cardiology, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France. OBJECTIVES: This trial sought to assess the influence of omeprazole on clopidogrel efficacy. BACKGROUND: Clopidogrel has proved its benefit in the treatment of atherothrombotic diseases. In a previous observational study, we found clopidogrel activity on platelets, tested by vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) phosphorylation, to be diminished in patients receiving proton pump inhibitor (PPI) treatment. METHODS: In this double-blind placebo-controlled trial, all consecutive patients undergoing coronary artery stent implantation received aspirin (75 mg/day) and clopidogrel (loading dose, followed by 75 mg/day) and were randomized to receive either associated omeprazole (20 mg/day) or placebo for 7 days. Clopidogrel effect was tested on days 1 and 7 in both groups by measuring platelet phosphorylated-VASP expressed as a platelet reactivity index (PRI). Our main end point compared PRI value at the 7-day treatment period in the 2 groups. RESULTS: Data for 124 patients were analyzed. On day 1, mean PRI was 83.2% (standard deviation [SD] 5.6) and 83.9% (SD 4.6), respectively, in the placebo and omeprazole groups (p = NS), and on day 7, 39.8% (SD 15.4) and 51.4% (SD 16.4), respectively (p < ). RESULTS: Omeprazole significantly decreased clopidogrel inhibitory effect on platelet P2Y12 as assessed by VASP phosphorylation test. Aspirin-clopidogrel antiplatelet dual therapy is widely prescribed worldwide, with PPIs frequently associated to prevent gastrointestinal bleeding. The clinical impact of these results remains uncertain but merits further investigation. 第一天 第七天 124例患者随机分成两组:ASA(75mg/d)+CLO(75mg/d)+安慰剂组, ASA(75mg/d)+CLO(75mg/d)+PPI( 20mg/d )。 分别于第1和7天检测CLO抑制血小板功能的特异性指标磷酸化VASP。 J Am Coll Cardiol Jan 22;51(3):

37 氯吡格雷联用PPI后心血管事件发生率升高
CREDO Trial :CLO+PPI联用28天后,心血管不良事件发生增加 10.3% 氯吡格雷+PPI组 心血管不良事件发生率(%) 单用氯吡格雷组 P=0.051 5.4% Abstract 3999: Baseline Proton Pump Inhibitor Use is Associated with Increased Cardiovascular Events With and Without the Use of Clopidogrel in the CREDO Trial Ex vivo data suggest that a pharmacokinetic interaction may exist between proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and clopidogrel, decreasing the antiplatelet effect of the latter. We assessed that baseline PPI use would increase the 28-day and 1-year composite endpoints in patients undergoing, or at high likelihood of undergoing, PCI randomized to a loading dose and 1-year clopidogrel versus just 4 weeks of clopidogrel, in addition to daily aspirin, in the CREDO trial. Twenty-eight day (Death/MI/UTVR) and 1-year (Death/MI/Stroke) primary endpoints were analyzed based on PPI use at study entry. For each primary endpoint, Cox proportional hazard or logistic regression models were fit to identify the risk of PPI use in the patients receiving clopidogrel, placebo, and in the overall population. Clopidogrel reduced adverse events at 1-year to an approximately similar degree whether or not patients were on a PPI (Table 1). PPI use also increased the incidence of the 28-day endpoint in patients receiving clopidogrel or placebo, although this did not achieve significance (Table 1). Additionally, PPI use was independently associated with the 28 day (HR 1.6, 95% CI 1.08 –2.5, p=0.022) and 1 year (HR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1–2.1, p=0.012) endpoints in the overall trial population. Baseline PPI was associated with an increase in cardiovascular events at 1-year in both patients receiving clopidogrel and the overall trial population. However, clopidogrel reduced adverse events at one year to an approximately similar degree whether or not patients were on a PPI. 氯吡格雷+PPI组,n=176;单用氯吡格雷组,n=877. Circulation. 2008;118:S_815.

