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心肾联合损害诊治中面临的一些问题 解放军总医院 南楼心血管二科 骆雷鸣
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心肾间相互作用 心肾相互作用 生理—协调、互补 病因—共享、融合 发病—共存,互为因 果,损害效应 叠加、放 大 治疗—兼顾,避免对
任何一方的损 害,特殊性
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顽固性水钠潴留、利尿剂耐受、全身水肿、细胞水肿、低血压、EPO抵抗、贫血
心肾联合损害进程与心肾综合征 协调、互补 病因共享,早期损害,独立共存,相互代偿 互为因果,损害叠加、放大效应 心肾功能衰竭 严重心肾综合征 循环动力学,血管生物学,神经内分泌 HTN, DM, Lipidemia, atherosclerosis, aging RAS活化、SNA活化,内皮系统、氧化/抗氧化系统紊乱 顽固性水钠潴留、利尿剂耐受、全身水肿、细胞水肿、低血压、EPO抵抗、贫血 心腔扩大,功能减退-衰竭 体积缩小,功能减退-衰竭
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( The cardiorenal syndrome, CRS )
心肾综合征 ( The cardiorenal syndrome, CRS ) “Cardiorenal Syndrome” 的概念指心脏和肾脏衰竭共存一组综合征,此时,机体出现利尿剂抵抗,伴有容量负荷过重。 Cleve Clin J of Med 2006, 73 (5):485-91
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( The cardiorenal syndrome, CRS’s Presentation )
心肾综合征 ( The cardiorenal syndrome, CRS’s Presentation ) CRS 表现为顽固性(进展期)心衰+肾功能恶化: 顽固性水钠潴留--少尿,水肿 利尿剂抵抗或失效--少尿; 组织水肿 + 浆膜腔积液 + 细胞水肿(MCV增加)--严重水肿; 细胞膜功能改变--低钠血症?细胞内钠蓄积?-少尿,水肿 EPO 生物活性下降—EPO 抵抗,贫血 最终表现为心功能恶化、肾功能恶化 Crit Care Med.2008, 36(1 Suppl):S75-88.
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心肾综合征 心肾综合征的定义尚不统一,但可以把心肾综合征看作是一种进展性心肾功能调节紊乱的状态(a state of advanced cardiorenal dysregulation ),出现以下三种特征性表现中的一个或更多: 心衰伴随同时存在的显著的肾脏疾病(心肾衰竭); 急性失代偿心衰(ADHF)治疗过程中出现的肾功能恶化(worsening renal function,WRF); 利尿剂抵抗(diuretic resistance,DR)
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内容 肾功能评价方法及 CKD 诊断用语的应用 CKD 的自然进程与心血管事件 心力衰竭与肾功能恶化
心肾综合征时的贫血与 EPO、铁剂的应用 利尿剂与肾功能及预后的关系 利尿剂抵抗与顽固性水钠潴留 重组人 B 型利钠肽的应用及价值 血液滤过技术在心衰治疗中的应用
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肾功能评价方法 血肌酐水平; 肌酐清除率( CICl 的尿血肌酐比); 肌酐清除率( CICl 的 CG-formula);
估算的肾小球滤过率( eGFR 简化 MDRD formula ) 中国人估算的肾小球滤过率( eGFR-Chinese 简化 MDRD formula ) 新的估算的肾小球滤过率( eGFR 的 EPI formula ) 中华肾脏病杂志 (22): Ann Intern Med. 2009;150:
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肾功能评价方法 Cockcroft-Gault 方程:CrCL=[(140-年龄)×(体重)×(0.85女性)]/[72× Scr(mg/dl)] 标准简化 MDRD 方程:GFR=186 × (Scr) × [年龄] ×(0.742 女性)Scr(mg/dL) 改良Chinese MDRD方程:GFR=186×(Scr) × [年龄] ×(0.742女性)Scr(mg/dL)[中国人×1.233] 新估算肾小球滤过率的EPI方程:GFR = a × (Scr /b) c × (0.993) age a : Black F = 166, M = 163; White/other F = 144, M = 141 b: F = 0.7, M = 0.9 c: F Scr ≤ 0.7 mg/dL = , Scr > 0.7 mg/dL = ; M Scr ≤ 0.9 mg/dL = , Scr > 0.9 mg/dL =
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CHF 时以血肌酐水平分层的 CRI 漏诊率高
CRI 漏诊与 SCr 的关系 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 >2.1 SCr (mg/ml, 1mg=88.6uml/L ) CRI 漏诊百分比 ( %) Amsalem, Y. et al. Eur Heart J :
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不同评价方法的比较( CICl 的 CG-formula )
年龄和体重的影响 Age (years):79 Weight (kg):80 Height (cm):170 Plasma creatinine:1.2( mmol/L) Gender: Male eGFR: ml/sec Age (years):79 Weight (kg):60 Height (cm):170 Plasma creatinine:1.2(106 mmol/L) Gender: Male eGFR: ml/sec
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不同评价方法的比较( CICl 的 CG-formula )
年龄和体重的影响 Age (years):59 Weight (kg):60 Height (cm):170 Plasma creatinine:1.2(106 mmol/L) Gender: Male eGFR: ml/sec Age (years):89 Weight (kg):60 Height (cm):170 Plasma creatinine:1.2(106 mmol/L) Gender: Male eGFR: ml/sec
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不同评价方法的比较( eGFR 的 MDRD vs EPI)
不同方法的影响 MDRD EPI Age (years):79 Plasma creatinine:1.2(106 mmol/L) Gender: Male eGFR: ml/sec/1.73M2 Mild reduction in GFR CKD:STAGE 2 Age (years):79 Plasma creatinine:1.2(106 mmol/L) Gender: Male eGFR: ml/sec/1.73M2 Moderately reduced GFR CKD:STAGE 3
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早期肾损害的重要标志-- MAU Years Dx 2 5 10 20 30 Clinical type 2 diabetes
Functional changes Proteinuria Structural changes Rising serum creatinine Incipient nephropathy Cardiovascular death End-stage renal failure • GFR GFR Essential Hypertension eGFR decress
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MAU 预测心血管事件发病率和死亡率的价值
Microalbuminuria 10 8 6 4 2 10.02 Smoking Hypertension Odds Ratio 6.52 Cholesterol 2.32 3.20 Eastman RC, Keen H. Lancet 1997;350(suppl 1):29-32.
