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肝癌流行病学及细胞学、分期基础
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HCC 数据 HCC 占肝脏原发肿瘤首位 : ~ 90%1 男性肿瘤第五位, 女性肿瘤第九位2。 恶性肿瘤死亡率第三位3
是肝硬化患者死亡的主要原因4 年新发病例 (560,000) ~ 年死亡病例 (550,000)5 1. Perz JF, et al. J Hepatol. 2006;45: Jelic S. Ann Oncol. 2009;Suppl 4:iv41-5. 3. Garcia M, et al. American Cancer Society Accessed Jan 2010. 4. Llovet J, J Hepatol. 2000;33: Marrero CR, Marrero JA. Arch Med Res. 2007;38: Subject to PATH Program Disclaimer
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HCC流行病学 HCC发病率 不同的地域性 时间相关性 (不同地域有不同的时间相关性 ) 种族差异性 性别和社会地位差异性
高危因素 ( 已知) 与肝硬化相关性 (60–95% 的病例) 致癌机理: - 无正常肝脏 - 继发于慢性肝炎 炎症性癌症 Subject to PATH Program Disclaimer El-Serag HB. Clin Liver Dis. 2001;5:
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HCC地域死亡率 (每100,000人 ) 50% of HCC Annual mortality per region:
Europe: ,000 USA: ,000 China–Korea–Japan: ,000 Subject to PATH Program Disclaimer El-Serag HB, Rudolph KL. Gastro. 2007;132:
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> 80% HCC 与HBV或 HCV相关 HCC高危因素和发病率
Llovet JM, et al. Lancet. 2003;362: Pisani et al. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev ;6: Subject to PATH Program Disclaimer
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肝癌风险合并超重肥胖与正常体重人群对比荟萃分析
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肝细胞高位因素: 糖尿病 回顾性研究: 173,463糖尿病病例对比650,620 非糖尿病病例.
患者无因急性或慢性肝脏疾病近一年内住院治疗 824,263 住院治疗 美国退伍军人 (1985–1990): 肝细胞肝癌: diabetes (2.39 x 105 person-years) 515 controls (0.87 x 105 person-years) El-Serag HB, et al. Gastroenterology. 2004;26:460-8. Subject to PATH Program Disclaimer
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肝细胞肝癌: 男性多于女性 ♂ ~ 400,000 例/年 2–4 倍 ♀ ~ 160,000 例/年
Database ITA.LI.CA, 2008. Subject to PATH Program Disclaimer
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肝细胞肝癌: 人种差别 (USA) 高危因素 经济文化因素: 暴露 免疫应答 (i.e. HCV) 炎症反应 酒精代谢, 环境致癌 传播
2 倍 高危因素 经济文化因素: 传播 暴露 遗传多态性: 免疫应答 (i.e. HCV) 炎症反应 酒精代谢, 环境致癌 胰岛素抗药性 治疗反应(IFN) Thorgeirsson SS, et al. Hepatology. 2006;43(2 Suppl 1):S Avila MA, et al. Oncogene. 2006;25: Subject to PATH Program Disclaimer
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非转移早期肝癌的诊断标准 2 +ve for arterial hypervascularization among:
Angiography CT MRI Doppler US or 1 +ve plus AFP > 400 ng/mL Subject to PATH Program Disclaimer Bruix J, et al. J Hepatol. 2001;35:
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HCC 分期 肝功能分期 Child-Pugh 分级 肿瘤大小分期 TNM Vauthey (改良的TNM )
Izumi (改良的TNM ) JS (日本分期) 联合分期(肝功能和肿瘤) Okuda Cancer of the Liver Italian Program (CLIP) Chinese University Prognostic Index (CUPI) Japanese integrated staging score (JIS) Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) Kudo M, et al. J Gastroenterol. 2003;38:207-15; Wildi S, et al. Br J Surg. 2004;91:400-8; Dohmen K, et al. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;19: ; Marrero JA, et al. Hepatology. 2005;41: Subject to PATH Program Disclaimer
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HCC不同分期包含变量指标 (1) 肿瘤大小 病变数量 血管侵犯 病变累及程度 远处转移 肝硬化 Child-Pugh 分级 实验室检查
其他 (门静脉血栓, AFP, 腹水等.) Kudo M, et al. J Gastroenterol. 2003;38:207-15; Wildi S, et al. Br J Surg. 2004;91:400-8; Dohmen K, et al. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;19: ; Marrero JA, et al. Hepatology. 2005;41: Subject to PATH Program Disclaimer
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HCC不同分期包含变量指标(2) Wildi S, et al. Br J Surg. 2004;91:400-8.
