Experimental Economics

Presentation on theme: "Experimental Economics"— Presentation transcript:

1 Experimental Economics
实验经济学 陈叶烽 浙江大学经济学院 实验经济学课件下载请加入QQ群 备注：本PPT用到了平常电脑没有带的以下几种字体，即苏新诗卵石体（主要），超世纪中古印（主要），时尚中黑简体，文鼎特粗宋简，浪漫雅圆六种字体。为了有更好的视觉效果，请大家到百度里搜索后下载这几个字体文件（一般为TTF格式），然后把该文件放入C/Windows/Fonts文件夹，系统会自动提示安装。 Experimental Economics

2 第一讲 导论 引子 实验方法初印象 实验经济学作为成熟科学的标志 实验经济学能做什么？ 实验经济学文献资源 实验经济学教学设想与规划

3 引子 社会科学和自然科学的区别 壹 牛A与牛C之间的徘徊

4 贰 实验方法初印象 以理工科式的科学实验方法探讨人类的行为规律
以真人作为被试，给予真实的货币激励报酬，获取被试的行为数据，得出一般的行为规律 实验方法是洞察人性内心深处强大的科学工具

5 实验经济学方法 实验经济学是指在可控的实验室环境下，针对某一经济现象，通过控制某些条件使得参加者在模拟但更为简化的具有纯粹形式的市场或者其他经济环境中进行决策，通过观察和分析实验结果来检验、比较和完善已有的经济理论并提供政策决策的依据的一门学科。

6 实验经济学方法的两大特征 经济学的实验方法之所以受到如此欢迎，主要是因为实验方法的可复制性（Rreplicability）和可控性（Controllability）两大特质。 可复制性是指其他研究人员可以复制相关实验从而具有独立验证实验结果的能力，进而能独立地证实或舍弃前人的结论，也就是可以对前人的结论进行证伪； 可控性是指操纵实验室环境，设定和控制某些条件，以观察决策者的行为，分析实验结果，来检验、比较和完善经济理论并提供经济决策的依据。 可复制性和可控性都是通过实验程序标准化、货币激励显著化、实验语言无偏化等一系列实验的严格标准化和规范化方法得到的（林嘉永，2003）。 实验中的可控过程作为生成科学数据的重要来源，其数据采集的严格标准也受到理论经济学家的日益重视。另外，在经济学实验中，实验员通常对参加实验的人给予各种经济激励，以控制其参与行为，因此其得到的实验数据也往往更能反映实验参与者的行为动机。

7 LAB

8 LAB the Experimental Economics Lab at the University of Maryland.
As part of a research study in experimental economics at NHH in Norway, 500 school children had to work and then decide how to share their earnings The LMU Experimental Economics Lab

9 实验可以正视和直面一个残缺的人性！ Other-regarding Cooperation Self-Interested
Egalitarianism Cooperation Strong Reciprocity Warm-Glow Self-Interested Inequality Aversion Reciprocity Trustness Trustworthiness 实验可以正视和直面一个残缺的人性！ Revenge Goodness Fairness Social Preferences Altruism Other-regarding Betray Aversion Evil Deception Honesty Betray responsibility

10 实验方法已经成为国际经济学学术界三大研究范式之一
理论建模 计量实证 实验方法 我反正信了 Science

11 实验方法已经成为国际经济学学术界三大研究范式之一
Science

12 实验与实证的关系 1.调查数据是否可信？ 2.数据的结构和关系是否符合研究目标的预期？ 3.实验为何很少用到复杂的计量模型？ 只是漫谈

13 实验与实证的关系 只是漫谈

14 实验与实证的关系 只是漫谈

15 号外！实验经济学方法受到《Science》和《Nature》的青睐

16 Nature Fehr, E. & Gachter, S. Altruistic punishment in humans, 2002, Nature, 425, Sanfey AG, Rilling JK, Aronson JA, Nystrom LE, Cohen JD. 2003, The neural basis of economic decision making in the ultimatum game. Science, 300:1755–1758. Fehr, E. & Fischbacher, U. 2003, The nature of human altruism. Nature 425, 785–791. Fehr, E. & Rockenbach, B. 2003, Detrimental effects of sanctions on human altruism, Nature, 422, de Quervain1, D. et al. 2004, The Neural Basis of Altruistic Punishment, Science, 305, Kosfeld M, Heinrichs M, Zak PJ, Fischbacher U, Fehr E. 2005, Oxytocin increases trust in humans. Nature, 435:673–676. King-Casas B, Tomlin D, Anen C, Camerer CF, Quartz SR, Montague PR. 2005, Getting to know you: Reputation and trust in a two-person economic exchange. Science, 308:78–83. Camerer C. and Fehr, E, 2006, When Does 'Economic Man' Dominate Social Behavior? Science, 311, Knoch D, Pascual-Leone A, Meyer K, Treyer V, Ernst F. 2006, Diminishing reciprocal fairness by disrupting the right prefrontal cortex. Science, 314: Singer, T. et al. 2006, Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others. Nature, 439, 466–469. Science Science和Nature发表的实验经济学相关文章小结（不完全名单）1

