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顽固性高血压的诊治 Resistant hypertension diagnostic
and treatment recommendations 河南省人民医院高血压科 赵海鹰
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特 点 一 涉及面广 二 定义及诊治程序不规范 三 参考资料少 四 预后差
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七个流程 理清思路
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第一步 (Step one)定义是否准确
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第二步( Step Two) 排除假性难治性高血压
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排除假性难治性高血压 Exclude Pseudoresistance
依从性:40%中断治疗(新诊断的第1年) <40%继续治疗(以后5-10年) 16% 白大衣效应:在难治性高血压中更常见约20%--30% 诊所血压高于140/90mmHg,至少3次 24小时平均血压或白昼血压在正常范围 白昼ABPM< 135/85mmHg 24hABPM < 130/80mmHg 数次家庭白天自测血压平均值小于135/85mmHg 隐匿性高血压定义:部分高血压患者在诊室内测量血压正常,而在诊室外血压高于正常(≥140/90mmHg)的现象。 诊断标准: 诊室血压正常(<140/90mmHg), ABPM高(日间血压≥135/85mmHg, 24小时平均血压≥130/80mmHg)
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血压测量不准确
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第三步( Step Three) 鉴别和逆转生活方式
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肥胖 Franminghanm研究60-70%的高血压病人有肥胖,并随年龄增加。 在高血压肥胖病人中75%不限盐饮食,当体重减轻10kg血压达正常。 肥胖高血压病人减肥比限盐更重要
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obesity is a common feature of patients with resistant hypertension.
Mechanisms of obesity-induced hypertension are complex and not fully elucidated but include impaired sodium excretion, increased sympathetic nervous system activity, and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
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体力活动与血压 1983年美国哈佛大学男性校友随访6-8年 的结果表明,体力活动指数及是否参加 剧烈运动项目(跑步、游泳、手球、网
球、平地滑雪等)与高血压发病率呈副 相关。每周参加运动项目的时数越多, 发生高血压的危险就越低。
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Dietary Approaches Stop Hypertension 饮食控制终止高血压
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute 得到过最仔细研究并得到公认的健康膳食模式 NIH Publication No Originally Printed 1998 Revised April 2006 13
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高盐 高胆固醇 高脂肪 低钾 低钙 低镁 低膳食纤维 低优质蛋白 高血压
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第四步( Step Four) 终止或最小化升高血压的药物
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甘草长期服用可引起血压升高机制明确
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第五步 Step Five(筛查继发性高血压)
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OSAS与高血压关系 国外流行病学研究表明,OSAS与高血压具有很强的相关性 至少30%的高血压患者合并OSAS
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原醛的筛查 一 筛查的必要性 二 疑惑 三 筛查步骤
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原醛患病率高
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原醛筛查必要性 患病率高 临床症状不典型预后差(but also because PA patients have higher cardiovascular morbidity and mortality than age- and sex-matched patients with essential hypertension and the same degree of blood pressure elevation ) 可治疗性或可治愈性疾病
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原醛的疑惑 一 血压并不顽固 二 血钾不低 三 肾素不低 四 醛固酮不高 五 影像学与临床不符 六 手术后血压仍然高
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How frequent is hypokalemia in PA?
In recent studies, only a minority of patients with PA (9–37%) had hypokalemia . Thus, normokalemic hypertension constitutes the most common presentation of the disease, with hypokalemia probably present in only the more severe cases. Half the patients with an APA and 17% of those with idiopathic hyperaldosteronism (IHA) had serum potassium concentrations less than 3.5 mmol/liter. Thus, the presence of hypokalemia has low sensitivity and specificity and a low positive predictive value for the diagnosis of PA. Case Detection, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Patients with Primary Aldosteronism: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline
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醛固酮可以不升高 Of 555 patients diagnosed with PAL at GHHU between 1993 and 1999, 414 (75%) had upright plasma aldosterone levels 30 ng/100 mL and 143 (26%) had levels 15 ng/100 mL. The Endocrinologist 2004;14: 267–276The Aldosterone–Renin Ratio in Screening for Primary Aldosteronism Michael Stowasser, FRACP, PhD*† and Richard D . Gordon, FRACP, PhD, MD†
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影响肾素因素较多 低盐饮食 降压药物的影响 血钾水平 钠的摄入量 年龄 肾功能情况 肾血管性高血压
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ARR比值 是筛查原发性醛固酮增多症的第一步(严格控制药物及其他条件) 欧洲高血压指南2003版ARR>50建议继续筛查