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CKD 诊断用语的应用 即使在发达国家,CKD 作为诊断用语的比例 <15%;
我国未使用 CKD 作为诊断用语,HTN、CHF 合并蛋白尿,特别是 MAU,得不到诊断; 老年人以 Scr 评价肾功能,致使大量早、中期 CRI 漏诊; 早、中期肾损害时,到肾科以外科室就诊(心科、内分泌科),遗漏诊断,晚期肾科就诊
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Kidney damage and Normal or GFR
CKD 自然进程与临床关注 Practice Model for Detection, Evaluation and Management in CKD At increased risk Kidney damage and Normal or GFR Kidney damage and Mild GFR Moderate GFR Severe GFR Kidney failure Stage Stage Stage Stage Stage 5 GFR MAU, AIB, preoteinuria, or hematuria or .. Primary care or physician or other medicare Kidney Specialist Other health care providers
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美国肾脏基金会(NKF)对 CKD 的定义 pathologic abnormalities
Structural or functional abnormalities of the kidneys for >3 months, as manifested by either: 1. Kidney damage, with or without decreased GFR, as defined by pathologic abnormalities markers of kidney damage, including abnormalities in the composition of the blood or urine or abnormalities in imaging tests 2. GFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2, with or without kidney damage
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Kidney damage with normal or GFR
美国肾脏基金会(NKF)对 CKD 分期的定义 Stage Description GFR (mL/min/1.73m2) 1 Kidney damage with normal or GFR > 90 2 Mild GFR 60-89 3 Moderate GFR 30-59 4 Severe GFR 15-29 5 Kidney Failure < 15 or dialysis NKF-K/DOQI 2002
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内容 肾功能评价方法及 CKD 诊断用语的应用 CKD 的自然进程与心血管事件 心力衰竭与肾功能恶化
心肾综合征时的贫血与 EPO、铁剂的应用 利尿剂与肾功能及预后的关系 利尿剂抵抗与顽固性水钠潴留 重组人 B 型利钠肽的应用及价值 血液滤过技术在心衰治疗中的应用
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The Rate of CVEs Increases with Kidney Disease Severity
CKD 患者心血管危险显著增加 The Rate of CVEs Increases with Kidney Disease Severity N Engl J Med. 2004;351(13):
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CKD 患者住院、心血管事件和死亡分析 1,120,295 Ambulatory Adults Death CV Events
Hospitalization 144.61 14.14 15 40 36.60 150 14 140 13 35 130 12 11.36 120 11 30 110 10 100 86.75 25 21.80 9 90 Rate of Death From Any Cause (per 100 person-years) 8 Events (per 100 person-years) Rate of Cardiovascular Rate of Hospitalization (per 100 person-years) 80 20 7 70 6 4.76 60 15 11.29 45.26 5 50 4 10 40 3 3.65 30 17.22 13.54 2 0.76 1.08 5 2.11 20 1 10 60 45-59 30-44 15-29 <15 60 45-59 30-44 15-29 <15 60 45-59 30-44 15-29 <15 Estimated GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) Estimated GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) Estimated GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) No. of Events , , 73,108 34,690 18, 366, ,543 49,177 20,581 11,593 Go et al. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:
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Cockcroft-Gault equation
CKD 时 心肌梗死风险增加 Rotterdam Study (MI) Cockcroft-Gault equation Abbreviated MDRD Quartile Mean eGFR (mL/min/ 1.73 m2) Hazard ratio (95%CI) Mean GFR (mL/min/ 1.73 m2) 4 80.38 1.00 94.21 3 66.36 1.64 (1.03–2.59) 78.41 1.34 (0.89–2.01) 2 57.19 1.94 (1.21–3.10) 69.46 1.66 (1.14–2.49) 1 43.05 3.06 (1.80–5.19) 55.87 1.90 (1.25–2.90) Brugts J et al. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165:
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MI 后 GFR 轻度,心血管不良预后风险显著
GFR ≥75.0 mL/ min/1.73 m2 GFR mL/ min/1.73 m2 GFR mL/ min/1.73 m2 GFR <45.0mL/ min/1.73 m2 60 P<.001 50 40 Estimated Event Rate (%) 30 20 10 Death From CV Causes Reinfarction CHF Stroke Resus- citation Composite End Point Anavekar et al. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:
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CKD 合并 DM 死于 CVEs 风险>进展到 ESRD 风险
A6-287 Toto_Presentation 2017年3月15日星期三1时54分37秒 CKD 合并 DM 死于 CVEs 风险>进展到 ESRD 风险 5% Medicare sample, cohort, 2-year follow-up n=1,045,263 188,596 33,586 19,335 100 80 65.12 Event free 60 73.18 85.04 Patients (%) 90.53 ESRD 5.85 2.25 40 Death 0.31 This slide tells us that CKD patients are more likely to die than to survive to ESRD. So what are the implications? For the past 25 years we have focused on those patients surviving long enough to enter ESRD when there has been a larger population that perhaps we have not focused on. most due to CVD 0.07 20 29.04 24.57 14.65 9.40 DM- / CKD - DM+ /CKD - DM - /CKD + DM + /CKD + Status in the Entry Period Collins et al. Kidney Int. 2003;64(suppl 87):S24-S31. 25
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The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study
CKD 早中期心血管死亡风险>自然进展风险 The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study Annual Rate (%) of Progression to AlB, Elevated Cr and Death in 5000 Type 2 DM,Newly diagnosed, predominantly white, medically treated CV D E A T H 19% No albuminuria 1.4% 2.0% Microalbuminuria 2.8% 3.0% Macroalbuminuria Elevated serum creatinine 4.6% 2.3% Adler et al. Kidney Int. 2003;63:
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CHF 合并 CKD 心血管事件风险显著增加( 3 年)
50 GFR >75 40 GFR 60-75 CVE Rate (%) GFR 45-60 30 GFR <45 20 10 CHF + CKD Anavekar, et al. NEJM 351:1285, 2004
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Doubling of Creatinine End-Stage Renal Disease
CKD 的自然进程与转归 心血管事件和死亡是CKD 不同阶段的主要转归 Microalbuminuria Overt Proteinuria Doubling of Creatinine CV Events Death End-Stage Renal Disease
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早、中期 CKD死于心血管事件的概率,是其进展并死于终末肾阶段 的 5-10 倍
Foley RN, et al. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16:
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Traditional CVD Risk Factors CKD-Specific CVD Risk Factors
Older age Male gender White race Hypertension Elevated LDL Decreased HDL Diabetes mellitus Tobacco use Physical inactivity Menopause Psychosocial stress Family history of CVD CKD-Specific CVD Risk Factors Type of CKD Decreased GFR Proteinuria RAS activity ECF volume overload Abnormal serum calcium and phosphate Pronounced dyslipidemia Anemia Malnutrition Inflammation Infection Thrombogenic factors Elevated homocysteine Uremic toxins National Kidney Foundation (2006) ECF = extracellular fluid;
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内容 肾功能评价方法及 CKD 诊断用语的应用 CKD 的自然进程与心血管事件 心力衰竭与肾功能恶化
心肾综合征时的贫血与 EPO、铁剂的应用 利尿剂与肾功能及预后的关系 利尿剂抵抗与顽固性水钠潴留 重组人 B 型利钠肽的应用及价值 血液滤过技术在心衰治疗中的应用
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心力衰竭与肾功能恶化 急性失代偿心衰(ADHF):新发心衰的症状和体症(数小时-数天),或先前稳定性心衰的进程中出现症状和体症加重;
肾功能恶化( Worsening Renal Function,WRF):ADHF 治疗过程中,Scr >0.3 mg/dL 或 >25%; ADHF 时 WRF:ADHF 住院患者中,70% 以上将出现不同程度 Scr , 20-30% 升高 > 0.3 mg/dL, WRF 多发于住院早期阶段 Crit Care Med 2008; 36[Suppl.]:S75–S88)
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心力衰竭与肾功能恶化 WRF 与不良预后:1. 完全可逆?2. 阶梯进展?3. WRF 独立于基础 CRI 水平和其他参数的预测因子?4. WRF直接影响死亡率?或仅作为严重心脏/肾脏功能不全的标志?上述问题有待证实 WRF 与 两种类型 HF: 在舒张性心衰、收缩性心衰一样常见; ADHF 与 WRF : WRF 持续时间越长,损害越严重性,多发于ADHF早期;
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心力衰竭与肾功能恶化 WRF 的危险因素; 老人、CHF、CRI、DM、HTN 病史及病程长短相关,多发先前肾功能损害的患者中;
循环血容量不足(摄入不足,利尿过度),心排量和灌注压 肾血管AS 狭窄,平时代偿,诱因或创伤性检查、治疗时诱发; 药物影响肾内血液动力学平稳,过大量 RASI、NASID、对比剂、抗感染药物; 肾后性的梗阻,结石、血块;
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心力衰竭与肾功能恶化 WRF 的机制 WRF 发病机制的传统认识
ADHF 时,存在肾脏低灌注,低灌注受血容量不足影响,或受血容量增多但心排量降低的影响,即肾前性(prerenal state)因素 ; 新近观点认为,不能把 ADHF 时 WRF 简单归结为肾前性,完善发病机制,方能针对性治疗;
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心力衰竭与肾功能恶化 一方,WRF 多发 ADHF 早期,此时容量负荷过度,利尿积极强烈,血管外容量重新分配,过度利尿导致低充盈压;
另方,ADHF 时,通常使用血管扩张剂、利尿剂,充盈压多保持正常,且心排量并无显著降低;另外,只有当反映心排量的CI(cardiac index )降至1.5 L/m2以下时,才会出现肾血流下降; 简单将 WRF 归结于血管内容量绝对不足或相对不足的假设,存在缺陷,影响治疗策略
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心力衰竭与肾功能恶化 肾灌注压不仅依赖于动脉压,更取决于跨肾脏灌注压(transrenal perfusion pressure),即平均动脉压 - CVP; PHT、RVD、三尖瓣返流,都引起 RVP 压显著,降低肾灌注压; 单独 CVP 升高,即可影响肾血流动力学和水钠排泌; 心衰治疗从两个方面改善肾灌注,1. 增加肾灌注压; 2. 降低 CVP; 增加肾脏动--静脉压差,即增加跨肾灌注压; 控制 CVP 困难或无效时,诱发、加速 WRF 进程;
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Efferent arteriole dilates
DHP- CCB ACEI or ARB Efferent arteriole dilates BP BP Afferent arteriole dilates Ang II Ang II Intraglomerular pressure can remain elevated Intraglomerular pressure decreases
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Reduced perfusion – RAS-I & others
PGs ATII ACE-I / ATII RAs ↓ or stop Some factors, B-B S D P ↓
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内容 肾功能评价方法及 CKD 诊断用语的应用 CKD 的自然进程与心血管事件 心力衰竭与肾功能恶化
心肾综合征时的贫血与 EPO、铁剂的应用 利尿剂与肾功能及预后的关系 利尿剂抵抗与顽固性水钠潴留 重组人 B 型利钠肽的应用及价值
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CHF、CKD 、贫血 – 死亡三角 Anemia Tissue Hypoxia Cell death
↑ Renin, Angiotensin, Aldosterone ↓ Blood pressure LVH Cell death Myocardial fibrosis Cardiomyopathy Tissue Hypoxia Peripheral vasodilation ↑ Plasma volume ↑ Fluid retention ↑ Sympathetic activity ↓ Renal blood flow CHF Cytokines Hypoxia Kidney damage ↑Ventricular diameter Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2003, 18[Suppl 2]: ii7–ii12
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心肾综合征+贫血=心肾贫血综合征 心肾综合征,也称心肾贫血综合症,三者常常共同存在; 贫血是各种心血管病发病和死亡的强有力的独立预测因子;
CKD 伴随的贫血与肾脏分泌的 EPO 阶梯状下降和 EPO 抵抗有关,发病率 > 50% ; CHF 伴随贫血与包括 EPO 在内的多种因素有关,发病率 >20%; Am J Cardiol. 2008, 101:223–230
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CHF患者高 EPO 水平 (EPO 抵抗) 死亡率高
anaemia in patients with CHF European Heart Journal (2008) 29, 1510–1515
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CHF 时的 Hb 变化预测死亡危险 年死亡危险↑15.8% 血红蛋白每↓1.0 g/dl
Anand et al. Circulation 2004, 10:149-54
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CHF + CKD + Anemia 时死亡危险倍加
Risk of Death Over 2 Years in Patients with Diabetes, Anemia, CKD, and Congestive Heart Failure 7.3 8 6 4 3.7 2.9 Relative Risk 4 2 1.5 2 2 1 None CKD CHF Anemia Diabetes CKD/Anemia CHF/Anemia DM/CHF/CKD/Anemia Collins AJ. Adv Stud Med ;3:S194-S197.
