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A New Approach to Cancer Immunotherapy 肿瘤免疫治疗的新思路 斯坦福大学医学院外科 宗康拉

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Presentation on theme: "A New Approach to Cancer Immunotherapy 肿瘤免疫治疗的新思路 斯坦福大学医学院外科 宗康拉"— Presentation transcript:

1 A New Approach to Cancer Immunotherapy 肿瘤免疫治疗的新思路 斯坦福大学医学院外科 宗康拉

2 How to do antitumor experiments 如何做肿瘤治疗效果试验
0-30 days 5x105 tumor cells 治疗 1) Slower tumor growth (抑制 >90%) 2) Tumors shrink (肿瘤体积减小,少见) 3) Tumors disappear (治愈, 极少)

3 32-day MCA207 before treatment

4 One week after Cy+IL-12

5 Two weeks after Cy+IL-12

6 Three weeks after Cy+IL-12

7 Four weeks after Cy+IL-12

8 Five weeks after Cy+IL-12

9 Six weeks after Cy+IL-12

10 Potentiation of Cy-induced Cancer Regression by IL-12 通过白介素12提高化疗的抗肿瘤效果
no Rx Cy alone IL-12 alone Cy+IL-12

11 Day-18 peritoneal MCA207 tumors

12 Day-14 experimental lung metastases
14天静脉注射建立的肺扩散肿瘤模型

13 route of inoculation 接种 treatment (start at day) 治疗(起始时间) cure rate
Antitumor effects of Cy+IL-12 in MCA207 i.p. and i.v. models Cy+IL-12在腹腔及肺扩散肿瘤模型中的治疗效果 route of inoculation 接种 treatment (start at day) 治疗(起始时间) cure rate (survival days) 治愈率(存活天) i.p.腹腔 None无 0/5 (20-27) i.p.腹腔 Cy+IL-12 (18) 5/5 (>90) i.v.肺扩散 None无 0/5 (21-31) i.v.肺扩散 Cy+IL-12 (14) 8/8 (>90)

14 Effects of IL-12 and Cy+IL-12 in the Sa1 ascites tumor model IL-12和Cy+IL-12在Sa1腹水肿瘤模型中的治疗效果
100% Cy saline 生理盐水 IL-12 survival存活率 50% 0% 10 20 30 40 tumor接种 treatment治疗 days天数

15 The rejection induced by IL-12/Cy+IL-12 is associated with a strong T cell response 与肿瘤排斥所对应的强免疫反应
before之前 after之后 CD4 CD8

16 Tumor rejection is mediated by a Th1 response 抗肿瘤作用需要Th1型T细胞参与
host宿主 cure rate治愈率 Normal正常 10/10 Nude裸鼠 0/3 TCRb KO T细胞受体敲除 0/20 IFN-g KO 咖玛干扰素敲除 0/20 IL-4 KO 白介素-4敲除 10/10

17 Does Cy+IL-12 work on other tumor models? 环磷酰胺加白介素是否对所有肿瘤有效?
Responding tumors: C57B/6: MC203, MCA205, MCA207, FBL-3 BALB/c: CT26, CSA1M, OV-HM A/J: Sa1 Non-responding tumors: C57BL/6: MCA101,B16, LLC, Pan02, EL-4 BALB/c: 4T1, S180

18 如果免疫疗法有可能治愈晚期癌症,条件是什么?
Question 问题 If immunotherapy is able to eradicate late-stage large tumor burdens, what is the proper condition for it? 如果免疫疗法有可能治愈晚期癌症,条件是什么?

19 Does Cy+IL-12 work on other tumor models?
环磷酰胺加白介素12是否对所有肿瘤有效?

20 Condition#1: Pre-existing immunity 条件一:预存免疫

21 What is pre-existing immunity? 什么是预存免疫?
Antigen-specific recognition of tumor by the host immune system 宿主对肿瘤抗原有特异性识别 The immune system has responded to the existing tumor prior to therapy start 宿主免疫系统在治疗之前已经对肿瘤有攻击 The host response to the tumor is cell-mediated Th1 type 宿主对肿瘤的应答属于Th1型细胞反应

22 Experimental procedure for adoptive cell transfer 体细胞转导试验步骤
donor供体 recipient受体 tumor vaccine瘤苗 tumor challenge肿瘤接种 14 day T cell transfer 输入T细胞 tumor challenge 肿瘤接种 2 day IL-12/Cy+IL-12 治疗 T cell tumor-free 排斥接种 Response效果?

