A POSTGRADUATE LEVEL TRAINING COURSE FOR THE CANDIDATES

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1 A POSTGRADUATE LEVEL TRAINING COURSE FOR THE CANDIDATES
WRITING A POSTGRADUATE LEVEL TRAINING COURSE FOR THE CANDIDATES

2 一、比较级 比较级是英语中的一个比较重要的语法现象，分为一般比较级和最高级。英语中的 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级主要有三种构成方式。 a．需要在形容词或副词后面加 -er 或 -est； b．在多音节形容词或副词前加 more 或 most； c．另外有少数特殊的形容词和副词有不规则变化， 如 good，well —— better 和 best． 比较级常用句型有： 1) M is better than N． ) M is as good as N． 3) M is not so good as N． 4) M is the best among ... 5) M runs faster than N． 6) M runs the fastest of ... 7) The more..., the more...

3 比较级单句翻译 1．看上去他同我一样高。 2．这个房间恰好同那个房间一样宽。 3．他像他的妹妹一样努力工作吗? 4．我认为这本英文书比我上周读的那本书还难。 5．他告诉我们新版本比旧版本便宜一些。 6．这是我们厂生产的最大的发电机。 He looks as tall as I am. This room is just as wide as that room. Does he work as hard as his sister? I think that this English book is more difficult than the one I read last week. He told us that the new edition was less expensive than the one. This is the largest generator which is manufactured in our factory.

4 In fact, the more you read, the faster you can.
7．事实上，你读的越多，速度越快； 8．他每天上学比其他同学都早。 9．他的文章比我的组织的好。 10．在大学时，他讲英语比我们流利得多。 11．这个电影比那个电影更让我喜欢。 12．我们将尽快地把技术资料寄给你们。 In fact, the more you read, the faster you can. He goes to school earlier than the other students every day. His composition is better organized than mine. At university, he spoke English more fluently than we did. I like this film much better than that one. We will send the technical data to you as soon as possible.

5 二、不定式 不定式是英语动词的一种非限定形式，通常前面需加 to 。其语法作用可以是主语、宾语、表语、定语或状语。例如： 1．To finish this book needs five people at least. (主语) 2．I want to go to class right now． (宾语) 3．It is good to read English every morning． (表语) 4．We have three papers to finish this semester (定语) 5．To pass the test, we have to work hard． (状语) 在汉译英的翻译中，不定式也是考核的语法项目之一。考生需掌握好不定式在句子中的位置以及语法作用。

6 不定式单句翻译 1．众所周知，英语不是随便可以学好的。 2．乘飞机到上海需要多少小时? 3．教师们认为忽视拼写是错误的。 4．考虑到成本问题，他们不得不拒绝采纳这个建议。 5．他们发现在10点前不可能把一切准备好。 6．我们的任务是在30天内记住2000英语单词。 It is known to all that it is not an easy thing to master the English language. How many hours does it take to get to Shanghai by plane? The teachers believe that to ignore spelling mistakes is wrong. Considering the cost, they had to turn down the proposal. They found it impossible to get everything ready before 10 o'clock. Out task is to memorize 2000 English words within 30 days.

7 7．他的最大志愿是成为清华大学物理系的一名学生。
8．在这样的办公室里工作是很舒适的。 9．我们必须培养分析问题和解决问题的能力。 10．他们发现这局势不好对付。 11．学习科学的最好的方法之一是做实验。 12．下月在我校召开的国际会议一定会成功。 His greatest wish is to become a student in Physics Department of Tsinghua University. It is comfortable (a pleasure) to work in such an office. We must cultivate the ability to analyze and solve problems. They found it difficult to cope with the situation. One of the best ways to study science is to do experiment. The international conference to be held in our university next month is bound to be a success.

8 三、定语从句 英语中的定语从句是由连接词 that，which，who，whom，where，when，why 等引出的；一般分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。后者通常使用逗号与句子的其他成分分开。定语从句修饰“人”时，一般用关系代词who，whom 或 that；修饰“物”时，采用 that 和 which；修饰“地点”和“时间”时，分别使用 where 和 when。 1．This is the room where we lived ten years ago． (修饰地点的关系副词) 2．He is the person who talked to us in the classroom yesterday. (修饰人的关系代词) 3．This is the reason why we could not come for the meeting． (修饰原因的关系副词) 4．She has got the book which you would like to read． (修饰物的关系代词) 5．He is the student whose English is very good． (修饰人的所属格的关系代词) 6．We like the teacher whom you told me yesterday． (修饰人的宾格关系代词) 7．Ten o'clock is the time when you can leave the school for home． (修饰时间的关系副词)