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CHF + CKD + Anemia 时死亡危险倍加
Patient Group 2-Year Mortality (%) Control Anemia CKD CHF CKD, anemia CHF, anemia CHF, CKD CHF, CKD, anemia 7.7 16.6 16.4 26.1 27.3 34.6 38.4 45.6 Adv Stud Med. 2003;3(3C):S194-S197
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贫血 + CHF 时, EPO 改善心衰-症状 or 预后?
40 个临床研究的荟瘁分析 降低再住院率 改善 NYHA class 改善疲劳 改善热量摄入 改善生活质量(Scales) 改善运动耐力 改善肾功能 降低利尿剂用量 改善抑郁状态 改善中枢、阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停 增加睡眠时氧饱和度 改善睡眠质量 降低心率 增加最大运动时氧的利用效率 降低LVH 改善左室扩张 Eur J Heart Fail. 2008, 10(9):819-23; Seminars in Nephroligy. 2006, 26:286 Tang et al, Heart failure Reviews. 2008,13(4):425-30; Murphy et al. Heart failure Reviews. 2008,13(4):431-38
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贫血 + CHF 时, EPO 改善心衰-症状 or 预后?
40 个临床研究的荟瘁分析 改善 LVSF 患者的 LVEF 改善左室舒张功能 降低二尖瓣返流 增加红细胞质量 降低血浆容量 降低肺动脉压 降低CRP、IL6、TNF、BNP 增加数量EPC 、改善功能 Eur J Heart Fail. 2008, 10(9):819-23; Seminars in Nephroligy. 2006, 26:286 Tang et al, Heart failure Reviews. 2008,13(4):425-30; Murphy et al. Heart failure Reviews. 2008,13(4):431-38
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贫血 + CHF 时, EPO 改善心衰-症状 or 预后?
3 个多中心、随机、双盲、对照的 EPO-alfa 研究-1 症状性心衰 + 贫血 (N=319) ,LVEF< 40%, Hb g/d,l对照 (N=157); EPO-alfa(Darbepoetin,长效)(N=162), 每 2 周 1 次,连续 1 年 (Hb 目标值, 14.0±1.0 g/dL); 结果,临床收益: Hb 升高,运动时间、NYHA class、生活质量评分改善,心血管发病和死亡改善不显著; EPO (Darbepoetin alfa)耐受性好,有效升高 Hb. 出现降低心血管发病和死亡危险的趋势 疗程短,不足以反应事件发病和病死率的差别 Jalal K, et al. Circulation. 2008;117: ;
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贫血 + CHF 时, EPO 改善心衰-症状 or 预后?
3 个多中心、随机、双盲、对照的 darbepoetin alfa 研究-2 CHF 患者, LVEF< 40%, Hb g/dL EPO(darbepoetin alfa) (110 例) , placebo (55 例) 每 2 周 1 次,连续 26 周 Hb 目标值,14.0 ± 1.0 g/dL 结果:Hb升高,改善肾功能,改善生活质量(Scale),心血管事件发病和死亡危险无显著变化; 疗程短,对象少,不足以反应事件发病和病死率的差别 Eur heart J 2007, 28:
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贫血 + CHF 时, EPO 改善心衰-症状 or 预后?
3 个多中心、随机、双盲、对照的 darbepoetin alfa 研究-3 CHF + anemia (Hb g/dl) ,对照 (n = 22) , EPO(darbepoetin alfa) (n = 19) ,每 2 周 1次, 连续 26 周. 结果:仅反映生活质量的 Global Self Assessment Scales 改善 疗程短,对象少,不足以反应事件发病和病死率的差别 JACC 2007, 49:753-62
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EPO 在高危人群的前瞻研究-CHF, CKD, DM
贫血 + CVD 或等危症的 EPO 应用展望 EPO 在高危人群的前瞻研究-CHF, CKD, DM CKD 的 CVD 发病和死亡率高,贫血与 CKD、CHF不良预后相关; 纠正贫血改善心血管预后和生存的资料还不够完善,有待验证; 贫血是 CKD、DM 常见并发症,正在进行的 TREAT (Reduce CV Events with Aranesp Therapy ) 研究,将有望为 CKD、DM 贫血治疗提供依据; 贫血是 CHF 常见并发症,正在进行的 RED-HFTM (Reduction of Events with Darbepoetin alfa in HF ) 研究,有助于确定贫血治疗是否改善预后; NDT Plus (2009) 2 [Suppl 1]: i3–i8
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贫血 + 心衰时,铁剂有助于改善贫血吗? CHF 时单一铁剂可升高 Hb 研究 Fe mg 疗程 △Hb mg/dl △Hb mg/gFe
Bolger et al mos Toblli et al mos Okonko et al mos Usmanov et al mos Dracos et al mos JACC 2006, 48:1225; JACC 2007, 50:1657; JACC 2008, 51:103; J Nephrol 2008, 21:236-42; Eur Ht Fail Suppl 2008, 7:192
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贫血合并心衰时铁剂有助于改善贫血吗? 铁剂+ EPO 升高纠正贫血的效率
不用铁剂、口服铁剂、静脉每周一次铁剂注射,6 周时 Hb 升高程度有显著差别; EPO-Beta 单用,与 EPO-Beta + iv iron 相比,26 周时 Hb 升高的反应率分别为 99% 和 53 %; 加 IV iron 后,每周平均少用 EPO-Beta 约 10, 000 IU; EPO-Beta 单用或 EPO-Beta + IV iron 费用支出比较,后者每年每个患者节省 700 美金(2006 年价格) J clinical Oncol 2004, 22: ; Leukemia 2007, 21:627-32; J Clin Pharm Ther 2008, 33:365
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心肾疾病时应用肠外铁剂的利弊 -1 CHF、CRI 或两者联合时,肠外铁剂治疗增加,原因 : 铁剂 + EPO,提高促红效率,
铁剂 + EPO,降低 EPO 用量; 铁剂还具有纠正贫血外的效应; 肠外铁剂治疗带来的问题和潜在风险 过敏反应, 感染,潜在的氧化应激, 潜在的致炎作用,潜在的内皮功能紊乱; Medscape Nephrology > Chronic Kidney Disease Expert Column
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心肾疾病时应用肠外铁剂的利弊 -2 促红效应:降低 rHuEpo 剂量,增加升Hb 反应
大量资料,包括透析患者, rHuEpo + IV iron 减少 rHuEpo 用量,利于快速、理想纠正贫血; 对于心、肾损害各阶段患者,口服或静脉铁剂的疗效肯定,静脉铁剂更为优选; 促红外效应: 免疫功能改善;体力耐力增加;温度调节改善 , 认知能力增强,蛋白吸收增加. 可能还具有改善心衰、肾衰患者心血管预后的作用? Medscape Nephrology > Chronic Kidney Disease Expert Column
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心肾疾病时应用肠外铁剂的利弊 -3 治疗贫血时,即使单独应用 IV iron,也能升高 Hb, 并改善心、肾功能(小样本),但口服铁剂疗效不肯定; EPO + IV iron 联合, 改善 iron 缺乏导致的 EPO 抵抗,增加达标率,缩短达标时间,降低 EPO 剂量,减少开支和降低药物不良反应; 尽管 CRF 时 Hb 目标值是 12g/dl, 但对于 CHF 而言,尚无应用 EPO 纠正贫血的目标值定于 13g/dl 而带来不良后果的证据;
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心肾疾病时应用肠外铁剂的利弊 -4 关于静脉铁剂长期应用的疗效性和安全性评价,目前还缺乏证据;
在因铁缺乏的心肾疾病的贫血中,口服铁剂可作为一线药物; 口服铁剂失败后或受限,可应用静脉铁剂; 非葡聚糖铁(nondextran irons)降低致命性过敏风险,应预推荐; 败血症或未能控制的炎症时,或长期反复输血患者,铁剂应避免或慎用; Medscape Nephrology > Chronic Kidney Disease Expert Column