23 assembly of pre-existing immunity in T cell-deficient host
Tumor-sensitized T cells are necessary for IL-12-induced tumor rejection 肿瘤特异的T细胞在白介素12治疗中的关键作用 assembly of pre-existing immunity in T cell-deficient host donor cells 输入细胞 treatment 治疗 cure rate 治愈率 none IL-12 0/10 naïve T cells saline 0/8 naïve T cells IL-12 0/8 naïve T cells Cy+IL-12 0/5 tumor-immune T cells saline 1/10 tumor-immune T cells IL-12 9/12 tumor-immune T cells Cy+IL-12 10/10

24 Ccondition #2 条件2 IL-12 should be given during the early phase of recalled pre-existing immunity 白介素12 最佳给药时间是在预存免疫的回放早期

25 Timing of IL-12 following chemotherapy 白介素12 的给药最佳时期
tumor size Cy IL-12 IL-12 IL-12 time

26 Critical timing of IL-12 administration 白介素12 给药时间的关键性
IL-12 timing following Cy cure rate治愈率 day 3-7(第3-7天) 100% 40% day 7-11第7-11天) day 14-18(第14-18天) 0% Large MCA207 model Cy at 125 mg/kg IL-12 at 200 ng x 3 (q.o.d.)

27 Ccondition #3 条件3 chemotherapy must activate antitumor immunity
化疗必须激活一个抗肿瘤免疫反应

28 Chemotherapy to activate antitumor immunity? 化疗引发抗肿瘤免疫反应?

29 Immunity is responsible for cure of small tumor by Cy chemotherapy 免疫参与是环磷酰胺化疗治愈小肿瘤的必要条件
tumor burden host PEI status cure rate normal 3-day not yet 0% normal 7-10-day established 70-100% no T cell 8-day never 0% MCA207 small tumor model used 3-day tumor is non-palpable 7-10 tumors are 2-5 mm in size Cy at 125 mg/kg is used

30 Immunity is responsible for significant large tumor regression following chemotherapy 免疫参与加大环磷酰胺化疗疗效
Cy tumor size normal no T cell time

31 Why can chemotherapy activate antitumor immunity
Why can chemotherapy activate antitumor immunity? 为什么化疗可以激活抗肿瘤免疫反应? Through acute antigen release and recall of pre-existing immunity 通过抗原急性释放达到记忆免疫的回放 If true, then increase antigen presentation at the site of antigen release may increase response to chemotherapy 如果如此,那么在抗原释放位置增加抗原呈递救有可能提高化疗疗效

32 Increase antigen presentation by DC following chemotherapy enhances tumor responses 提高化疗后的抗原呈递可以提高化疗疗效 Responses应答 cure rate治愈率 treatment治疗 Cy alone单独化疗 regr. relapse 2/10 DC alone单独树突细胞 progression 0/10 Cy + DC联合治疗 regression 10/10 Medium sized (8-11 mm) MCA207 tumor used. Cy= 120mg/kg given on day 21 DC=cultured immature DC at 1x106 given intratumor two days after Cy

33 Chemotherapy Responses, Relapse and Resistance to Repeated Therapy 化疗应答,复发及随后的抗药性

34 Relapsed tumor is resistant to repeated chemotherapy with Cy in normal mice 肿瘤复发后对二次化疗产生抗药性
tumor size 1st Cy 2nd Cy normal no T cell time