(肾素单位:ng/ml小时 , ALD pg/ml)
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在筛查继发性高血压中肾上腺功能比形态更重要
肾上腺囊肿
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04年CT 2011年CT 原发性醛固酮增多症
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手术效果差与术前未确 定性质直接相关
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肾动脉狭窄 在高血压科住院患者中继发性高血压病因第一位 老年患者动脉粥样硬化为主 青年病因大动脉炎为主 儿童病因大动脉炎为主
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肾动脉狭窄临床诊断方法 DSA 磁共振 放射性核素 血管三维成像技术 超声检查 漏诊率高 假阳性率高 假阳性率高、且不能清楚的显
示狭窄的部位和程度 DSA 可清楚的显示狭窄的程度和部位,但费用高不 能普及 阳性率高,与DSA符合率98% 以上(分支和肾内狭窄显示不 清),费用适中。 血管三维成像技术
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嗜铬细胞瘤 The best screening test for pheochromocytoma is plasma free metanephrines (normetanephrine and metanephrine), which carries a 99% sensitivity and an 89% specificity. Lenders JW, Eisenhofer G, Mannelli M, Pacak K. Phaeochromocytoma.Lancet. 2005;366:665– 675
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Right cerebellar cerebral hemorrhage
plasma MN:39.76(0~90 pg/ml) plasma NMN: (0~200 pg/ml) neck paraganglioma, Right cerebellar cerebral hemorrhage
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骶骨嗜铬细胞瘤
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神经精神因素 焦虑与抑郁可导致血压不易控制 发作性高血压已经引起高血压学界的关注
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血压发作性升高 一 首先排除嗜铬细胞瘤(2%,虽然占发作性 比例并不高) 二 敏感性和特异性均高的方法是血浆FMN、FNMN测定
一 首先排除嗜铬细胞瘤(2%,虽然占发作性 比例并不高) 二 敏感性和特异性均高的方法是血浆FMN、FNMN测定 三 一定做ABPM 四 应建立发作性高血压概念 五 应重视这一特殊类型高血压 六 发病机制需要探讨
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肾上腺、肾动脉、肾脏 薄层CT扫描 继发性检查 血浆肾素活性、醛固酮浓度测定 血浆游离3甲氧基肾上腺素 及3甲氧基去甲肾上腺素测定
血常规、尿常规 血电解质(血钾、钠、氯、钙) 各种激素的检测
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第六步( Step Six)药物疗法
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利尿剂的使用 investigators at Mayo Clinic found that patients referred for resistant hypertension often had occult volume expansion underlying their treatment resistance Mayo Clinic 通过测定心输出量、血容量及血管阻力发现顽固性高血压患者常有血容量增加。通过增加利尿剂的剂量改善血压的控制。 Resistant hypertension: comparing hemodynamic management to specialist care. Hypertension. 2002;39: 982–988.
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增加利尿剂的剂量或据肾功能改变利尿剂的类型
In patients with underlying CKD (creatinine clearance 30 mL/min), loop diuretics may be necessary for effective volume and blood pressure control.
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两种药物的联合 The combinations that included a thiazide diuretic were consistently more effective than combinations that did not include the diuretic. 有利尿剂的两种药物的联合相关总是好于无利尿剂的联合 Results of combination anti-hypertensive Therapy after failure of each of the components J Hum Hypertens. 1995;9:791–796.
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三种药物的联合 must be tailored on an individual basis taking into consideration prior benefit, history of adverse events, contributing factors, including concomitant disease processes such as CKD or diabetes, patient financial limitations. 三种药物的联合需要量体裁衣,据患者先前的获益情况、用药的服用用情况、影响的因素、包括伴随的疾病如糖尿病、CKD、以及病人的经济状况。
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三种药物的联合 a triple drug regimen of an ACE inhibitor or ARB,
calcium channel blocker, and a thiazide diuretic is effective and generally well tolerated. ACEI或ARB加CCB加噻嗪类利尿剂是公认的联合
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第七步 (Step Seven)
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有回顾性研究资料显示: 顽固性高血压转至高血压专科随访一年血压下降18/9mmHg,血压控制率由18%提高至52%
In a retrospective evaluation of patients referred to a university hypertension clinic for resistant hypertension, blood pressure had declined by 18/9 mm Hg at 1-year follow-up, and control rates had increased from 18% to 52%. Mansoor GA. Blood pressure control in the hypertension clinic. Am J Hypertens. 2003;16:878–880.
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In a separate retrospective analysis, hypertension specialists at the Rush University Hypertension Center were able to control blood pressure to 140/90 mm Hg in 53% of patients referred for resistant hypertension 在一项个别回顾性分析中RUSH大学高血压中心顽固性高血压控制率达到53%。
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谢 谢
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