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CKD 、CHF 时纠正贫血 Hb 目标值 Hb 11 g/dL to 13 g/dL ↑Quality of Life
↑Physical Functioning ↓LVH ↓CHF ↓CVE ?Morbidity ?Mortality ↑Thrombosis (↑Plt activity, thrombin) ↑HTN (ET↑, ADMA↑) ↑Oxidative Stress (Fe) ? Mortality Hb 11 g/dL to 13 g/dL Tojo MK, etal, Hyertens Res 2004;27:79-84; Scalera F, J Am Soc Nephrol 2005;16:892-8.; Tobu M, et al, Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2004;10:225-32)
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内容 肾功能评价方法及 CKD 诊断用语的应用 CKD 的自然进程与心血管事件 心力衰竭与肾功能恶化
心肾综合征时的贫血与 EPO、铁剂的应用 利尿剂与肾功能及预后的关系 利尿剂抵抗与处理 重组人 B 型利钠肽的应用及价值 血液滤过技术在心衰治疗中的应用
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Cumulative Urine Output, 0–8 h (mL)
利尿剂治疗引起 GFR 显著下降 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 5 10 15 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Cumulative Urine Output, 0–8 h (mL) Placebo 80 mg IV Furosemide GFR (% change) N = 16 pts with NYHA III CHF Mean EF = 28% GFR was estimated using a 7-h creatinine clearance
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Length of Hospital Stay
肾功能不全与长期利尿剂治疗 SCr <2.0 SCr ≥2.0 P < .0001 Mortality (% Patients) Length of Hospital Stay (Days) 2.7 3.3 5.5 7.8 5.8 6.1 6.9 2 4 6 8 10 No Chronic Diuretic Tx Chronic Diuretic Tx Data from ADHERE; 46,599 patients with ADHF; > 260 participating hospitals ADHERE® National Registry Benchmark Report; 12/2004.
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KM Survival - Daily Diuretic Dose mg/kg
利尿剂应用与死亡率 PRAISE1 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% 1 2 3 Years KM Survival - Daily Diuretic Dose mg/kg 4 mg/kg 3-4 mg/kg 2-3 mg/kg 1-2 mg/kg 0.5-1 mg/kg <0.5 mg/kg p<0.0001 Levy et al Circ 2006
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1,354 Patients With Advanced Systolic Heart Failure
利尿剂剂量与生存率的关系 PRAISE1 1,354 Patients With Advanced Systolic Heart Failure Does this association reflect higher diuretic requirements in sicker patients? OR Do diuretics have an adverse effect on outcomes? P < Eshaghian S, et al. Am J Cardiol. 2006;97:
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利尿剂治疗 CHF 的缺点 可能激活神经内分泌-血管收缩系统; 利尿剂对慢性心衰中的作用是正面或中性的,但对于肾功能的影响还未能肯定;
引起电解质异常; 可以引起肾前性灌注不足,严重时诱发肾功能恶化(WRF); 发生利尿剂抵抗; 利尿剂对慢性心衰中的作用是正面或中性的,但对于肾功能的影响还未能肯定; 利尿剂与肾功能恶化和不良预后的关系:马?马车?
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内容 肾功能评价方法及 CKD 诊断用语的应用 CKD 的自然进程与心血管事件 心力衰竭与肾功能恶化
心肾综合征时的贫血与 EPO、铁剂的应用 利尿剂与肾功能及预后的关系 利尿剂抵抗与处理 重组人 B 型利钠肽的应用及价值 血液滤过技术在心衰治疗中的应用
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利尿剂抵抗 口服利尿剂治疗,反应钝化或无效; 对静脉应用襻利尿剂,反应钝化或无效; 延长利尿剂治疗时间、增加剂量时,疗效仍明显下降;
反映心肾联合损害-心肾综合征病情进展;
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利尿剂抵抗 利尿剂抵抗(Diuretic resistance ),即利尿剂利尿作用消失或显著下降,即使应用利尿剂仍存在持续性的充血和水肿,伴或不伴肾功能恶化(WRF) : 每天呋噻米>80 mg ; 需要持续性呋噻米静脉输入; 需要联合其他类型利尿剂, loop diuretic + thiazide + aldosterone antagonist); DR 和 WRF 常出现于潜在肾功能不全,当 DR、WRF与心肾衰竭三元组合时,危险性显著加大,此时典型表现为显著的容量负荷过重,顽固性水钠潴留;
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利尿剂抵抗机制 利尿剂,使到达远曲小管的钠浓度急剧升高,通过致密斑和入球动脉处的管球反馈(TGF),腺苷浓度增加,降低了GFR;
口服襻利尿剂,特别是呋噻米,CHF 时胃肠道低灌注、水肿,影响药物利用,ADHF 时静脉注射更有效; CKD + CHF,特别当 GFR<30 mL/min时,单用噻嗪利尿剂无效; 利尿剂,尤其是较大剂量应用后,可以诱发机体对水钠吸收的反弹;
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利尿剂抵抗机制 襻利尿剂,与血浆蛋白结合,以活性形式分泌到近曲小管中,阻断 Na/K/2C的l协同转运;低蛋白血症增加了襻利尿剂的分布异常,输送到肾脏局部的药物减少; 慢性长期利尿剂治疗,远曲小管内皮细胞肥厚,增加了钠再摄取 ,联合其他利尿剂可以改善; CRI 时,酸性物质增多,与利尿剂在近曲小管处竞争性分泌,加之 CHF 或 ADHF,肾血流降低,抑制小管对利尿剂的传输和分泌,导致利尿剂效应降低;
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利尿剂抵抗的处理 增大利尿剂剂量; 改口服为静脉,改弹丸式注射为持续性输入; 联合不同类型的利尿剂(噻嗪、醛固酮拮抗剂);
将一次性应用的利尿剂改为分次应用,总量不变; 纠正酸中毒;
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利尿剂抵抗的处理 利尿剂 + 白蛋白,增加利尿剂向肾脏的输送,增加利尿效应; 维持大循环压的基础上,降低入球动脉阻力;
特异性 A1 腺苷受体拮抗剂,阻断腺苷参与的管球异常反馈,增加水钠清除; 其他利尿性药物:rhBNP; 机械性替代治疗- CRRT;
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内容 肾功能评价方法及 CKD 诊断用语的应用 CKD 的自然进程与心血管事件 心力衰竭与肾功能恶化
心肾综合征时的贫血与 EPO、铁剂的应用 利尿剂与肾功能及预后的关系 利尿剂抵抗与处理 重组人 B 型利钠肽的应用及价值 血液滤过技术在心衰治疗中的应用
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rhBNP 不影响血浆 NT pro-BNP浓度
D R I S —COOH H P L G A Y T K M V Q C F H2N— 1 10 70 76 80 90 100 108 裂解 proBNP BNP N端-proBNP proBNP 裂解为 NT-proBNP 和 BNP pro-BNP (aa1 - aa108) BNP (aa77 - aa108) NT-proBNP (aa1 - aa76)
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心肾综合征的综合治疗--ANP、BNP 重组 BNP (Nesiritide-奈西立肽、心活素) 已经用于心肾综合征、顽固性 CHF 治疗;
重组 BNP 对 GFR、肾血流量、尿量和尿钠分泌等肾功能指标未产生不良影响; 重组 BNP 是否可以改善或提高心肾综合征的肾功能,有待明确; Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2006;15: Curr Med Res Opin. 2005;21: Circulation, 2004, 110:
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血流动力学效应—rhBNP(奈西立肽)vs 静脉硝酸酯
Time on Study Drug (Hours) 0.25 0.5 1 2 3 6 9 12 24 36 48 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 PCWP - Placebo PCWP - IV NTG PCWP - Nesiritide * Change from Baseline PCWP (mmHg) † * During 3-hour Placebo Period: Placebo, n = 62 IV NTG, n = 60 Nesiritide, n = 124 After 3-hour Period IV NTG, n = 92 Nesiritide, n = 154 † * * † * † * † Onset of nesiritide effects on pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) were rapid. PCWP decreased by approximately 3.5 mmHg within the first 15 minutes. Nesiritide was significantly better than placebo at every time point and also significantly better at nearly every time point compared to IV nitroglycerin at lowering PCWP. Notably, IV nitroglycerin was not better than placebo at any time point other than 2 hours, despite the fact that investigators were allowed to freely titrate it to optimize clinical effects. At 36 and 48 hours, many of the patients no longer had pulmonary catheters in place. Therefore, the power to detect differences between treatment groups was lower at these later time points (Young 2000, Colucci 2001). † † † End of Placebo-Controlled Period (primary endpoint) † p 0.05 vs. IV NTG * p 0.05 vs. Placebo 血管扩张剂治疗急性充血性心力衰竭试验--VMAC JAMA 2002; 287:
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不良反应– rhBNP(奈西立肽)vs 静脉硝酸酯
Most common adverse events through 24 hours at the recommended dose (VMAC trial) NATRECOR® n=273 IV nitroglycerin n=216 Symptomatic hypotension 4% 5% Asymptomatic hypotension 8% Ventricular tachycardia (VT) 3% Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia Headache 8%* 20% Abdominal pain 1%* Nausea 6% * p < 0.05, compared to nitroglycerin (Fisher Test) Reference: Publication Committee for the VMAC Investigators (Vasodilation in the Management of Acute CHF). Intravenous nesiritide vs nitroglycerin for the treatment of decompensated congestive heart failure: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;287:
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肾脏功能变化-- rhBNP (奈西立肽)vs 静脉硝酸酯
Nitroglycerin (n=216) Nesiritide Fixed Dose (n=211) All Nesiritide (n=273) Baseline Creatinine (mg/dL) Mean ± SD Range 1.6 ± 0.99 1.6 ± 1.12 1.6 ± 1.06 Change from Baseline (mg/dL) Day 02 Day 05 Day 14 Day 30 0.0 ± 0.31 0.0 ± 0.42 +0.2 ± 0.60 +0.1 ± 0.73 0.0 ± 0.43 +0.1 ± 0.53 +0.2 ± 0.89 +0.1 ± 0.70 0.0 ± 0.41 +0.1 ± 0.59 +0.2 ± 0.85 +0.1 ± 0.75 There were no significant differences (p < 0.05 [Fisher]) when either nesiritide group was compared to Nitroglycerin (All Treated Patients, as Randomized)
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rhBNP 对死亡和再住院的影响 FUSION I (ACC/AHA Stage D 心衰高危患者’)
终点—死亡和再住院 P=0.03 P=0.23 P-value for FUSION I (Nes vs Nes 0.01) time to death/all-cause hospitalization is (NS) *High risk defined as patients with 4 of 7 prespecified indicators of high risk: SCr >2 mg/dL; NYHA Class IV; 65 years; history of sustained VT; ischemic etiology; diabetes; previous outpatient nesiritide or inotropic use Log-rank Test: Standard Care vs. Nesiritide (0.005 mcg/kg/min) P=0.019 Standard Care vs. Nesiritide (0.01 mcg/kg/min) P=0.269 Standard Care vs. All Nesiritide P=0.034 小剂量奈西立肽
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内容 肾功能评价方法及 CKD 诊断用语的应用 CKD 的自然进程与心血管事件 心力衰竭与肾功能恶化
心肾综合征时的贫血与 EPO、铁剂的应用 利尿剂与肾功能及预后的关系 利尿剂抵抗与处理 重组人 B 型利钠肽的应用及价值 血液滤过技术在心衰治疗中的应用
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CRRT 在心肾综合征中的应用 CRS 的 中心环节—严重水钠潴留、利尿剂抵抗,CRRT 可以用于纠正 水钠的过重负荷
缓慢、平和,可为低血压患者耐受; 可清除大量的水分和部分代谢产物; 血液动力学不稳定时应用,安全性、耐受性好;
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血液滤过技术用于严重 CRS 治疗 Hemofiltration Blood In to waste Blood Out
(from patient) (to patient) HIGH PRESS LOW PRESS Replacement. Solution
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血液滤过技术用于严重 CRS 治疗 SCUF - Slow Continuous Ultra Filtration-- 缓慢持续性超滤
CVVH - Continuous Veno-Venous Hemofiltration—持续性血液滤过
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缓慢持续性超滤用于 CRS 的水钠潴留 Therapy Options SCUF Slow Continuous
Access Return Effluent P R I S M A SCUF Slow Continuous Ultrafiltration
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持续性血液滤过用于 CRS 的水钠潴留及炎性介质
Therapy Options Replacement Access Return Effluent P R I S M A CVVH Continuous Veno-Venous Hemofiltration
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利尿剂与超滤对水钠潴留的影响 End points Ultrafiltration Diuresis p 48 hours