35 Cy-treated relapsed tumor
Relapsed tumor following Cy becomes resistant to Cy+IL-12 therapy 复发后的肿瘤对Cy+IL-12也产生抗药性 response to mice bearing Cy alone Cy+IL-12 +++ untreated tumor 100% cure Cy-treated relapsed tumor + <20% cure MCA207 large tumor model used +++: significant tumor regression following Cy +: transient shallow tumor regression following Cy response to Cy+IL-12: cure by standard Cy+IL-12 therapy

36 What is the reason for relapse-associated resistance to repeated chemotherapy? 产生抗药性的原因是什么呢? MDR?

37 sensitivity to Cy after replanting in naïve host
Selection of chemo-resistant tumor cell is NOT the reason for resistance 抗药性不是由于筛选了抗药性肿瘤细胞的原因 sensitivity to Cy after replanting in naïve host tumor from untreated stock 100% after 1st Cy relapse 100% after 2nd Cy relapse 100% First, we can show that the relapsed tumor do not necessarily became more resistant to chemotherapy intrinsically. The way we prove that point is by the experiment shown in the table. We harvested untreated tumors as well as relapsed tumors from mice treated with Cy once or twice. We then inoculated these tumors into naïve mice to establish new tumors. We then treated the palpable tumors with Cy to see how they respond to chemotherapy. If the relapse associated resistance to second Cy is due to in vivo selection of Cy resistant tumor cells, we expect to see that when the relapsed tumor was replanted into new host, they carry with them the intrinsic resistance to Cy and become resistant to Cy treatment. But as you can see, this is clearly not the case. All tumors, regardless from untreated mice or from Cy treated relapsed mice responded equally well to Cy. Sensitivity to Cy in vivo is measured by complete eradication of small tumors established in naïve mice by Cy therapy

38 Tolerance of antitumor immunity is responsible for relapse-associated resistance to Cy+IL-12 抗药性是由于抗肿瘤免疫反应产生耐受 Then what is the reason for relapse associated resistance to repeated chemothrapy? We think that it is caused by tolerance of the underlying immunity that was responsible for the significant tumor regression during the initial chemotherapy.

39 Transfer of chemo-resistance from relapsed host to untreated host 化疗抗药性可以通过免疫耐受转导达到
Immune cell donor(脾细胞供体): Cy-treated tumor relapsed mice(化疗后肿瘤复发的小鼠) Naïve mice or (净鼠) Untreated tumor-bearing mice (未治疗过的荷瘤鼠) Immune cell recipient(脾细胞受体): mice bearing primary day-10 MCA207 tumor (荷瘤鼠) Manipulation: transfer immune cells and then treat with Cy (导入脾细胞然后开始环磷酰胺的治疗)

40 Transfer of resistance from relapsed host to untreated host 抗药性可以从带复发肿瘤的供体通过脾细胞导入未受治疗的荷瘤鼠
tumor size Cy relapsed spl cells control spl cells time

41 The new insight into the high efficacy of Cy+IL-12 环磷酰胺加白介素12之所以有效的最新解释
Host bearing immunogenic tumor generates pre-existing immunity 免疫型肿瘤在其宿主体内诱发预存免疫 This immunity is too week and too late to control the primary tumor 这个免疫反应太弱太迟,不足以控制原发肿瘤 Chemotherapy kills large number of tumor cells and releases large amount of tumor antigen 化疗药物杀死一些肿瘤细胞,释放大量肿瘤抗原

42 The new insight into the high efficacy of Cy+IL-12 环磷酰胺加白介素12之所以有效的最新解释
This newly released tumor antigen induces an acute recall immune response 新释放的肿瘤抗原引发急性免疫回放反应 The chemotherapy-triggered immunity runs into exhaustion due to autoimmune-protective mechanism and becomes tolerated 这个反应最终由于自身免疫保护机制而停止而产生耐受 In the presence of IL-12 during early phase, the response turns into a Th1 type and persists longer 白介素12 的存在使这个反应转变成Th1型,持久下去