38 氯吡格雷+PPI显著增加主要心血管事件发生率
The Clopidogrel Medco Outcomes Study Odd Ratio 1.79 95%CI 1.62~1.97 Odd Ratio 1.86 95%CI 1.63~2.12 主要不良心血管事件 1年发生率(%) 主要不良心血管事件 1年发生率(%) Abstract 3998: Proton Pump Inhibitors Effect on Clopidogrel Effectiveness: The Clopidogrel Medco Outcomes Study Ronald E Aubert1; Robert S Epstein1; J R Teagarden1; Fang Xia1; Jianying Yao1; Zeruesenay Desta2; Todd Skaar2; David A Flockhart2 1 Medco Health Solutions, Inc., Franklin Lakes, NJ 2 Indiana Univ, Indianapolis, IN Background: The anti-platelet properties of clopidogrel are thought to be activated by cytochrome P450 2C19. This isoenzyme is potently inhibited by the most commonly prescribed proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and therefore may interfere with clopidogrel activation and its anti-platelet effects. Methods: We investigated the potential impact of PPIs on the effectiveness of clopidogrel to prevent coronary artery stent re-stenosis through a retrospective cohort study using the National Medco Integrated Database file, which covers approximately 19 million lives. We selected patients who underwent stent placement at sometime during a one-year period in 2005–2006, who started taking clopidogrel at the time of stent placement, and who were at least 80% compliant during the ensuing year (n=14,383). We followed these patients for the one-year incidence of major adverse CV events: hospitalization for stroke, MI, angina or CABG. We compared those who took clopidogrel alone (n=9862) vs. those who took clopidogrel with PPIs (n=4521), adjusting for baseline differences in age, gender and comorbidity. Results: Stent patients with no preceding CV events taking PPIs with clopidogrel showed a 32.5% incidence of a major CV event within one year vs. 21.2% of patients not taking PPIs (adjusted OR 1.79, CI 1.62–1.97). A more pronounced effect was seen among patients with a preceding CV event; 39.8% vs 26.2% (adjusted OR of 1.86, CI 1.63–2.12). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the drug interaction between PPIs and clopidogrel may result in serious adverse outcomes within one year of therapy initiation, and further support investigations into the effects of cytochrome P450 2C19 genetic polymorphisms. 氯吡格雷+PPI 氯吡格雷 氯吡格雷+PPI 氯吡格雷 既往无心血管事件的患者 既往有心血管事件的患者 国家数据库回顾性队列研究(n=14383), 随访1年氯吡格雷组9862例,氯吡格雷+PPI组4521例 主要心血管病事件:脑卒中、心肌梗死、心绞痛住院、CABG Circulation. 2008;118:S_815.

39 2008年AHA/ACC/ACG联合评论 冠状动脉支架术后患者质子泵抑制剂影响氯吡格雷 预防心血管病事件效益的可能性引起关注
ACC/ACG/AHA就2008AHA年会上有关氯吡格雷与质子泵抑制剂相互作用的两项研究发表联合评论 冠状动脉支架术后患者质子泵抑制剂影响氯吡格雷 预防心血管病事件效益的可能性引起关注

40 PPI影响氯吡格雷疗效的机制 PPI与氯吡格雷竞争肝脏P450代谢, 氯吡格雷是前体药,需要通过细胞色素P450转化为有活性的分子,
PPI 因抑制细胞色素P450 酶CYP2C19活性而影响氯吡格雷的转化,从而增加心血管不良事件的发生。