Wt loss, primary end point (kg) 5.0, n=83 3.1, n=84 0.001 Dyspnea score 6.4, n=80 6.1, n=83 0.35 Net fluid loss (L) 4.6 3.3 K<3.5 mEq/L (%) 1 12 0.018 Need for vasoactive drugs (%) 3 13 0.015 Costanzo M. JACC 2007
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CHF 患者超滤: 意义与原则 处理水负荷过重的可靠方法; 精确地掌控水负荷清除的速度和数量;
快速地祛除钠、水 (up to 500 cc/hr); 比利尿剂安全,清除的水、钠均为等渗液;
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CHF 患者超滤的适应症 超滤可以使下列患者受益 ADHF 伴有显著的容量负荷过重; 利尿剂抵抗; WRF;
住院 CHF + CKD ,顽固性水钠潴留;
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ADHF 早期超滤与利尿剂抵抗研究 EUPHORIA
单中心,前瞻研究 ,对象 ADHF 伴利尿剂抵抗 (n= 20); 比较早期超滤与静脉利尿剂和/或血管活性药物的疗效及安全性; 早期超滤缩短住院时间和再住院率,临床收益持续到治疗后的 90 天 Costanzo et. al. JACC 2005;46: (n=20)
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ADHF 急性容量负荷过重的超滤治疗 RAPID-CHF
多中心, 随机研究; 比较超滤与常规治疗对 住院的 ADHF 患者容量负荷的影响,治疗组 (n = 20) ,对照组(n = 20) ; 早期超滤治疗时患者耐受性良好,与对照组相比,治疗组显著降低患者体重和有效清除潴留体液; Bart et. al. JACC 2005;46:
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超滤与静脉利尿剂对住院 ADHF 疗效比较 UNLOAD Trial
比较超滤和强化静脉利尿剂的疗效; 患者拥有 2个以上的容量过度负荷的体症,住院24小时内,血液动力血指标稳定,先前未接受静脉利尿剂和血管活性药物治疗; Costanzo MR, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:
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超滤与静脉利尿剂对住院 ADHF 疗效比较 UNLOAD Trial
一级终点 48 hours 时,超滤组比对照组有更为肯定的、更显著的体重下降 (5 kg vs 3.1 kg) 呼吸困难积分(Dypsnea scores)两组同等程度、显著下降 Costanzo MR, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:
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超滤与静脉利尿剂对住院 ADHF 疗效比较 UNLOAD Trial
二级终点 48 hs 时,超滤组的纯体液清除优于对照组 90 days 时, 超滤组 48% ↓ 因心衰再住院 53% ↓ 各种原因的再住院 62% ↓ 再住院时间长度 53%↓ 因心衰到急诊室或未预约到专科医生处就诊 Costanzo MR, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:
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超滤与静脉利尿剂对住院 ADHF 疗效比较 UNLOAD Trial-安全性(Scr)
UF: n = SC: n = P > 0.05 at all time points Costanzo MR, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:
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小结 肾功能评价方法及 CKD 诊断用语的应用 CKD 的自然进程与心血管事件 心力衰竭与肾功能恶化
心肾综合征时的贫血与 EPO、铁剂的应用 利尿剂与肾功能及预后的关系 利尿剂抵抗与处理 重组人 B 型利钠肽的应用及价值 血液滤过技术在心衰治疗中的应用
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nature clinical practice NEPHROLO GY 2009,5(1): 1
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The British Journal of Cardiology 2008 15 (6): 290-1
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THANKS FOR ATTENDING
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Most Common IV Medications All Enrolled Discharges (n=105,388) 2001
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IV Diuretic Use 64% of patients are given an IV diuretic only
88% 64% 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Percent Given IV Diuretic Given IV Diuretic Alone 64% of patients are given an IV diuretic only Common diuretics used include: Furosemide 84% Bumetanide 7% Torsemide 2% The ADHERE Registry 2nd Quarter 2003 National Benchmark Report; Scios Inc.
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Complications of Diuretic Therapy for HF
↓ Renal Reabsorption of Na (and Mg) Hypomagnesemia Hyponatremia Saluresis and Diuresis ↓ Plasma Volume ↓ Cardiac Output ↓ Renal Blood Flow ↑ PRA ↓ GFR Postural Hypotension ↑ Aldosterone ↑ Distal Ca++ Reabsorption ↑ Proximal Reabsorption Kaliuresis Diuretic use in patients with heart failure is associated with a number of significant complications. When acutely decompensated heart failure is treated with IV diuretics without vasodilator therapy, there is reflex activation in the neurohumoral systems (SNS and RAAS), leading to vasoconstriction and elevation of SVR. The rise in SVR and the increased afterload lead to a fall in cardiac index and renal blood flow. This limits the ability to reduce PCWP to optimal levels. The reflex neurohumoral activation is also deleterious.1 Combining IV vasodilators with diuretics in the initial treatment of acutely decompensated heart failure limits the reflex vasoconstriction and prevents the fall in cardiac index. This allows for rapid relief of symptoms and achieves compensation. Pre-renal Azotemia ↓ Uric Acid Clearance ↓ Calcium Clearance Hypokalemia Hyperuricemia Hypocalcemia Glucose Intolerance GFR = glomerular filtration rate; PRA = plasma renin activity. Kaplan NM. Treatment of hypertension: drug therapy in clinical hypertension. In: Kaplan NM, Lieberman E, Neal WW, eds. Clinical Hypertension. 1994:203. Reference: Kaplan NM. Treatment of hypertension: drug therapy in clinical hypertension. In: Kaplan NM, Lieberman E, Neal WW, eds. Clinical Hypertension. 6th ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1994.