9 定语从句单句翻译 1．坐在我对面的那个中年人是我们的老师。 2．他会上提出的这个建议是值得研究的。 3．这是我们期待已久的一场比赛。 4，这是第一次世界大战爆发的地方吗? 5．他不是害怕困难的那种人。 6．这是我们第一次参观长城。 7．你班上有谁家在上海吗? 8．这就是我们拒绝他的建议的原因。 9．他报告中强调的那几点是非常重要的。 10．想参加考试的人在这里签名。 The middle aged man who sat opposite me is our teacher. The suggestion he made at the meeting is worth studying. This is the game which we have long wished to watch. Is this the place where the First World War started? He is not the person of that kind who is afraid of difficulties. This is the first time we visit the Great Wall. Is there anyone in your class whose family is in Shanghai? This is the reason why we have turned down his proposal. The points he stressed in his report are very important indeed. Those who want to take the test sign their names here.

10 11．他说的一切似乎都有道理。 12．附近有什么地方我们可以买到邮票吗? 13．任何了解我国经济情况的人都知道发展农业的重要性。 14．这本小说是我曾经读过的最引人入胜的一本，而且是同类书中最长的本。 15．我们对他解决问题的方法很感兴趣。 Everything he said seems reasonable. Is there any place around where we can buy some stamps? Anyone who understands the economic conditions in our country knows the importance of the development of agriculture. This novel is the most fascinating one I have ever read and the longest of its kind. We are interested in the way by which he solved the problems.

11 以从句的形式在句子中起名词作用的从句称为名词性从句，可以用做主语和宾语。引导名词性从句的连接词有 what，who，why，how 等。
四、名词性从句 以从句的形式在句子中起名词作用的从句称为名词性从句，可以用做主语和宾语。引导名词性从句的连接词有 what，who，why，how 等。 1．What we are doing today is something never dreamed of by our forefathers．(主语) 2．To most people，it is not easy to explain why his theory is so important. (宾语) 3．The question is how we can put the plan into practice. (表语) 1．很显然，生产决策实际上依靠的是信息资料 。 2．什么时间召开讨论会还没有定下来。 3．我们对他所说的那个地区的局势表示关注。 4．更为重要的是通过技术引进改变我们的生产方式。 5．我们对他所做的而不是他所说的感兴趣。 It is clear that a production decision, in fact, depends on the information. When the discussion will be held has not been decided yet. We are concerned about what he said about the situation in that area. What is more important is that through the introduction of the advanced technology our method of production can be improved. We are interested in what he did, not what he said.

12 8．他们之间的差异之处在于前者是被迫学习英语的。 9．随着时间的过去，他将会懂得我所讲的话。 10．他不停地问我在北京做了些什么?
6．这是一个很好的例子表明热是怎样做工的。 7．他没有告诉我们为什么他没有参加会议。 8．他们之间的差异之处在于前者是被迫学习英语的。 9．随着时间的过去，他将会懂得我所讲的话。 10．他不停地问我在北京做了些什么? 11．谁第一个被面试还没有确定。 12．我们何时开工并无关系。最重要的是我们必须做好准备。 13．计算机是如何工作的将在下一次课上做详细说明。 14．这家工厂只能供应我们所需要的30％。 15．她说的使我想起了自己的童年。 This is a very good example showing how heat works. He didn't tell us why he failed to attend the meeting. The difference between them is that the former is forced to learn English. With time passing, he will understand what I said. He kept asking me about what I had done in Beijing. Who will be the first to be interviewed has not been decided yet. When we start doesn't matter. The most important thing is that we should make good preparations for it. How a computer works will be explained in detail at the next lecture. This factory can only supply thirty percent of what we need. What she said makes me think of my own childhood.