41 氯吡格雷与小剂量阿司匹林胃肠道 不良反应风险相似
UGIB*的调整后相对危险比 5.3 *UGIB:上消化道出血 2.8 2.7 Lanas A, Garcia-Rodriguez LA, Arroyo MT, et al. Risk of upper gastrointestinal ulcer bleeding associated with selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, traditional non-aspirin non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, aspirin and combinations. Gut. 2006;55:1731– 8. Background: The risks and benefits of coxibs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and aspirin treatment are under intense debate. Study design and population A hospital based, case–control study with prospective case ascertainment and retrospective data collection was carried out between 2001 and Cases and controls were collected through a network of general hospitals integrated within the Spanish Association of Gastroenterology. Eligible participants were 20–85 years old and had been free of liver disease, coagulation disorders or malignancies for the previous 5 years. Objective: To determine the risk of peptic ulcer upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) associated with the use of coxibs, traditional NSAIDs, aspirin or combinations of these drugs in clinical practice. Methods: A hospital-based, case–control study in the general community of patients from the National Health System in Spain. The study included 2777 consecutive patients with endoscopy-proved major UGIB because of the peptic lesions and 5532 controls matched by age, hospital and month of admission. Adjusted relative risk (adj RR) of UGIB determined by conditional logistic regression analysis is provided. Results: Use of non-aspirin-NSAIDs increased the risk of UGIB (adj RR 5.3; 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.5 to 6.2). Among non-aspirin-NSAIDs, aceclofenac (adj RR 3.1; 95% CI 2.3 to 4.2) had the lowest RR, whereas ketorolac (adj RR 14.4; 95% CI 5.2 to 39.9) had the highest. Rofecoxib treatment increased the risk of UGIB (adj RR 2.1; 95% CI 1.1 to 4.0), whereas celecoxib, paracetamol or concomitant use of a proton pump inhibitor with an NSAID presented no increased risk. Non-aspirin antiplatelet treatment (clopidogrel/ticlopidine) had a similar risk of UGIB (adj RR 2.8; 95% CI 1.9 to 4.2) to cardioprotective aspirin at a dose of 100 mg/day (adj RR 2.7; 95% CI 2.0 to 3.6) or anticoagulants (adj RR 2.8; 95% CI 2.1 to 3.7). An apparent interaction was found between low-dose aspirin and use of non-aspirin-NSAIDs, coxibs or thienopyridines, which increased further the risk of UGIB in a similar way. Conclusions: Coxib use presents a lower RR of UGIB than non-selective NSAIDs. However, when combined with low-dose aspirin, the differences between non-selective NSAIDs and coxibs tend to disappear. Treatment with either non-aspirin antiplatelet or cardioprotective aspirin has a similar risk of UGIB. 非ASA的 NSAIDs 氯吡格雷 100mg/dASA 基于医院的病例对照研究:共收集 年内镜下确诊的上消化道溃疡并出血病例2777例,对照病例5532例。 Gut. 2006;55:1731– 8.

42 氯吡格雷出血事件发生率与 小剂量阿司匹林相似
荟萃分析: 年发表的51个临床试验,共338191例患者 6 出血事件发生率(%) 5 4 3 2 Victor L等将抗血小板药物分为六个组,分别为阿司匹林<100mg组,阿司匹林100mg以上组、双嘧达莫组、氯吡格雷组、静脉和口服GP IIb/IIIa抑制剂组,对51个研究共338191例患者进行了荟萃分析,得出结论是:1.出血并发症发生的频率与抗血小板药物种类有关。2.小剂量阿司匹林和双嘧达莫的出血危险最低;3.当阿司匹林剂量大于100mg时,可增加出血事件发生的危险,与氯吡格雷和噻氯匹啶相似;4.出血危险最高的是GPIIa/IIIb抑制剂。该荟萃分析证实,小剂量阿司匹林的安全性最佳。 1 ASA <100mg 13337 ASA mg 43489 ASA >325mg 1409 双嘧达莫 3304 氯吡格雷 18574 IV GP IIb/IIIa 22501 口服 GP IIb/IIIa 20529 患者数 Victor L et al. Am. J. Hematol. 75:40–47, 2004.

