Immunity to virus Immunity to bacteria and fungi

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1 Immunity to virus Immunity to bacteria and fungi
Huan-Yao Lei, Ph.D. Department of Microbiology & Immunology College of Medicine National Cheng Kung University

2 Summary of Chapter 13 Immunity to viruses
Innate immune mechanisms (interferon, NK cells, and macrophages) restrict the early stages of infection and delay spread of virus. As a viral infection proceeds, the adaptive (specific) immune response unfolds. Viruses have evolved strategies to evade the immune response. Responses to viral antigens can cause tissue damage.

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13 Summary of Chapter 14 Immunity to bacteria and fungi
Mechanisms of protection from bacteria can be deduced from their structure and pathogenicity. Lymphocyte-independent bacterial recognition pathways have several consequences. Antibody provides an antigen-specific protective mechanism. Ultimately most bacteria are killed by phagocytes. Successful pathogens have evolved mechanisms to avoid phagocyte-mediated killing. Infected cells can be killed by CTLs. The response to bacteria can result in immunological tissue damage. Fungi can cause life-threatening infections.

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26 Important points needed to understand after class
The difference of immune system to bacterial viral infection. The interaction between innate immunity versus adaptive immunity to infection. The principle of treatments to bacterial or viral infection, including chronic infection.

27 衛生署疾病管制局99年5月25日宣布，已經成功研發腸病毒71型快檢試劑，只要20分鐘就可判定，比傳統需3至4天的檢驗方法要快上許多，預計最快年底就能上市。疾病管制局指出，腸病毒71型近年來在夏天引起一定規模流行，除了發燒、嗜睡等病徵外，更可能造成手口足病、疱疹性咽峽炎、肢體麻痺症候群及無菌性、病毒性腦膜炎等嚴重病症，甚至導致死亡。目前各國對於腸病毒的實驗室診斷，仍需依賴傳統的病毒分離方法，大約需7至14天；其中針對腸病毒71型，雖然已經有兩種較為快速的檢驗方法(RT-PCR, ELISA)， 但鑑定時間仍需3至4小時，而且必須由專業的實驗室，及熟練的技術人員才能進行。快篩試劑採用免疫層析法，檢驗血液檢體是否帶有腸病毒71型的抗體 (IgM)，疾管局初步測試，快篩試劑敏感性 (檢體陽性而檢驗確為陽性)為81%，特異性 (檢體陰性而檢驗確為陰性)為66%。

28 , TVBS新聞報導 想要變美而決定動刀的女性，可得要多多思量一下了，知名塑身達人張淳淳，疑似因為動了侵入性的美容腿部手術，遭到一種叫做「非結核分枝桿菌」的細菌感染，目前躺在病床已經2個多月，不但潰爛流膿，傷口到現在都還沒有癒合，每天除了敷藥，還得要吃上7種抗生素。張淳淳質疑，有可能是因為動手術的診所不衛生，不過令人也很好奇的是，通常以跳舞運動教人塑身的張淳淳，雖然對外號稱是動腿部微調手術，不過有醫師看了傷口後認為，有可能是動了「溶脂手術」。大腿臀部佈滿潰爛傷口，躺在病床上的是知名塑達人張淳淳，傷口拉近看，相當驚悚，全身就有40處像這樣坑坑巴巴的肉瘤，面積約50元硬幣，治療起來相當費工，而且疼痛，張淳淳原本以為是「蜂窩性組織炎」，經過醫師診斷，發現是受到「非結核分枝桿菌」感染。術後已經在醫院躺了2個多月，以往運動減肥的形象深植人心，現在卻因為「腿部微調」躺在病床上，，藝人洪誠陽：「淳淳表示，相關單位是否應對小型診所侵入式醫療的手術，器具消毒的規範，要有重新的審視。」 事實上，這種罕見的「非結核分枝桿菌」，可能後續會引發的是蜂窩性組織炎，敗血症，嚴重恐怕致死。