17 Science K. Fliessbach, B. Weber, P. Trautner, T. Dohmen, U. Sunde, C. E. Elger and Falk, A. 2007, Social Comparison Affects Reward-Related Brain Activity in the Human Ventral Striatum, Science, 318, 1305 – 1308. Fliessbach K, Weber B, Trautner P, Dohmen T, Sunde U, Elger CE, & Armin F. 2007, Socialcomparison affects reward-related brain activity in the human ventral striatum. Science, 318:1305–1308 Sanfey AG. 2007, Social decision-making: Insights from game theory and neuroscience. Science, 318:598–602. Dawes, C. T., Fowler, J. H., Johnson, T., McElreath, R. & Smirnov, O. 2007, Egalitarian motives in humans. Nature, 446, 794–796. Dreber, A et al. 2008, Winners don't punish, Nature, 452,   Bowles, S. 2008, Policies Designed for Self-Interested Citizens May Undermine "The Moral Sentiments": Evidence from Economic Experiments, Science, 320, Fehr, E. 2008, Egalitarianism in young children, Nature, 454, Gachter, S., Renner, E. And Sefton, M., 2008, The Long-Run Benefits of Punishment, Science, 322,1510 Herrmann, B., Thoni, C. & Gachter, S. 2008, Antisocial punishment across societies. Science, 319, 1362–1367. King-Casas B, Sharp C, Lomax-Bream L, Lohrenz T, Fonagy P, Montague PR. 2008, The rupture and repair of cooperation in borderline personality disorder. Science, 321:806–810. Nature Science和Nature发表的实验经济学相关文章小结（不完全名单）2

18 Nature David G. Rand et al. 2009, Positive Interactions Promote Public Cooperation, Science, 325, Krajbich I. et al. 2009, Using Neural Measures of Economic Value to Solve the Public Goods Free-Rider Problem, Science, 326, Falk A, Heckman JJ. Lab experiments are a major source of knowledge in the social sciences. 2009, Science, 326:535–538. Ule A, Schram A, Riedl A, Cason TN. 2009, Indirect punishment and generosity toward strangers.Science, 326:1701–1704. Henrich, J., Ensimger, J., McElreath, R., Barr, A., Barrett, C., Bolyanatz, A., Cardenas, J. C., Gurven, M., Gwako, E., Henrich, N., Lesorogol, C., Marlowe, F., Tracer, D., Ziker, J. 2010, Markets, Religion, Community Size, and the Evolution of Fairness and Punishment. Science, 327,   Janssen, M.A. et al. 2010, Lab Experiments for the Study of Social-Ecological Systems, Science, 328,   Rustagi, D. 2010, Conditional Cooperation and Costly Monitoring Explain Success in Forest Commons Management, Science, 330, Tricomi1 E, Rangel A, Camerer CF, O’Doherty JP. 2010, Neural evidence for inequality-averse social preferences. Nature, 463:1089–1091. Gachter, S. 2012, Carrot or Stick? Nature, 483, 39-40 Balafoutas, L. and Sutter, M. 2012, Affirmative action policies promote women and do not harm efficiency in the lab. Science, 335, Science Science和Nature发表的实验经济学相关文章小结（不完全名单）3

19 实验方法 叁 已日趋成熟和完善 1.归根到底经济学研究人的决策行为，但是行为决策如何观察得到数据呢？ 一手数据还是二手数据？：一手数据更容易被接受 柯荣住关于信任的文章：调查数据 李实老师的调查问卷 其二就是EE 2.关于实验经济学的方法论争议：学生作为被试是否有代表性？ 是否反映了其真实的世界行为？等等

20 质疑派 质疑派：Henrich et al.（2010） The weirdest people in the world Levit and List(2007) What Do Laboratory Experiments Measuring Social Preferences Reveal About the Real World? 支持派：Falk and Heckman(2009) Lab experiments are a major source of knowledge in the social sciences Croson and Gächter (2010) The science of experimental economics 其他如Simth (2010) Gächter (2010) 等等 支持派

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22 作为一门成熟学科的标志1：实验经济学经典文献的被引次数
Fehr and Schmidt（1999） Quarterly journal of Economics A theory of fairness, competition, and cooperation 次 Rabin (1993) American Economic Review Incorporating fairness into game theory and economics 次 Kahneman and Tversky (1979) Econometrica Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk 次 Holt and Laury (2002) American Economic Review Risk aversion and incentive effects 次 Güth et.al (1982) Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organizations An experimental analysis of ultimatum bargaining 次 Berg et.al (1995) Games and Economic Behavior Trust, reciprocity, and social history 次 Ledyard (1995) The Handbook of. Experimental Economics Public goods: A survey of experimental research 次 请各位同学 重查最新被引次数 截止

23 作为一门成熟学科的标志2：实验经济学的学术共同体
强大的学术团体:ESA——using controlled experiments to learn about economic behavior （1986 Vernon Smith） 专业的学术期刊：Experimental Economics （1998） 定期的学术会议： 庞大的经济学实验室群

24 作为一门成熟学科的标志3：实验研究在顶级期刊的发表数 （以AER2011年全部7期为例）
Vol. 101, No. 1, February 2011 Is Tiger Woods Loss Averse? Persistent Bias in the Face of Experience, Competition, and High Stakes (pp ) Devin G. Pope and Maurice E. Schweitzer The Evolution of Cooperation in Infinitely Repeated Games: Experimental Evidence (pp ) Pedro Dal Bó and Guillaume R. Fréchette Vol. 101, No. 2, April 2011 Reference Points and Effort Provision (pp ) Johannes Abeler, Armin Falk, Lorenz Goette and David Huffman Contracts as Reference Points—Experimental Evidence (pp ) Ernst Fehr, Oliver Hart and Christian Zehnder The Economics of Credence Goods: An Experiment on the Role of Liability, Verifiability, Reputation, and Competition (pp ) Uwe Dulleck, Rudolf Kerschbamer and Matthias Sutter Performance Pay and Multidimensional Sorting: Productivity, Preferences, and Gender (pp ) Thomas Dohmen and Armin Falk 1