43 氯吡格雷替代阿司匹林的安全性 低于阿司匹林+埃索美拉唑
香港的Francis K. L. Chan 等设计了一项前瞻性随机对照试验, 其研究结果刊登在2005年1月的《 新英格兰医学杂志》上。 对有消化道出血史的冠心病患者予以不同的消化道出血二级预防方法, 随机分成二组,随访12个月: 氯吡格雷组,161人,氯吡格雷75mg/d; 阿司匹林+PPI组,159人, 阿司匹林80mg/d+埃索拉唑20mg/d

44 氯吡格雷组复发溃疡出血发生率 较阿司匹林+PPI组明显升高
10 8.6% 氯吡格雷 13/161 8 6 复发溃疡出血发生率(%) 4 2 Chan FK, Ching JY, Hung LC, et al. Clopidogrel versus aspirin and esomeprazole to prevent recurrent ulcer bleeding. N Engl J Med.2005;352:238–44. A prospective, double-blind RCT comparing ASA plus esomeprazole against clopidogrel among H. pylori–negative patients with recent UGIE secondary to low-dose ASA demonstrated a significantly higher proportion of recurrent UGIE in the clopidogrel arm versus the ASA plus esomeprazole (20 mg twice daily) arm during the 12 months of study (8.6% versus 0.7%; 95% CI on the difference: 3.4% to 12.4%) (74). A subsequent randomized trial with very similar design has shown virtually identical results (13.6% UGIE in the clopidogrel group versus 0% in the ASA plus esomeprazole group [20 mg daily]; 95% CI on the difference: 6.3% to 20.9%) (75). These data suggest that use of clopidogrel alone to reduce GI bleeding as an alternative to ASA is not a safe strategy and support ASA cotherapy with once-daily PPI. It remains unclear whether clopidogrel exerts an independent injurious effect on the GI mucosa, or whether it merely induces bleeding in already damaged mucosa via its antiplatelet effects. Observational studies have suggested that PPI cotherapy is beneficial to reduce the risk of clopidogrel monotherapy as well (76). 74. Chan FK, Ching JY, Hung LC, et al. Clopidogrel versus aspirin and esomeprazole to prevent recurrent ulcer bleeding. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:238–44. 75. Lai KC, Chu KM, Hui WM, et al. Esomeprazole with aspirin versus clopidogrel for prevention of recurrent gastrointestinal ulcer complications. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4:860 –5. 76. Lanas A, Garcia-Rodriguez LA, Arroyo MT, et al. Effect of antisecretory drugs and nitrates on the risk of ulcer bleeding associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antiplatelet agents, and anticoagulants. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102:507–15. 89. Gilard M, Arnaud B, Cornily JC, et al. Influence of omeprazole on the antiplatelet action of clopidogrel associated with aspirin: the randomized, double-blind OCLA (Omeprazole CLopidogrel Aspirin) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:256–60. Proton Pump Inhibitors Effect on Clopidogrel Effectiveness: The Clopidogrel Medco Outcomes Study Circulation. 2008;118:S_815 Background: The anti-platelet properties of clopidogrel are thought to be activated by cytochrome P450 2C19. This isoenzyme is potently inhibited by the most commonly prescribed proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and therefore may interfere with clopidogrel activation and its anti-platelet effects. Methods: We investigated the potential impact of PPIs on the effectiveness of clopidogrel to prevent coronary artery stent re-stenosis through a retrospective cohort study using the National Medco Integrated Database file, which covers approximately 19 million lives. We selected patients who underwent stent placement at sometime during a one-year period in 2005–2006, who started taking clopidogrel at the time of stent placement, and who were at least 80% compliant during the ensuing year (n=14,383). We followed these patients for the one-year incidence of major adverse CV events: hospitalization for stroke, MI, angina or CABG. We compared those who took clopidogrel alone (n=9862) vs. those who took clopidogrel with PPIs (n=4521), adjusting for baseline differences in age, gender and comorbidity. Results: Stent patients with no preceding CV events taking PPIs with clopidogrel showed a 32.5% incidence of a major CV event within one year vs. 21.2% of patients not taking PPIs (adjusted OR 1.79, CI 1.62–1.97). A more pronounced effect was seen among patients with a preceding CV event; 39.8% vs 26.2% (adjusted OR of 1.86, CI 1.63–2.12). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the drug interaction between PPIs and clopidogrel may result in serious adverse outcomes within one year of therapy initiation, and further support investigations into the effects of cytochrome P450 2C19 genetic polymorphisms. 阿司匹林+PPI(埃索美拉唑) -91.8% ………………… …………………………………… 0.7% 2 4 6 8 10 12 1/159 随访(月) 随机分为:CLO组,161人,clo75mg/d;ASA+PPI组,159人,ASA80mg/d+PPI20mg/d;随访12个月 Chan FK, et al. N Engl J Med Jan 20;352(3):

