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遺傳、選材、選項： 認清自己、挑戰世界 張振崗教授 wspahn@ntupes.edu.tw http://wspahn.camel.ntupes.edu.tw 1
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基因對運動表現的影響 2
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3 人種與運動表現
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4 人種與快肌纖維比率
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5 最大耗氧量的家族關係 HERITAGE Family Study
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6 與運動表現相關的基因 已完成人類基因體計畫 Human Genome Project 最早的研究對象：耐力運動表現、肌肉生長 目前已知道超過 200 個
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7 與運動表現及體適能相關的基因 Bray, 2009
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與運動表現及體適能相關的基因 8 Bray, 2009
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與運動表現及體適能相關的基因 9 Bray, 2009
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與運動表現及體適能相關的基因 10 Bray, 2009
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Ex Biochem c4- genome 11 3.6 Genes Show a Wide Distribution of Sizes Most genes are uninterrupted in yeasts, but are interrupted in higher eukaryotes. Figure 3.10
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12 Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) 單核甘酸多型性 can affect how humans develop diseases, respond to pathogens, chemicals, drugs, vaccines... Personalized medicine comparing regions of the genome between cohorts
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Ex Biochem c9-genetics 13 ACE and endurance performance Angiotension-converting enzyme 血管收縮素轉化酶 Angiotensinogen angiotensin II, vacoconstrictor 287 nucleotide insertion/deletion polymorphism Effect of genotypes on VO2max inconsistent Greater muscle efficiency in I/I compated to D/D Efficiency: Work performed per unit energy expenditure
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Ex Biochem c9-genetics 14
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Angiotension-converting enzyme 基因多型性與運動表現 15 Vancini, 2014
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Ex Biochem c9-genetics 16 奧運選手 ACE 基因多型性
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優秀短距離游泳選手 ACE 基因多型性 Ex Biochem c9-genetics 17
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Ex Biochem c9-genetics 18 ACTN3 and muscle performance Alpha-actinin isoform 3 R577X (arginine stop codon at codon 577) X-allele frequency 25-50% in different populations In patients with several muscular disorders: X/X genotype complete absence of ACTN3 protein Only by chance, ACTN deficiency not deleterious because its function can be compensated by ACTN2 X/X reduce performance in sprint or power-related sports
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ACTN3 基因多型性與運動表現 19 Vancini, 2014
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Ex Biochem c9-genetics 20
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Ex Biochem c9-genetics 21 Myostatin and muscle mass Disabled myostatin gene increase muscle size Mutation rare in humans
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22 Myostatin mutations in animals
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24 Genomics 基因體學
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25 DNA microarray 微陣列, gene chip 基因晶片 Specific nucleotide base pairing 1 small chip can contain thousands of spots
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Ex Biochem c9-genetics 27
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Gene polymorphism in power athletes Ex Biochem c9-genetics 28 Ruiz et al, 2010
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大陸長距離游泳選手 Ex Biochem c9-genetics 29
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大陸長距離游泳選手 Ex Biochem c9-genetics 30
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大陸長距離游泳選手 Ex Biochem c9-genetics 31
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大陸長距離游泳選手 Ex Biochem c9-genetics 32
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Gene polymorphism and trainability 33 Perusse et al, 2013
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Ex Biochem c9-genetics 34 轉錄體學
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Expression levels in PBMC after 30 min exercise 35 Radom-Aizik, 2008
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36 運動前後基因表 現量的改變 Fingerprint 指紋 Expression levels of hundred genes changed after a mild exercise mRNA cDNA microarray Practical use: white blood cells Connolly et al, JAP 2004
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37 Dose-response 劑量 - 反應關係 Gene expression levels vs exercise intensity ET: 80% VO2max to exhaustion MT: 60% VO2max, same duration as ET Monitor training response? Monitor recovery? Butter et al, JAP 2007
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肌肉收縮對基因表現量的影響 38 Kostek, 2007
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Ex Biochem c9-genetics 39 Proteomics 蛋白質體學
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Ex Biochem c9-genetics 40
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Ex Biochem c9-genetics 41 Metabolomics 代謝體學 Changes of metabolites 代謝產物的改變 Separated then identified by mass spectrometry (MS 質譜儀 ) or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR 核磁共振 ) Lewis, 2010
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血漿成分的核磁共振圖譜 Ex Biochem c9-genetics 42 Kirwan, 2009
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運動後血漿代謝產物分析 Ex Biochem c9-genetics 43 Lehmann, 2010
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運動後尿液代謝產物分析 44 Pechlivanis, 2009
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選材、選項 45
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Intro Exer Sci c6-genes 46 澳洲的運動人才發掘策略 Australian Institute of Sport started national Talent Search Program in 1987 14-16 years old Look for rowers Physical and physiological characteristics In 1994, extended to other sports How to differentiate who will improve and who will not Trainability Innate ability to respond to exercise
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澳洲近年奧運獎牌排名 47
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澳洲歷年奧運獎牌分布 48
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49 如何選材 各種體能測試 ? 心肺耐力、肌力、肌耐力 跆拳道、桌球、棒球、舉重 知覺訊息處理過程 ( 反應時間 ): 刺激確認、反 應選擇、反應程式組合 手眼協調、爆發力 射箭、射擊 穩定性、心理特質
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人口小國的競爭策略 發展重點項目 認清自己的優點 : 基因、文化、世界競爭性 技術需求 vs 體能需求 裝備、經費需求 個人 vs 團體項目 擴大選材來源 體育班 ? 50
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2016 美國奧運代表隊組成 51 http://www.businessinsider.com/stanford-olympics-2016-8
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史丹佛大學 Stanford 的運動成就 http://www.businessinsider.com/stanford-rio- olympic-medalists-2016-8 http://www.businessinsider.com/stanford-rio- olympic-medalists-2016-8 自 1912 年奧運至今，每屆至少一面獎牌 歷年至 2016 年共獲得 139 金、 73 銀、 58 銅 2016 年奧運 14 金、 7 銀、 6 銅 1995-2015 連續 21 年贏得 Director’s Cup 美國 NCAA 年度最佳運動總成績 52
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耶魯大學校友倫敦奧運穿金戴銀 53 Taylor Ritzel ’10 Ashley Brzozowicz '04
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常春藤聯盟校友的傑出運動成就 16 in US rowing team in London 54 Charlie Cole Yale ‘07 Henrik Rummel Harvard Glenn Ochal Princeton
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