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Marked Activation of the RAAS by Loop Diuretics
Plasma Renin Activity (ng/mL/h) Before Diuretic (n = 12) After Diuretic (n = 11) 50 10 2.5 0.5 Mean Confidence Interval Treatment of decompensated heart failure with loop diuretics increases plasma renin activity.1 Bayliss J et al. Br Heart J. 1987;57:17–22. Reference: Bayliss J, Norell M, Canepa-Anson R, et al. Untreated heart failure: clinical and neuroendocrine effects of introducing diuretics. Br Heart J. 1987;57:17–22.
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Diuretic Therapy Significantly Decreases GFR*
–25 –20 –15 –10 –5 5 10 15 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Urine Output, 0–8 h (mL) Placebo IV Furosemide GFR (% change) This graph shows the relationship between the change in urine volume and creatinine clearance. When taken alone, furosemide caused an increase in urine output but a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate. Other studies also have shown this to be the case. It is hypothesized that adenosine release in the kidneys may cause these effects. This is consistent with the clinical observation that diuresis is mediated by worsening of renal function.1 N = 16; NYHA II (19%) and III (81%); mean baseline creatinine clearance, 108 ± 51 µg/mL. *GFR was estimated using a 7-hour creatinine clearance. Gottlieb SS et al. Circulation. 2002;105:1348–1353. Reference: Gottlieb SS, Brater C, Thomas I, et al. BG9719 (CVT-124), an A1 adenosine receptor antagonist, protects against the decline in renal function observed with diuretic therapy. Circulation. 2002;105:1348–1353.
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Vasodilation Is Required to Normalize Ventricular Filling Pressures
IV Diuretic Monotherapy Causes Reflex Vasoconstriction, Increased Afterload, and Decreased Cardiac Index 100 80 60 Maximal Stroke Volume (%) 40 IV furosemide alone 20 Decompensated heart failure is characterized by increased systemic vascular resistance (SVR). When intravenous (IV) diuretics are administered, there is further increase in SVR. Thus, stroke volume decreases as pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) falls. As cardiac index decreases, renal blood flow/glomerular filtration rate falls and further diuresis becomes more difficult. It was commonly believed that patients with advanced heart failure should be maintained at high filling pressures because cardiac index would be too low if the PCWP was reduced below 20 to 24 mm Hg. When an IV vasodilator (in this study, nitroprusside) was administered with IV diuretics to reduce SVR to 1200 dyne • s/cm5, cardiac index increased as PCWP was reduced. Using radionuclide measurements of stroke volume, a reduction in mitral regurgitation was associated with an increase in forward stroke volume. To normalize left ventricular (LV) filling pressures, in most cases, an IV vasodilator or nesiritide must be provided to the patient. Incomplete reduction of LV filling pressures may play an important role in high readmission rates and adverse outcomes after hospitalization for decompensated heart failure. IV furosemide + nitroprusside 10 20 30 40 Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure (mm Hg) 25 class IV patients: furosemide alone or with IV nitroprusside. Adapted from Stevenson LW, Tillisch JH. Circulation. 1986;74:1303–1308.
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Diuretic Use and the Risk of Mortality in Pts with LV Dysfunction
Mortality Risk by Diuretic Use at Baseline Diuretic (n=2901) No Diuretic (n=3896) P value Death: all cause 1013 12.8 0.001 CV Death N Incidence 586 5.3 Sudden Death N Incidence 11.4 903 241 1.7 3.1 510 183 4.6 Slide 63 This study compared the arrhythmogenicity of dobutamine with nesiritide in patients with heart failure Two doses of nesiritide (0.015 and 0.030) were compared to dobutamine in 305 hospitalized patients with symptomatic decompensated HF, NYHA Functional Class III or IV. During study drug infusion patients had continuous clinical hemodynamic and electrocardiographic monitoring. The dobutamine and nesiritide patients had similar baseline characteristics and baseline use of antiarrhythmic agents. Serious arrhythmias and the incidence of cardiac arrest were more frequent in patient given dobutamine as compared to nesiritide. SOLVD database Cooper HA et al. Circulation. 1999; 100(12): 1311
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Renal Insufficiency & Chronic Diuretic Therapy -Mortality
9 7.8 8 7 % of pts 6 5.5 No ChD 5 + ChD Both high creatinine use and chronic diuretic use had significant increasing relationship to in-hospital mortality, with the lowest rate occurring in patients with creatinine < 2.0 who were not receiving chronic diuretic therapy. The highest rate was in patients with creatinine > 2.0 who were receiving chronic diuretic therapy. 4 3.3 P < 2.7 3 2 Cr < 2.0 Cr < 2.0 Cr > 2.0 Cr > 2.0 Creatinine level Costanzo MR et al. JACC 2004; 43 (5) Supl. A: 180A
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Renal Insufficiency & Chronic Diuretic Therapy Odds Ratio of Mortality
OR (95% C.I.) P value Creatinine > 2.0 2.4 ( ) P < Diuretic use 1.3 ( ) Logistic regression analyses show that creatinine level is the strongest predictor of mortality. Nevertheless, when creatinine is controlled for, chronic oral diuretic use is still significantly associated with significantly higher mortality. Thus, creatinine level and chronic oral diuretic use are independent predictors of mortality. Costanzo MR et al. JACC 2004; 43 (5) Supl. A: 180A
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Find and Support a Champion
Assess HF Treatment Rates Enter Data into ADHERE Registry Implement Refined Protocol Hospital Team Coordinates Implementation of Refined Protocol and Tools Evaluate and Assessment Hospital Team Reviews ADHERE Reports Refine Protocol Hospital Team Identifies Areas for Improvement and uses Tool Kit
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PCWP normal CI normal (compensated) Vasodilators, diuretics
Pts with HF may be clinically classified into 4 groups Warm & Dry PCWP normal CI normal (compensated) Warm & Wet PCWP ↑ CI normal Cold & Dry PCWP↓/normal CI ↓ Cold & Wet PCWP ↑ CI ↓ Congestion at rest Low perfusion at rest Vasodilators, diuretics No Yes Normal SVR High SVR ≥ 90% of pts hospitalized with HF have congestion (wet) and show elevated PCWP1,2 *Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. †Cardiac index. 1. Stevenson LW. Eur J Heart Fail. 1999;1: Fonarow GC. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2001;2(suppl 2):S7-S12. 110
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