45 氯吡格雷组胃肠外不良事件及死亡人数 高于阿司匹林+PPI组
9.4% 10 10 8 胃肠外出血及其他不良事件发生率(%) 8 8 死亡人数(例) 6 6 4.4% 4 4 4 Extragastrointestinal Bleeding and Other Adverse Events Three patients who received clopidogrel had extragastrointestinal bleeding: two patients had intracranial hemorrhage, and one had severe hematuria requiring hospitalization for transfusion. None of the patients who received aspirin plus esomeprazole had extragastrointestinal bleeding. Other adverse events occurred in 9.4 percent of the clopidogrel group (7.5 percent of patients had dyspepsia, and 1.9 percent had allergy) and in 4.4 percent of the aspirin-plus-esomeprazole group (2.5 percent of patients had dyspepsia and 1.9 percent had allergy). Recurrent ischemic events occurred in 9 patients in the clopidogrel group (1 patient had myocardial infarction, 6 had unstable angina, and 2 had cerebrovascular insufficiency) and in 11 patients in the aspirin-plus-esomeprazole group (1 had myocardial infarction, 7 had unstable angina, and 3 had cerebrovascular insufficiency). Mortality Of 12 patients who died, 8 were in the clopidogrel group (1 patient died from myocardial infarction, 1 from an intracranial hemorrhage, 1 from heart failure, 3 from sepsis, and 2 from uncertain causes), and 4 were in the aspirin-plus-esomeprazole group (1 patient died from myocardial infarction, 1 from cerebrovascular insufficiency, 1 from renal failure, and 1 from uncertain causes). 2 2 2 氯吡格雷 阿司匹林+PPI 氯吡格雷 阿司匹林+PPI Chan FK, et al. N Engl J Med Jan 20;352(3):

46 不推荐为降低复发性溃疡出血风险而用氯吡格雷替代阿司匹林,其效果逊于阿司匹林加质子泵抑制剂
ACCF/ACG/AHA2008联合专家共识 不推荐氯吡格雷替代阿司匹林 不推荐为降低复发性溃疡出血风险而用氯吡格雷替代阿司匹林,其效果逊于阿司匹林加质子泵抑制剂 新指南应运而生 301医院 李小鹰

47 成功止血后如何选择抗血小板药物? 对于溃疡出血复发危险较高的患者,不建议氯吡格雷替代阿司匹林,应该给阿司匹林联合PPI和胃黏膜保护剂。没有证据显示其他抗血小板药物能够安全、有效替代阿司匹林。 对于置入药物洗脱支架或多枚支架的患者,强调双联抗血小板治疗,可在阿司匹林和氯吡格雷基础上加用H2RA 和胃黏膜保护剂。

48 采用有效方式 预防和降低 可能发生的不良反应,
扬长避短为最佳选择 采用有效方式 预防和降低 可能发生的不良反应, 取得最佳获益风险比 “ 择其善者而 用之, 其不善者而 防之。” 抗血小板治疗的 最佳方法

49 规范使用阿司匹林更安全有效 最佳剂量 最佳疗程 最佳剂型 75-150mg/d 长期服用 精确肠溶剂型

50


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