25 作为一门成熟学科的标志3：实验研究在顶级期刊的发表数 （以AER2011年全部7期为例）
Vol. 101, No. 2, April 2011 Heterogeneity in Risky Choice Behavior in a Broad Population (pp ) Hans-Martin von Gaudecker, Arthur van Soest and Erik Wengstrom The Rich Domain of Uncertainty: Source Functions and Their Experimental Implementation (pp ) Mohammed Abdellaoui, Aurélien Baillon, Laetitia Placido and Peter P. Wakker Search Dynamics in Consumer Choice under Time Pressure: An Eye-Tracking Study (pp ) Elena Reutskaja, Rosemarie Nagel, Colin F. Camerer and Antonio Rangel Coordination in the Presence of Asset Markets (pp ) Shimon Kogan, Anthony M. Kwasnica and Roberto A. Weber Real-Time Search in the Laboratory and the Market (pp ) Meta Brown, Christopher J. Flinn and Andrew Schotter Checkmate: Exploring Backward Induction among Chess Players (pp ) Steven D. Levitt, John A. List and Sally E. Sadoff 2

26 作为一门成熟学科的标志3：实验研究在顶级期刊的发表数 （以AER2011年全部7期为例）
Vol. 101, No. 2, February 2011 The Willingness to Pay—Willingness to Accept Gap, the "Endowment Effect," Subject Misconceptions, and Experimental Procedures for Eliciting Valuations: Comment (pp ) Andrea Isoni, Graham Loomes and Robert Sugden The Willingness to Pay—Willingness to Accept Gap, the "Endowment Effect," Subject Misconceptions, and Experimental Procedures for Eliciting Valuations: Reply (pp ) Charles R. Plott and Kathryn Zeiler Stationary Concepts for Experimental 2 X 2 Games: Comment (pp ) Christoph Brunner, Colin F. Camerer and Jacob K. Goeree Stationary Concepts for Experimental 2 X 2 Games: Reply (pp ) Reinhard Selten, Thorsten Chmura and Sebastian J. Goerg 3

27 作为一门成熟学科的标志3：实验研究在顶级期刊的发表数 （以AER2011年全部7期为例）
Vol. 101, No. 3, May 2011 Do Residential Customers Respond to Hourly Prices? Evidence from a Dynamic Pricing Experiment (pp ) Frank A. Wolak Using Field Experiments in Environment and Resource Economics Does Market Experience Eliminate Market Anomalies? The Case of Exogenous Market Experience (pp ) John A. List The Persistence of Treatment Effects with Norm-Based Policy Instruments: Evidence from a Randomized Environmental Policy Experiment (pp ) Paul J. Ferraro, Juan Jose Miranda and Michael K. Price Can Tailored Communications Motivate Environmental Volunteers? A Natural Field Experiment (pp ) Omar Al-Ubaydli and Min Lee Using Artefactual Field Experiments to Learn about the Incentives for Sustainable Forest Use in Developing Economies (pp ) Maarten Voors, Erwin Bulte, Andreas Kontoleon, John A. List and Ty Turley Teacher Mobility Responses to Wage Changes: Evidence from a Quasi-natural Experiment (pp ) Torberg Falch Social Preferences and Fairness Norms as Informal Institutions: Experimental Evidence (pp ) Pamela Jakiela 4

28 作为一门成熟学科的标志3：实验研究在顶级期刊的发表数 （以AER2011年全部7期为例）
Vol. 101, No. 4, June 2011 Participation (pp ) Gary Charness and Martin Dufwenberg Face Value (pp ) Catherine C. Eckel and Ragan Petrie Group Size and Incentives to Contribute: A Natural Experiment at Chinese Wikipedia (pp ) Xiaoquan (Michael) Zhang and Feng Zhu Corrigendum: Psychological Pressure in Competitive Environments: Evidence from a Randomized Natural Experiment (page 1636) Jose Apesteguia and Ignacio Palacios-Huerta Vol. 101, No. 5, August 2011 An Experimental Component Index for the CPI: From Annual Computer Data to Monthly Data on Other Goods (pp ) Tim Erickson and Ariel Pakes Vol. 101, No. 6, October 2011 Nudging Farmers to Use Fertilizer: Theory and Experimental Evidence from Kenya (pp ) Esther Duflo, Michael Kremer and Jonathan Robinson The Potential of Social Identity for Equilibrium Selection (pp ) Roy Chen and Yan Chen 5

29 作为一门成熟学科的标志3：实验研究在顶级期刊的发表数 （以AER2011年全部7期为例）
Vol. 101, No. 7, December 2011 Happiness and Time Preference: The Effect of Positive Affect in a Random-Assignment Experiment (pp ) John Ifcher and Homa Zarghamee Extreme Walrasian Dynamics: The Gale Example in the Lab (pp ) Sean Crockett, Ryan Oprea and Charles Plott Relative Earnings and Giving in a Real-Effort Experiment (pp ) Nisvan Erkal, Lata Gangadharan and Nikos Nikiforakis Stakes Matter in Ultimatum Games (pp ) Steffen Andersen, Seda Ertaç, Uri Gneezy, Moshe Hoffman and John A. List 6

30 实验经济学在Top期刊发表的论文趋势 Charles Noussair Trends in publication: Experimental Economics