13 以从句的形式修饰主句的谓语称为状语从句。状语从句可以表示地点、时间、目的、条件、行为方式、让步、比较等。请见下面的例句：
五、 状语从句 以从句的形式修饰主句的谓语称为状语从句。状语从句可以表示地点、时间、目的、条件、行为方式、让步、比较等。请见下面的例句： 1．When l got home，it was already eleven o'clock． (时间) 2．As We have only ten minutes left，we'd better hurry up． (原因) 3．I sent the letter by air so that it could reach them in time． (目的) 4．I will lend you my lecture notes if you can give them back to me tomorrow. (条件) 5．This project was completed earlier than we had thought． (比较) 6．He looked as if nothing had happened． (方式) 7．Although he is aged，he is still very strong． (让步) 8. I’ll go wherever a hearty and consistent support can be found. (地点)

14 2．他的笔记本说明，他经常是一面读书，一面记笔记。 3．由于他母亲病重，他接到电报后便立即动身了。
1．学生应该上课之前完成好教师布置的家庭作业。 2．他的笔记本说明，他经常是一面读书，一面记笔记。 3．由于他母亲病重，他接到电报后便立即动身了。 4．人们没有失去健康以前，不知道健康的可贵。 5．只要哪里水源充足，就要在哪里修水电站。 6．无论他走到哪里，他都受到了．热烈欢迎。 7．他们工作得又快又好，结果超额完成了生产计划。 8．正如所预料的那样，经理禁止了建议召开的会议。 9．由于我没有读过这本书，所以我无法告诉你我对这本书的看法。 Students must finish their homework assigned by the teacher before they go to class. His notebook indicates that he always makes notes while reading. As his mother was seriously ill, he started off instantly (immediately) as soon as he received the telegram. People do not know the value of health till they have lost it. Where water resources are plentiful, there hydra-electric power stations are built. Wherever he went, he was warmly welcomed. They worked fast and well, so that they overfulfilled the production plan. As expected, the manager banned the proposed meeting. As I haven't read the book, I can't tell you what I think of it.

15 10．按照常规，合同要在有关双方签字后才能生效。
11．在老师再解释一遍后，同学们才听懂这个句子的意思。 12．因为我们住在海滨，所以能够享受到有益健康的气候。 13．尽管我们两家公司在商业上是竞争对手，但在许多方面存在共同益。 14．他们对问题进行详细讨论后，达成了一致的意见。 15．他的讲演这样的精彩，因此人人都称赞他。 As a matter of routine, a contract must be signed by the two parties concerned before it comes into force. Only after the teacher explained it a second time did the students understand the meaning of the sentence. Since we live near the sea, we enjoy a healthy climate. Although both our companies are business competitors, we share common interests in many areas. After they discussed the matter in detail, they came to an understanding. He made such a wonderful speech that everyone spoke highly of him.

16 六、分词 分词是英语动词的另一种非谓语形式，可起到形容词和副词的语法作用，一般用做定语、表语和状语。分词可分为现在分词和过去分词两种。其表现方式为动词的过去分词和动词原形 十 ing。 例如： There is an exciting news for us． (现在分词) Excited by the news，they forgot the fatigue and hunger. (过去分词) 1．一位18世纪作家写的小说将拍成电影。 2．在这里学习外语的大多数人是教师。 3．你对那位工程师提出的建议有什么想法? 4．门外有一群记者要求见你。 5．依靠自己的力量，他们克服了所有工程中的困难。 The novel written by an 18 century writer will be made into a film. Most of the people studying foreign languages here are teachers. What do you think of the proposal put forward by that engineer? There is a group of reporters outside the door asking to see you. Depending on their own efforts, they overcame all the difficulties in the project.

17 6．去年，我们厂生产的拖拉机减少到了5万台。
7．我们看到一辆汽车飞快地向我们开来。 8。桌上有许多图表说明生产增长的情况。 9．我们需要社会的支持，但是我们所急需的是更多的合格教师。 10．再给20分钟，我们就可以准时到达目的地。 11．采用这个办法，我们提高了学习英语的效率。 12．由于英语考试只得了60分，她显得很失望。 13．在实践中取得的经验将对我们的工作很有好处。 14．从今年上半年看，经济增长较快，形势令人鼓舞。 15．我们必须使我们的思想适应变化了的情况。 Last year, the tractors manufactured by our factory were reduced to We saw a car coming towards us at a fast speed. There are many charts on the table indicating the increases in production. We need support from the society, but what we need urgently is qualified teachers. Given 20 more minutes, we would be able to reach the destination on time. Adopting this method, we have improved our efficiency in English learning. She looked rather disappointed because she got only 60 points in the English test. The experience gained in practice will be of great value to our work. In the first half year, economy has increased rapidly, and the situation is encouraging. We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions.