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日本分期 (JS) UICC 2002 TNM分期 Wildi S, et al. Br J Surg. 2004;91:400-8.
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Japanese Integrated Staging (JIS) system
TNM stage of Cancer Study Group Japan Tumor single < 2 cm without vascular invasion Evidence of Stage Score 3 factors T1 I 0 2 factors T2 II 1 1 factor T3 III 2 0 factors T4 or T1‒T3 + N1/M1 IV 3 Liver function: Child-Pugh class A 0 B 1 C 2 TOTAL range scores: 0‒5 Subject to PATH Program Disclaimer Kudo M, et al. J Gastroenterol. 2003;38:
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Child-Pugh 评分 总分 总胆红素 国际标准化比值 A B C 评分 1 2 3 < 2 mg/dl 2–3 mg/dl
INR < 1.7 INR 1.71–2.2 INR > 2.2 白蛋白 > 3.5 gr/dl 3.5–2.8 gr/dl < 2.8 gr/dl 腹水 无 轻度,或药物可控制 中重度 肝性脑病 轻度 总分 Child-Pugh 分级 5–6 A 7–9 B 10–15 C Pugh RN, et al. Br J Surg. 1973;60:646-9. Subject to PATH Program Disclaimer
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HCC Child-Pugh 分期与生存 Kudo M, et al. J Gastroenterol. 2003;38:207-15.
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CLIP评分系统 总 CLIP 评分范围 0–6 Child-Pugh 分期 评分 A B 1 C 2 肿瘤形态
B 1 C 2 肿瘤形态 单一病灶, 侵犯 ≤ 50% 的肝脏 多发病灶,侵犯 ≤ 50% 的肝脏 巨大病灶侵犯 > 50%的肝脏 甲胎蛋白 < 400 ng/ml ≥ 400 ng/ml 门静脉血栓形成 No Yes 总 CLIP 评分范围 0–6 CLIP Investigators. Hepatology. 1998;28:751-5. Subject to PATH Program Disclaimer
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BCLC 分期 预后和治疗分配体系 肿瘤 伴随特征 肝脏特征 中位生存 (月)* A期 (早期 HCC) A1 PST 0 单一
无门静脉高血压, 胆红素无异常 43 A2 PST 0 门静脉高血压, 29 A3 PST 0 胆红素异常 25 A4 PST 0 3 个肿瘤均 < 3 cm Child Pugh A–B 22 Stage B ( 中期 HCC) PST 0 多个大结节 Child-Pugh A–B 18 Stage C (晚期 HCC) PST 1–2 血管侵犯或肝外转移 7 Stage D (终末期 HCC) PST 3–4 任何情况 Child-Pugh C 无法肝移植 - 预后和治疗分配体系 *Grieco A, et al. Gut. 2005;54:411-18; Llovet JM, et al. Semin Liver Dis. 1999;19: Subject to PATH Program Disclaimer
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BCLC staging system and treatment strategy
HCC Stage 0 PST 0, Child-Pugh A Stage A–C PST 0–2, Child-Pugh A–B Stage D PST > 2, Child-Pugh C Very early stage (0) 1 HCC < 2 cm carcinoma in situ Early stage (A) 1 HCC or 3 nodules < 3 cm, PST 0 Intermediate stage (B) multinodular, PST 0 Advanced stage (C) Portal invasion, N1, M1, PST 1–2 End stage (D) 1 HCC 3 nodules ≤ 3 cm Portal pressure/ bilirubin Increased Associated diseases Normal No Yes Resection Liver transplantation PEI/RFA TACE Sorafenib Symptomatic treatment Curative treatments Randomized controlled trials Llovet JM, et al. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008;100: Subject to PATH Program Disclaimer
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HCC 不能切除的HCC BCLC stage 0‒A BCLC stage B BCLC stage C BCLC stage D