31 实验经济学能做什么？ 肆 示例 Gary Charness, Ninghua Du, and Chun-Lei Yang，2010，“Trust and Trustworthiness Reputations in an Investment Game”, Games and Economic Behavior 출처 표시

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34 测度人们的偏好：时间偏好，公平偏好，风险偏好等
实验经济学能做什么？ What the experimental economics can do 能做 传统经济学无法或很难做的研究主题 探索和发现人类行为的一般规律 检验经济学理论 检验经济制度或政策的影响 为构建新的经济学理论提供经验证据 测度人们的偏好：时间偏好，公平偏好，风险偏好等

35 实验经济学的研究主题（无法穷尽） The topics in the Experimental Economics
市场均衡 拍卖实验 行为博弈实验 社会偏好理论 风险决策 信任问题 合作问题 田野实验 社会距离 实验经济学方法论问题 其他如资本市场实验，财政税收等应用性实验 实验经济学的研究主题（无法穷尽） The topics in the Experimental Economics

36 Martin Kocher

37 Sheheryar Banuri

38 Joseph Tao-yi Wang

39 市场均衡实验 E.H. Chamberlin (1948), “An Experimental Imperfect Market,” Journal of Political Economy, 95–108. Vernon Smith (1962), “An Experimental Study of Competitive Market Behavior,” Journal of Political Economy, 70, Charles Plott and Shyam Sunder (1982), “Efficiency of Experimental Security Markets with Insider Information: An Application of Rational–Expectations Models,” Journal of Political Economy, 90, 663–698. Robert Forsythe, Thomas Palfrey and Charles Plott (1984), “Futures Markets and Information Efficiency: A Laboratory Examination,” Journal of Finance, 39, 955–981.7 D. Gode and Shyam Sunder (1993), “Allocative Efficiency of Markets with Zero–Intelligence Traders: Market as a Partial Substitute for Individual Rationality,” Journal of Political Economy, 101, 119–137. Charles Plott (1996), “Rational Individual Behavior in Markets and Social Choice Processes: The Discovered Preference Hypothesis,” in The Rational Foundations of Economic Behavior, K. Arrow, E. Colombatto, M. Perlaman and C. Schmidt (eds) Macmillan and New York: St Martin’s Press, 225–250. John List (2003) “Does Market Experience Eliminate Market Anomalies,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 41–71.

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41 市场均衡

42 行为博弈实验 Marwell, G. and R. E. Ames, “Experiments on the Provision of Public Goods. I. Resources, Interest, Group Size, and the Free-rider Problem”, American Journal of Sociology, 1979, 84(6), 1335–1360. Güth, W., R. Schmittberger and B. Schwarze, “An Experimental Analysis of Ultimatium Bargaining”, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 1982, 3(4), 367–388. Forsythe, R., J. L. Horowitz, N. E. Savin and M. Sefton, “Fairness in Simple Bargaining Experiments”, Games and Economic Behavior, 1994, 6(3), 347–369. Berg, J., J. Dickaut and K. McCabe, “Trust, Reciprocity and Social History”, Games and Economic Behavior, 1995, 10(1), 122–142. Henrich, J., R. Boyd, S. Bowles, C. Camerer, E. Fehr, H. Gintis and R. McElreath, “In Search of Homo Economicus:Behavioral Experiments in 15 Small-Scale Societies”, American Economic Review, 2001, 91(2), 73–78. Camerer, C., Behavioral Game Theory:Experiments on Strategic Interaction. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2003, 11, 167–188.

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45 社会偏好理论 Rabin, M., “Incooperating Fairness into Game Theory and Economics”, American Economic Review, 1993, 83(5), 1281–1302. Levine, D., “Modeling Altruism and Spitefulness in Experiments”, Review of Economic Dynamics, 1998, 1(3), 593–622. Fehr, E. and K. Schmidt, “A Theory of Fairness, Competition, and Cooperation”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1999, 114(3), 817–868. Bolton, G. E. and A. Ockenfels, “ERC—A Theory of Equity, Reciprocity, and Competition”, American Economic Review, 2000, 90(1), 166–193. Andreoni, J., and J. Miller, “Giving According to GARP: An Experimental Test of the Consistency of Preferences for Altruism”, Econometrica, 2002, 70(2), 737–753. Charness, G. and M. Rabin, “Understanding Social Preferences with Simple Tests”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2002, 117(3), 817–869. Dufwenberg, M. and G. Kirchsteiger, “A Theory of Sequential Reciprocity”, Games and Economic Behavior, 2004, 47(2), 268–298. Sobel, J., “Interdependent Preferences and Reciprocity”, Journal of Economic Literature, 2005, 43(2), 392–436. Falk, A. and U. Fischbacher, “A Theory of Reciprocity”, Games and Economic Behavior, 2006, 54(2), 293–315. Fehr, E and K. Schmidt, “Theories of Fairness and Reciprocity: Evidence and Economic Applications”, in: M. Dewatripont, L.P. Hansen, S. Turnovski, Advances in Economic Theory, Eigth World Congress of the Econometric Society, Vol. 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, 208–257. Fowler, J., “Altruism and Turnout”, Journal of Politics, 2006, 68(3), 674–683.

