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第一章 药理学总论 蚌埠医学院 药学系药理教研室 2005.9
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General principles of pharmacology
Chapter 1. General principles of pharmacology Introduction
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Bengbu Medical College
Faculty of pharmacy Department of Pharmacology Zhu xiaoguang
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? drug 薬 葯
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1 drug alter prevent Chamical substance diagnose Cure
Physiology and pathology Chamical substance prevent diagnose Cure
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2 sources of drugs (来源) 天然: plants (植物) animals (动物) minerals(矿物)
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合成: 3)Genetic engineering drugs (基因工程药物) 2)semi-synthetic drug (半合成)
1) full-synthetic drug (全合成) 2)semi-synthetic drug (半合成) 3)Genetic engineering drugs (基因工程药物)
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Drug & poison 罂粟
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药物
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3 pharmacology ?
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is the study of interaction between drug and body
Pharmacology is the study of interaction between drug and body and the laws of drug actions.
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pharmacology 药效学 drugs body 抑制或杀灭 药动学 抵抗力 抗药性 致病作用 microbes
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4 药动学 Pharmacokinetics disposes drug body
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1)absorption A 吸收、 2)distribution D 分布、 3)metabolism M. 代谢、 4)excretion E 排泄
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5、药效学 Pharmacodynamics acts on body drugs responds to responds to
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1)action (作用)、 2)mechanism (作用机制)、 3)use (应用、用途)、 4)Adverse reaction (不良反应)
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Why do you study pharmacology? characters of subject ?
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? 1、桥梁学科 特点 2、基础学科 3、实验学科
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药理学 基础课 临床课 解剖 生理 生化 病理 内科 外科 妇科 儿科 实验学科
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? tasks : of drug drug research tool for other vital science.
1、direct rational usage of drug 2、Research and develop new drug 3、Provide scientific basis and research tool for other vital science.
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二、Historical development of
pharmacology 古代:药物学《神农本草经》 《本草纲目》 现代:药理学 化学:提供纯品、单体 生理学:提供实验方法 生物化学:器官细胞分子水平
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实验方法 1、实验药理学方法 2、实验治疗学方法 3、临床药理学方法
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三、Development and research of new drugs 1)preclinical research
3)post-marketing surveilance
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新药开发与研究 药物化学 1、临床前研究 2、临床研究 3、上市后药物检测—售后调研 药理学 Ⅰ期临床 Ⅱ期临床 Ⅲ期临床 Ⅳ期临床
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Chapter 2 Pharmacokinetics
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药动学 qualitative research quantitative research (定性研究) A、D、M、E及过程
(定量研究) 用数学的方法研究体内药浓变化的规律,(药动学参parameter)
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transportation (转运) transformation (转化) 药物 位置变化。 (A、D、E、) 药物 化学结构变化。
药物 位置变化。 (A、D、E、) transformation (转化) 药物 化学结构变化。 (M) 体内 体内
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Researching content
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drug ? transport Transmembrane
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§1 transmembrane transportation of drugs
脂质双分子层
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Manners of transport ① non carrier mediated transport (非载体转运}
(载体转运}
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一、 passive diffusion Mode of transmembrane transportation
(被动扩散) 1、filtration (滤过) 2、simple diffusion (简单扩散) (lipid diffusion ,脂溶扩散 )
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药物通过细胞膜的方式
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non carrier transport 2)Simple diffusion(简单扩散) Ion trapping
1)filtrtion 滤过 2)Simple diffusion(简单扩散) Ion trapping
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(被动扩散) passive diffusion simple diffusion 1、大多数药物的转运方式
(most common and important mode) 2、顺浓差(along the concentration gradient) 3、不耗能(does not expend energy) 4、不需载体(does not need carrier) 5、 没有饱和现象和竞争抑制 (has not saturation &competitive inhibition)
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? transmembrane transportation 1)膜两侧药浓差 2)药物脂溶性 易跨膜 脂溶性 解离度小 极性低
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weak acid (弱酸) Handerson-Hasselbalch equation HA = H+ + A-
Ka = [H+] [A-] / [HA] (解离常数) pKa: Ka 的负对数 pH:[H+]浓度负对数 10 pH-pKa = [A-] / [HA] pH–pKa= log [A-] / [HA]
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weak base (弱碱) BH =H+ + B Ka =[H+][B]/[BH] pKa-pH=log[BH]/[B]
10 pKa-pH=[BH+]/[B]
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100 100 Free% 80 80 50 50 20 20 3 -3 -2 -1 1 2
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口诀 酸酸碱碱促吸收, 酸碱碱酸促排泄
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盐 ? 酸性药 Penicillin G 青霉素 + 钾(钠) (酸) (碱)
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? 碱性药 Morphine 盐酸+吗啡 盐酸吗啡 (酸)(碱) (盐)
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苯巴比妥钠 PH 7.0 PH 7.4 cell ?
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Carrier mediated transport
(载体转运) 1)Active transport (主动转运) 2)Facilitated diffusion (易化扩散)
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Carrier mediated transport
? / Characteristics
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1)Selectivity (选择性) 2)Saturation ( 饱和性) 3)Competition(竞争性) Competitive inhibition (竞争性抑制)
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drug transmembrane transportation ? Factors affecting
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Permeable amount 1、 (通透量) 膜面积×通透系数 (C1 C2) 膜厚度 2 、 Blood flow
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? §2 Course of drug in the body 一、Absorption ♥
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drug cellular membrane barrier circulation
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1、 Per os(口服) velocity of disintegration、 dissolution
Administration of drug (给药途径) 1、 Per os(口服) Molecular weight, velocity of disintegration、 dissolution
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1)first pass elimination (首关消除)
Orally administered drugs the portal vein the liver ,small intestine the drugs may be metabolized less drugs reach the systemic circulation first-pass elimination or first-pass metabolism.