PST 0, Child–Pugh A PST 0-2, Child–Pugh A–B PST > 2, Child–Pugh C 不能切除的HCC Very early stage Early stage Intermediate stage Advanced stage Terminal stage Single < 2 cm Single or 3 nodules Multinodular, PST 0 Portal invasion, N1, M1, PST 1–2 BCLC stage 0‒A BCLC stage B BCLC stage C BCLC stage D Survival 36 months Survival 16 months Survival 6 (4‒8) months Survival 3 months Subject to PATH Program Disclaimer
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中期或晚期肝癌患者的预后不佳1 70–80% 肝癌患者在确诊时已为中晚期 , 失去根治机会1 102 肝癌患者生存分析2
患者中不包括接受过根治性治疗* 或 终末期患者 † OS (%) Disease stage 1 year 2 years 3 years Intermediate 80 65 50 Advanced 29 16 8 *Surgical resection, liver transplantation or ethanol injection †Okuda stage 3 or performance status ≥3 1. Llovet JM. Gastroenterology. 2005;40: 2. Llovet JM. Hepatology.1999;29:62-7. HCC = hepatocellular carcinoma; OS = overall survival Subject to PATH Program Disclaimer
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肝细胞肝癌的组织病理学和分子病理学特征 慢性肝病 Liver cirrhosis 肝硬化 结节增生 肝细胞肝癌 干细胞增殖停止 星形细胞活化
HBV HCV 酒精 黄曲霉毒素B1 损伤 坏死 广泛瘢痕形成 增殖 Extensive scarring (collagen) Abnormal liver nodules 肝脏结节形成 染色体重度不稳定 和P53缺失 分化好的 染色体不稳定 中等分化的 幼稚细胞结节 结节增生 Hyperplastic nodule Hepatocellular carcinoma 肝细胞肝癌 分化差的 Farazi PA, DePinho RA. Nat Rev Cancer. 2006;6: Subject to PATH Program Disclaimer
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肝细胞肝癌的发病机制与多个信号传导通路相关
细胞膜 c-MYC c-JUN Wnt 受体 BcL-XL BAD ERK1/2 MEK1/2 β-catenin GSK3β GBP DSH Akt mTOR Raf PKC NF-ҚB Ras PLCε SHC GrB2 GEF PI3K PTEN p53 生存l 转录和翻译 HBx 受体r RTK: FGFR EGFR IGF-IR c-MET Adapted from Avila MA, et al. Oncogene. 2006;25: Subject to PATH Program Disclaimer
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靶点及靶向药物 EGFR通路 TKI: 厄洛替尼 拉帕替尼 吉非替尼 Ab: 西妥昔单抗 VEGF通路 TKI: 索拉非尼 Ab: 贝伐单抗
RAF通路 mTOR通路 RAD001 CCI-779 Akt PI3K CELL SURVIVAL CELL CYCLE Rapamycin mTOR Translation (5´TOP) TRANSLATION (Cap-Dependent) 4E-BP1 p70S6 TSC EGFR VEGFR PDGFR p85 p110 PIP2 PIP3 PTEN Sorafenib IGFR-I IGFBP3 RAS RAF MEK ERK PROLIFERATION Erlotinib Bevacizumab GROWTH FACTORS (EGF, VEGF, PDGF…) IGF-1 / IGF-2 Cetuximab Zhu AX. Cancer Jan 15;112(2):250-9.
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肝细胞肝癌的分子学发病机制 肝细胞肝癌的发病机制与多个信号传导通路相关 肝细胞肝癌多伴有细胞信号通路失调,主要包括:1,2
肝细胞恶变是基于炎症、细胞再生、细胞增生、肝硬化、遗传、后天因素等 肝细胞肝癌多伴有细胞信号通路失调,主要包括:1,2 血管生成信号 Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK PI3K/Akt/mTOR Wnt/β-catenin 分子治疗的主要靶点 1. Thorgeirsson S, et al. Hepatology. 2006;43:S Avila MA, et al. Oncogene. 2006;25: Subject to PATH Program Disclaimer
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