46 信任与信任博弈实验 Berg, Joyce E.; Dickhaut, John W. and McCabe, Kevin F., 1995, “Trust, Reciprocity, and Social History.” Games and Economic Behavior, 10, pp Glaeser, Edward L.; Laibson, David I.; Scheinkman, Jose A. and Soutter, Christine L. 2000, "Measuring Trust." Quartery Journal of Economics, 115, pp Cox, J., 2004, “How to Identify Trust and Reciprocity”, Games and Economic Behavior, 46, pp.260～281. Gächter, S., Herrmann, B. and Thöni, C., 2004, “Trust, voluntary cooperation, and socio-economic background: survey and experimental evidence”, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 55(4), pp.505～531. Holm, H. J. and A. Danielson, 2005, “Tropic Trust versus Nordic Trust: Experimental Evidence From Tanzania And Sweden”, The Economic Journal, 115(503), 505–532. Karlan, D., 2005, “Using Experimental Economics to Measure Social Capital and Predict Financial Decisions”, American Economic Review, 95(5), pp Bouma, J., Bulte, E., and Soest, V.D., 2008, “Trust and Cooperation: Social Capital and Community Resource Management”, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 56, pp.155～166.

47 合作问题 Marwell, G. and Ames, R.E. Experiments on the Provision of Public Goods. I. Resources, Interest, Group Size, and the Free-rider Problem, American Journal of Sociology, 1979, 84(6):1335–1360 Isaac, R.M. and J. M. Walker, “Group Size Effects in Public Goods Provision: the Voluntary Contributions Mechanism”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1988, 103(1), 179–200. Andreoni, J. Why Free Ride? Strategies and Learning in Public Goods Experiments, Journal of Public Economics, 1988, 37:291–304 Ledyard, J. Public Goods: A Survey of Experimental Research, in Handbook of Experimental Economics, eds. J. Kagel and A. Roth, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1995 Fehr, E. and S. Gächter, “Cooperation and Punishment in Public Goods Experiments”, American Economic Review, 2000a, 90(4), 980–994. Fehr, E. and Gächter, S. Altruistic Punishment in Humans, Nature, 2002, 415:137–140 Andreoni, J., Harbaugh, W. and Vesterlund, L. The Carrot or the Stick: Rewards, Punishments and Cooperation, American Economic Review, 2003, 93:893–902 Sefton, M., Shupp, R. and Walker, J. The Effect of Rewards and Sanctions in Provision of Public Goods, Economic Inquiry,2007, 45(4): Carpenter, J. Punishing Free-Riders: How Group Size Affects Mutual Monitoring and the Provision of Public Goods, Games and Economic Behavior, 2007a, 60:31–51 Carpenter, J. The Demand for Punishment, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2007b, 62(4):522–542 Nikiforakis, N. S., “Punishment and Counter-punishment in Public Goods Games: Can we Still Govern Ourselves?”, Journal of Public Economics, 2008, 92(1-2), 91–112. Nikiforakis, N. S. and H.T. Normann, “A Comparative Statics Analysis of Punishment in Public Goods Experiments”, Experimental Economics, 2008, 11(4): 358–369. Andreoni, J. and Croson, R. Partners versus Strangers: Random Rematching in Public Goods Experiments, in: C. R. Plott and V. L. Smith, eds., Handbook of Experimental Economics Results, Elsevier, The Netherlands, 2008 Ananish Chaudhuri, “Sustaining cooperation in laboratory public goodsexperiments: a selective survey of the literature”, Experimental Economics, 2011, 14: 47–83

48 合作问题

49 合作问题

50 劳动市场与礼物交换博弈实验 Kahneman, D., Knetsch, J., Thaler. R., 1986, “Fairness as a Constraint on Profit Seeking: Entitlements in the Market”, American Economic Review, 76(4): Kaufman, B. E., 1999, “Expanding the Behavioral Foundations of Labor Economics”, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 52(3): Bellemare, C., Shearer, B., 2009, “Gift Giving and Worker Productivity: Evidence from a Firm-level Experiment”, Games and Economic Behavior, 67(1): 233–244. Charness, G., 2004, “Attribution and Reciprocity in an Experimental Labor Market”, Journal of Labor Economics, 22(3): 665–688. Fehr, E., Kirchsteiger, G., Riedl, A., 1993, “Does Fairness Prevent Market Clearing? An Experimental Investigation”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108(2): 437–459. Gneezy, U., List, J.A., 2006, “Putting Behavioral Economics to Work: Testing for Gift Exchange in Labor Markets Using Field Experiments”, Econometrica, 74(5): Hannan, R. L., 2005, “The Combined Effects of Wages and Firm Profit on Employee Effort”, Accounting Review, 80(1):

51 风险偏好和风险决策 Holt, Charles and Susan Laury, 2002, “Risk Aversion and Incentive Effects,” American Economic Review, 92-5, Harrison, Glenn, Eric Johnson, Melayne Mcinnes and Elisabet Rutstrom, 2005, “Risk Aversion and Incentive Effects: Comment,” American Economic Review, 95-3, Holt, Charles and Susan Laury, 2005, “Risk Aversion and Incentive Effects: New Data without Order Effects” American Economic Review, 95-3, Carlsson, F., D., Daruvala, and O. Johansson-Stenman, 2005, Are people nequality-averse, or just risk-averse? Economica, 72: Cohen, Alma, and Liran Einav, 2007, “Estimating Risk Preferences from Deductible Choice.” American Economic Review, 97(3): 745–88.