18 七、被动语态 1．The bridge is built． (表示一般现在时)
被动语态是我们比较熟悉的语法现象。其句型变化主要在谓语动词和助动词 be 上。请见下面被动语态的时态变化。 1．The bridge is built． (表示一般现在时) 2．The bridge is being built． (表示现在进行时) 3．The bridge was built． (表示过去时) 4．The bridge has been built (表示现在完成时) 5．The bridge will be built． (表示将来时) 6．The bridge will have been built． (表示将来完成时) 7．The bridge was being built． (表示过去进行时) 1．校园内的这些街道正在加宽。 2．如果采用这一方法，生产成本将降低。 3．学生不允许把报纸和杂志拿出阅览室。 4．我听说这本小说已经译成英文了。 5．每个人都很清楚这个工程必须在5月之前完成。 These streets on the campus are being widened. If this method is accepted, the production cost will be reduced. The students are not allowed to take the newspaper and magazine out of the reading room. I heard that this novel has been translated into English. Every one knows that the project must be completed before May.

19 6．那个城市的工厂比1980年增加了两倍。 7．虽然有这些例外，但他的理论仍被认为是很有效的。 8．据我所知，到目前为止还没有得出正确的结论。 9．我们很高兴在这一地区已采取了措施减少噪音。 10．你们提出的这一计划将在下周会上认真讨论。 11．过去10年中，经过共同努力，在我国的研究生教育方面取得了很大的进步。 12．大量的统计资料进行了编辑，以便随时可提取和解答。 13．随着车辆的增加，恐怕交通事故态将增加。 14．你们应该在货物运到后立即付款。 15，在我国英语被看做是学习西方先进科学技术的一种工具。 The number of factory in that city has been increased twice as compared with that of 1980. Regardless of these exceptions, his theory is still considered to be very effective. As far as I know, no correct conclusion has been drawn up till now. We are pleased that some measures have been taken to reduce the noise in this area. The plan you put forward will be discussed at the next week's meeting. Over the past 10 years, with joint efforts a big progress has been made in graduate education in China. A plenty of statistical data have been compiled so that they can be drawn and answered at any time. As the number of vehicles increases, it is feared that the number of traffic accidents will be increased, too. You should make the payment right after the goods are delivered. In our country English is regarded as a tool by which we can learn advanced science and technology from Western countries.

20 八、虚拟语气 2．If you had not come here on time，there would have
在英语句型中，表示主观愿望和假设的情况是不可能发生的或发生的可能性不大，则用虚拟条件句。虚拟条件句主要分三类，即表示现在及将来情况的虚拟语气、表示过去情况的虚拟语气和表示间接命令或建议的虚拟语气。例如： 1．What would you do if you were in his place? (表示现在) 2．If you had not come here on time，there would have been an accident．(表示过去) 3. He ordered that the medicines (should) be sent by special plane. (表示间接命令或建议) 1．如果你明天使用那台新设备的话，要先看一下说明书。 2．我建议你考试结束后就去看大夫。 3．科学家早已证明，如果没有水，地球上就不会有生命。 4．如果他有时间的话，他一定会来帮助我们的。 5．要是让我来做这项工作的话，我会采取另一种方式。 If you were to use that new equipment tomorrow, you would read the instructions first. I suggest that you (should) go to see the doctor after the test has finished. Scientists have long proved that without water there would be no life on the earth. If he had time, he would come and help us. If I were asked to take this work, I would adopt another way.

21 6．如果不能按时完成这项工程，我们就要赔偿损失。
7．我要是早一点离开家就可以赶上汽车了。 8．没有健康的经济发展基础发生这种变化是不可能的。 9．万一发生火灾我们怎么办? 10．我过去对英语发音注意得更多一些就好了。 11．他要求学生在星期五之前把作业交上来。 12．他建议我们乘出租汽车去医院。 13．他看上去就像刚刚睡醒似的。 14．要是他没有受过适当的训练，他是无法使用计算机的。 15，要不是明天测验，我今晚就去看电影了。 If we were not able to finish the project on time, we would make up the loss. If I had left home a little earlier, I would have caught the bus. The change would not have taken place without a foundation of healthy economic development. What should we do if there were a fire? I wish I had paid more attention to English pronunciation in the past. He insists that students (should) hand in their homework before Friday. He suggested that we take a taxi to the hospital. He looks as if he had just woken up. If he had not received proper training, he would not have been able to use the computer. If I were not to have a test tomorrow, I would go to movie this evening.