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Sublingual Per os hapatic per rectum
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2、Inhalation (吸入给药) 3、topical application(局部用药) 4、Sublingual (舌下给药) per rectum (直肠给药)
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5、injection intravenous injection,iv or infusion (静脉注射或输液)
intramucular injection,im(肌内注射) subcutaneous injection ,sc(皮下注射) intra-arterial ,ia(动脉注射) Transdermal (鞘内注射)
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factors affecting drug absorption
physicochemical properties & preparations药物的理化性质和制剂特点 、 administration routes &absorption environment 给药途径和吸收环境 、 pH of the environment 环境pH
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? 二、 Distribution drug circulation all organs
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Factor affecting distribution:
1)binding to Plasma protein 2 )Blood flow of organs 3 )Tissue binding 4 ) pKa and pH 5 ) Barrier
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binding to plasma protein
D+P DP 暂失活性 DP 暂时贮存 难以跨膜转运 不易排泄 有竟争置换作用
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redistribution--- Blood flow distribution blood brain blood fat
drug blood brain blood fat all organs
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Competitive inhibition
Plasma protein binding Saturable Competitive inhibition 1) Protein + drug A 90% Free - drug A 10% 2) drug B binding 90% drug A 10% Free - drug A 90%
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T issue binding: 1)Iodin(碘) thyroid gland
2)chloroquine liver, red cell infected (氯喹) by plasmodium 3)gentamicin hair, skin, nail (庆大霉素) 4)thisodium fat (redistribution) (硫喷妥钠)
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Barrier (屏障) Blood-brain barrier (血脑屏障) 2) Placenta barrier (胎盘屏障) Blood – eye barrier (血眼屏障)
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? 三、Transformation 1、(metabolism) by enzymatic system
The structure of drug is altered by enzymatic system
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2、Phases of biotransformation: Oxidation (氧化) Reduction (还原) Hydrolysis (水解) Phase 1 Phase 2: Conjugation(结合)
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3、results of metabolism
1) effect↓,polar↑,excretion ↑ 2) effec↑,toxin↑ 3) metabolism activity 4) no metabolism in body
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1) structure of drug 2) transformation 3) metabolic enzymes
4、Factor affecting metabolism 1) structure of drug 2) transformation 3) metabolic enzymes
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Enzymes Hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme system
(肝微粒体药物代谢酶,肝药酶) 1)Cytochromes P-450 2)hepatic mixed-function oxydase system, (混合功能氧化酶系统)
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hepatic mixed- function oxidase
Characteristics 1) low specificity 2) represent a mixed-function oxidase system 3) have individual variation 4) inducible and inhibition
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enzyme inducer (肝药酶诱导剂):
使肝药酶活性↑的药物,如苯巴比妥 1) increase the activity of cytochrome P450 2)increase their own metabolism as well as that of other drugs. enzyme inhibitor (肝药酶抑制剂): the activity of cytochrome P450
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Results : Conjugation 5、 1) Most drugs become polarized molecule
and secreted easily 2)Some drug become active metabolites,
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? Excretion drugs are discharged out of the body
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drug body Pharmcodynamic effect Pharmcokinetic process elimination (E)
administration body Pharmcodynamic effect Pharmcokinetic process excretion out of (A. D. M) elimination (E)
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Excretory routes: > > > > > > > Biliary excretion
Renal excretion (肾脏) > (胆囊) > Gaistriintestinal (胃肠道) > Rispiratory (呼吸道) > > Sweat(汗) milk(乳汁) Saliva(唾液) Tears (泪) Sikin (皮肤) >
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①Renal excretion ⓐ Filtration ⓑ Nonspecific secretion mechanisms:
acidic (anion,阴离子) basic (cation,阳离子) competitive inhibition ⓒPassive reabsorption
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② Biliary excretion hepato-enteral circulation Cardiac glycoside 强心苷
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Questions: 1. How many factors affect the absorption,distribution? 2. What`s hepatoenteral circulation? What`s its importance?
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Questions: 3. Do you can describe characteristics and importance of the hepatic biotransformation of drug.
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三、Model of compartment
1、 Model of one opening compartment (po.) M. A. body Drug E. D.
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中央室 E. 2、 Model of two opening compartment (po.) PO drug 周边室 A. M. D.
血供丰富组织 血供贫乏组织
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4. Eliminationkinetics of drug zero-order kinetics (零级动力学)
first-order kinetics (一级动力学)
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1、first-order elimination kinetics
Constant fraction (恒定比例) of drug is eliminated per unit time.
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properties: 3. t1/2 is constant.(t1/2 =0.693 / ke)
1、the major pattern of elimination; 2、Amount of drug eliminated per unit time is in direct ratio with the plasma concentration 3. t1/2 is constant.(t1/2 =0.693 / ke)
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Constant amount of drug is eliminated per unit time.
2、zero-order Elimination kinetics Constant amount of drug is eliminated per unit time. 单位时间内药物消除的量恒定。
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propertie(特点) 1、the few pattrn of elimination; 2、Amount of drug eliminated per unit time is no relationship 3、t½ is not constant.
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Mixed elimination kinetics
3、 Mixed elimination kinetics 混合动力学消除 properties : 1、the few pattrn of elimination: aspirin、phenytoin 2、high concentration--constant amount low concentration –constant fraction 。 3、t½ is constant.
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quantitative lows of pharmacokinetics
药动学的 定量规律 一 、quantity—time relationship (一) time - concentration curve(时浓曲线)
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