52 风险偏好的测度

53 社会身份和社会距离 Hoffman, E., K. McCabe, K. Shachat, and V. Smith. ―Preferences, Property Rights and Anonymity in Bargaining Games. Games and Economic Behavior, 1994, 7(3), pp Hoffman, E., K. McCabe, and V. Smith. ―Social Distance and Other-Regarding Behavior in Dictator Games. American Economic Review, 1996, , pp Bohnet, Iris and Bruno S. Frey. ―Social Distance and Other-Regarding Behavior in Dictator Games: Comment. American Economic Review, 1999, 89(1), pp Bolton, Gary E. and Rami Zwick. ―Anonymity versus Punishment in Ultimatum Bargaining. Games and Economic Behavior, 1995, 10(1), pp Bohnet, Iris and Frey, B. ―The Sound of Silence in Prisoner’s Dilemma and Dictator Games. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization,1999, 38(1), pp

54 拍卖实验 Kagel JH and Levin D (1986), "The Winner's Curse and Public Information in Common Value Auctions", American Economic Review, 76, John Kagel, (1995), “Auctions: A Survey of Experimental Research,” in Handbook of Experimental Economics, edited by J. Kagel and A. Roth, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, Klemperer P (1998), "Auctions with Almost Common Values: The 'Wallet Game' and its applications" European Economic Review, 42, Kagel, J. and Levin, D. (1999), “Common Value Auctions with Insider Information,” Econometrica, Vol. 67, No. 5. pp Goeree, Holt and Palfrey (2002), “Quantal Response Equilibrium and Overbidding in Private-Value Auctions,” Journal of Economic Theory, 104(1), Abbink K et al (2005), "An Experimental Test of Design Alternatives for the British 3G/UMTS Auction", European Economic Review, 49, Crawford and Nagore Iriberri (2007), “Level-k Auctions: Can a Non-Equilibrium Model of Strategic Thinking Explain the Winner's Curse and Overbidding in Private-Value Auctions?,” Econometrica 75(6), 1721–1770. Goeree and Holt (2007), “Hierarchical Package Bidding: A Paper & Pencil Combinatorial Auction”, Games and Economic Behavior, forthcoming.

55 腐败实验 Abbink, K. Staff rotation as an anti-corruption policy: An experimental study[J]. European Journal of Political Economy, 2004, 20:887–906. Abbink, K. Fair salaries and the moral costs of corruption[M]. In B. N. Kokinov (Ed.), Advances in Cognitive Economics, Sofia: NBU Press, 2005, 2-7. Abbink, K. and Serra, D. Anticorruption policies: Lessons from the lab[J]. Research in Experimental Economics, 2012, 15: Abbink, K., Irlenbusch, B. and Renner, E. An experimental bribery game[J]. Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, 2002, 18(2): Armantier, O. and Boly, A. On the external validity of corruption experiments[M]. In D. Serra & L. Wantchekon (Eds.), New advances in experimental research on corruption (Vol. 15). Research in Experimental Economics. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing, 2012. Armantier, O. and A. Boly. Can corruption be studied in the lab? [OL]. Working paper, University of Montreal, 2011. Barr, A., Lindelow, M. and Serneels, P. Corruption in public service delivery: An experimental analysis[J]. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2009, 72:225–239. Becker, G.S. and G.J., Stigler. Law enforcement, malfeasance, and compensation of enforcers[J]. Journal of Legal Studies, 1974, 3:1-18. Berninghaus, S., Haller S., Kruger, T., Neumann, T., Schosser, S., and B. Vogt. Risk attitude, beliefs, and information in a corruption game – An experimental analysis[J]. Journal of Economic Psychology, 2013, 34: 46–60. Drugov, M., Hamman, J. and Serra, D. Intermediaries in corruption: An experiment[J]. Experimental Economics, 2014, 17(1):78-99. Olken, B. Monitoring Corruption: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Indonesia[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 2007, 115(2): Schickora, J. T. Bringing the four-eye-principle to the lab[OL]. Discussion Paper No Department of Economics, University of Munich, 2011. Serra, D. Combining top-down and bottom-up accountability: evidence from a bribery experiment[J]. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 2012, 28(3):  

56 资本市场实验（行为金融） Vernon L. Smith, G. Suchanek, & Arlington Williams,(1988), “Bubbles, Crashes and Endogenous Expectations in Experimental Spot Asset Markets”, Econometrica 56, pgs Shlomo Benartzi and Richard H. Thaler (1995), “Myopic Loss Aversion and the Equity Premium Puzzle,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110, 73–92. 9 Uri Gneezy, Arie Kapteyn and Jan Potters (2003), “Evaluation periods and asset prices in a market experiment,” Journal of Finance, LVIII, 821–837. Peter Bossaerts and Charles Plott (2004), “Basic Principles of Asset Pricing Theory: Evidence from Large-Scale Experimental Financial Markets,” Review of Finance, 8, 135–169. Michael Haigh and John List (2005), “Do Professional Traders Exhibit Myopic Loss Aversion? An Experimental Analysis,” Journal of Finance, LX, 523–534. Bossaerts, Plott and Zame (2007), “Prices and Portfolio Choices in Financial Markets: Theory, Econometrics, Experiments,” Econometrica, 75 (4), 993–1038. Snowberg, Wolfers and Zitzewitz (2007), “Partisan Impacts on the Economy: Evidence from Prediction Markets and Close Elections,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122(2), Hussam, Porter and Smith (2008), “Thar' She Blows: Rekindling Bubbles with Experienced Subjects,” American Economic Review, 98(3), Noussair, Charles, Richter, Gregers, and Tyran, Jean-Robert (2008): “Money Illusion and Nominal Inertia in Experimental Asset Markets”, working paper, Tilburg University. Plott, Charles and Noussair, Charles: “Bubbles in Asset Markets: Common Knowledge Failure or Confusion?” In: Handbook of Experimental Economic Results, C. Plott and V. Smith, eds., forthcoming.

57 田野实验 Harrison, Glenn W., Morten Igel Lau, E. Elisabet Rutström and Melonie B. Williams, 2002, “Estimating Individual Discount Rates in Denmark: A Field Experiment,” American Economic Review 92:5 (December), Harrison, Glenn W. and John A. List, 2004, "Field Experiments," Journal of Economic Literature, 42(4), pp Carpenter, Jeffrey, Glenn Harrison, and John List, 2005 ” Field Experiments in Economics: An Introduction,” In: J. Carpenter, G. W. Harrison & J. A. List (Eds), Field Experiments in Economics. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, Research in Experimental Economics,Vol. 10: 1-15. Harrison, Glenn W., 2005, ” Field Experiments and Control,” In: J. Carpenter, G. W. Harrison & J. A. List (Eds), Field Experiments in Economics. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, Research in Experimental Economics,Vol. 10: Benz, Matthias, and Stephan Meier, 2006, “Do People Behave in Experiments as in Real Life? Evidence from Donations,” Institute for Empirical Research in Economics, University of Zurich, Working Paper 248. List, John A, 2006, "Field Experiments: A Bridge between Lab and Naturally Occurring Data," The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 6(2 - Advances), Article 8. Levitt, Steven D. and List, John A., 2007, “What Do Laboratory Experiments Measuring Social Preferences Reveal About the Real World?” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 21(2), List, John A. and David Reiley, 2008, "Field Experiments," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, Steven N. Durlauf and Lawrence E. Blume, eds., Palgrave Macmillan Publishing, List, John A. and Michael K. Price, 2009, "The Role of Social Connections in Charitable Fundraising: Evidence from A Natural Field Experiment," Journal of Economic Behavior andOrganization, 69(2), pp Levitt, Steven D. and John A. List, 2009,“Field Experiments in Economics: the Past, the Present, and the Future," European Economic Review, 53(1), pp Levitt, Steven D., John A. List, and David Reiley, 2010, “What Happens in the Field Stays in the Field: Professionals Do Not Play Minimax in Laboratory Experiments,” Econometrica, 78(4), pp

58 实验经济学文献资源 伍

59 书籍和教材部分

60 | 关于实验经济学参考书目| Davis, Douglas D. and Charles A. Holt, Experimental Economics, Princeton University Press, 中译本由中国人民大学出版社即将出版。 A. E. Roth and J. H. Kagel, The Handbook of Experimental Economics, Princeton University Press, 1995. 弗里德曼，《实验方法：经济学家入门基础》，中国人民大学出版社，2011年。 凯莫勒，《行为博弈：对策略互动的实验研究》，中国人民大学出版社，2006年。 汪丁丁 《行为经济学讲义：演化论的视角》，上海人民出版社，2011年。

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63

64 最新教材

65 译者 贺京同，南开大学经济学院经济研究所教授，西方经济学专业博士生导师 那艺，南开大学经济学院经济研究所讲师

66 最新推荐

67 https://ideas.repec.org/top/top.exp.html#authors
实验经济学的各色牛逼人物

68 关于行为经济学和实验经济学的关系 研究对象和研究方法

69 文献部分 著作和教材是入门 文献才是专业研究素材

70 文献部分 文献国内部分

71 国内相关期刊对实验研究论文的价值取向（文章统计见第四讲）
中国社会科学：2012年改版月刊，将加大对基础理论研究的支持力度，注重扶持跨学科和新兴学科研究，进一步凸显新问题、新方法、新观点，促进学科体系、学术方法和学术观点创新 经济研究：目前发表实验相关文章数量最多的期刊 管理世界：投稿须知第3条：我们欢迎任何形式的研究方法，包括定性与定量研究方法，但所有的研究方法都须遵循严谨的学术规范。如果是实验研究，我们一般不接受以本科生做为实验对象的研究，除非该实验样本相对于其研究问题是合适的。 经济学季刊 世界经济：欢迎新兴学科和新兴研究方法的研究论文

72 2005年至2012年国内三大期刊目前已发表的相关实验经济学论文（在参考 西南财大凌晨等老师统计基础上补充修改）
高鸿桢、林嘉永， 2005，《信息不对称资本市场的实验研究》，《经济研究》第2期 黄涛，2005：《拍卖投标中的卖方干扰策略分析》，《经济研究》第7期 林树、俞乔、汤震宇、周建，2006：《投资者“热手效应”与“赌徒谬误”的心理实验研究》，《经济研究》 第8期 周黎安、张维迎、顾全林，2006：《信誉的价值:以网上拍卖交易为例 》，《经济研究》第12期 朱宪辰、李妍绮、曾华翔，2008，不完美信息下序贯决策行为的一项实验考察——关于羊群行为的贝叶斯模型实验检验，《经济研究》第6期 周业安、宋紫峰，2008：《公共品的自愿供给机制: 一项实验研究》，《经济研究》第7期 陈叶烽，2009：《亲社会性行为及其社会偏好的分解》，《经济研究》第12期 林树、俞乔，2010：《有限理性、动物精神及市场崩溃:对情绪波动与交易行为的实验研究》，《经济研究》第8期 陈叶烽、周业安、宋紫峰，2011：《人们关注的是分配动机还是分配结果——最后通牒实验视角下两种公平观的考察》，《经济研究》第6期 周业安、宋紫峰，2011：《社会偏好、信息结构和合同选择——多代理人的委托代理实验研究》，《经济研究》第11期

73 2005年至2012年国内三大期刊目前已发表的相关实验经济学论文（在参考 西南财大凌晨等老师统计基础上补充修改）
伍利娜、陆正飞，2005：《企业投资行为与融资结构的关系——基于一项实验研究的发现》，《管理世界》第4期 攀登、施东晖、宋铮，2008：《证券市场泡沫的生成机理分析——基于宝钢权证自然实验的实证研究》，《管理世界》第4期 万迪昉、罗小黔、杨再惠、张学林，2008：《不同决策权配置对组织行为模式演进影响的实验研究》，《管理世界》第11期 金立印，2009：《企业声誉、行业普及率与服务保证有效性——消费者响应视角的实验研究》，《管理世界》第7期 陈叶烽、叶航、汪丁丁，2010：《信任水平的测度及其对合作的影响——来自一组实验微观数据的证据》，《管理世界》第4期 周业安，左聪颖，陈叶烽，连洪泉，叶航，2012，《具有社会偏好个体的风险厌恶的实验研究》，《管理世界》第6期 龚强，2009：《消费者谈判能力与厂商标价策略——模型及基于实验经济学的检验》，《经济学季刊》第4期 李晓义、李建标，2009：《不完备市场的多层次治理——基于比较制度实验的研究》，《经济学季刊》第4期 李晓义、李维安、 李建标、郑巴音，2010：《首位晋升与末位淘汰机制的实验比较》，《经济学季刊》第4期

74 文献国外部分（见上述研究主题相关文献） 浩如烟海 汗牛充栋

75 顺道：在国内进行实验研究的优劣点分析 1.有关中国样本的实验研究（外文） 2.研究分两大类：地上走的和天上飞的
3.我们属于非主流的虚无缥缈派：投入多代价大产出少，因为汪老师不太喜欢应用性很强的题目

76 1.有关中国样本的实验研究

77 1.有关中国样本的实验研究续2

78 1.有关中国样本的实验研究续3

79 1.有关中国样本的实验研究续4

80 1.有关中国样本的实验研究续5

81 1.有关中国样本的实验研究续6

82 1.有关中国样本的实验研究续7

83 2.劣势 实验经费问题：申请各种课题较为困难 实验硬件问题：实验室的建设
研究团队问题：实验研究一个人很难做或者单枪匹马会很累，往往需要团队配合，而团队是很难建立的，因为做实验的人还比较少

84 3.优势 尚处于起步阶段，相对学术竞争不是很激烈 中国特色的主题可以近水楼台

85 教学设想与规划 陆 实验经济学课程

86 由于该课程时间有限，只能尽可能传达充足的实验经济学相关内容的信息量，激发大家对实验经济学的研究兴趣，并对操作实验研究有一个初步的了解。
本课程宗旨 由于该课程时间有限，只能尽可能传达充足的实验经济学相关内容的信息量，激发大家对实验经济学的研究兴趣，并对操作实验研究有一个初步的了解。

87 一、实验经济学的国内外教学尚处探索阶段，并无一个成熟的标准化教学体系，欢迎大家随时提出意见和要求，必要时我会根据大家需要调整教学内容
| 几点声明 | 一、实验经济学的国内外教学尚处探索阶段，并无一个成熟的标准化教学体系，欢迎大家随时提出意见和要求，必要时我会根据大家需要调整教学内容 二、我会誓死捍卫您不来上课的权力，但是一旦要来上课则请切勿迟到以保证别的同学准时开始实验 三、有问题可以随时和我联系交流，我的QQ ，短号622234，欢迎加微信。 四、享受者和付出者有不同的要求，比如对布置的作业，PPT中的经典文献阅读等等

88 | 三个阶段的内容 |之一 第一阶段为实验经济学导论性质的概括性内容介绍，并主要让学生以被试身份连续参加三个不同内容的实验，使得大家对实验经济学研究有一个亲身的体验及初步的印象

89 | 三个阶段的内容 |之二 第二阶段重点讨论实验的具体设计和详细操作，主要讲授实验设计的基本原则，常用方法和使用技巧，实验软件Ztree的使用和初步编程，一个实验研究的完整操作步骤和流程，实验数据处理和分析方法等；通过该部分内容讲座，使听课学生能初步掌握实验方法这一门技术性工具

90 | 三个阶段的内容 |之三 第三部分按照实验经济学前沿领域中不同的研究主题分为几个专题依次讲解国际一流实验经济学文献的具体内容；通过讲解文献中具体的实验设计和数据分析过程，我们将剖析国际一流实验经济学研究论文的具体内容，从而培养和引导学生自己参与实验研究以及撰写实验论文的兴趣和动力。

91 关于课程考核和成绩 平时成绩(10%)+实验报告(10%)+Presentation+课程论文(80%)
课程论文的类型和写作：1综述（某一研究领域的综述，某一研究方法的综述等等） 2数据整理和挖掘论文 3.标准实验研究论文

92 彩蛋：学术心态问题漫谈 苦逼 悲催 做学术搞研究压力到底有多大？足可以把一个原本苗条的身材变形到惨无人睹，比如讲台上的这位
献身科学，探求人类未知世界的规律，把所有世俗的考核和要求当做顺手牵羊——2012浙江大学新教师始业教育培训校领导的话 因为适度地工作而得以持久地工作的人，不仅能够最长久地保持健康，而且能够在有生之年完成最多的作品。——亚当 斯密《国富论》1776 你可以不信仰别的，但必须忠实的信仰于每天坚持一个小时的锻炼——来自人大经济论坛网友的话

93 Office Time:16:00-17:00 at 510-2（Wed.）
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