43 Other chemotherapy drugs and other tumor models: The same findings apply 其他化疗药和肿瘤模型: 同样的情况

44 Doxorubicin vs. Cyclophosphamide 阿霉素与环磷酰胺的对比
a pro-drug, must be given systemically (需要代谢,只能全身给药) narrow anti-tumor range (抗肿瘤范围较窄) well-known immune regulator (著名的免疫调节剂) removes suppressive T cells at low dose (去除抑止性功能细胞) enhance type I cytokine for T cell growth (提高Th1型因子分泌) create space for T cell expansion (创造T细胞扩增空间) Doxorubicin active both systemically and locally(可以全身或局部给药) wide anti-tumor range(抗肿瘤范围较广) not known for immune regulatory activity(对免疫调节功能不祥)

45 Response of established MCA207tumors to Dox+IL-12 阿霉素加白介素12对MCA207肿瘤的治疗效果
Dox dose and route 阿霉素的剂量和给药方式 cure rate i.v. at 16mg/kg 0% i.t. at 10mg/kg 80% i.t. at 5mg/kg 100% i.t. at 2.5mg/kg 20% Large and mid-sized MCA207 model Dox alone failed to cure any tumors

46 Response of another tumor to Dox+IL-12 阿霉素加白介素12对另外一个肿瘤的治疗效果
Treatment治疗手段 cure rate(治愈率) None无 0% Dox alone单独阿霉素 0% IL-12 alone单独白介素12 0% Dox+IL-12阿霉素加白介素12 80% Day established MCA203 sc tumors Dox at 5mg/kg i.t. IL-12 started 3 days after Dox

47 Local gemcitabine+IL-12 in the MCA207 tumor model 肿瘤局部洁西它滨加白介素12治疗MCA207肿瘤
Treatment治疗手段 cure rate(治愈率) 0% None无 Gem alone at mg/kg 0% IL-12 alone单独白介素12 0% Gem-50mg/kg+IL-12 20% Gem-20mg/kg+IL-12 40% Gem-10mg/kg+IL-12 80% Day-14 established MCA207 sc tumors Gemcitabine given intratumorally IL-12 started 3 days after gemcitabine

48 A case of a weakly immunogenic tumor model 一个弱免疫型肿瘤的模型
Pan02 is a weekly immunogenic tumor Pan02是弱免疫型肿瘤 Pan02 does not respond to Cy+IL-12 or Dox+IL-12, but respond weakly to Gem+IL-12 (inhibition) 白介素12不能提高环磷酰胺和阿霉素的化疗疗效,但可以稍微增加洁西它滨的疗效(肿瘤生长抑止) Small established Pan02 can be cured under the most optimal treatment combination of Gem+DC+IL-12 联合应用洁西它滨,树突细胞加白介素12 可以根治生成的小肿瘤

49 Response of Pan02 tumors to gemcitabine, DC and IL-12 Gem+DC+IL-12在Pan02肿瘤模型的效果
treatment治疗 cure rate治愈率 Gem alone 0/5 DC alone 0/5 IL-12 alone 0/5 Gem+IL-12 0/5 Gem+DC 0/5 Gem+DC+IL-12 4/5 9-day established Pan02 sc tumors (3-7 mm) Gemcitabine given intratumorally (i.t) for 3 days and then weekly DC and IL-12 started one days after gemcitabine and then weekly

50 Not all chemotherapy drugs can activate antitumor immunity 并非所有的化疗药都能与白介素12配合使用
Tumor model drug/treatment cure rate MCA207 vinblastin+IL-12 0/10 MCA207 paclitaxal+IL-12 0/10 MCA207 5-FU+IL-12 0/5 Pan02 Cy+IL-12 0/20 30-day established MCA207 sc tumors Chemotherapy was given either i.t or ip a single time IL-12 started 3 days after chemotherapy Results of multiple experiments was combined

51 Not all cytokines can match the effect of IL-12 并非其他白介素因子能够替代白介素12
Tumor model drug/treatment cure rate MCA207 Cy+IL-12 10/10 MCA207 Cy+IL-2 1/10 MCA207 Cy+IFN-g 1/10 MCA207 Cy+TNFa 0/10 MCA207 Cy+IL-23 0/10 Small or large established MCA207 sc tumors Chemotherapy was given ip a single time at 120mg/kg All cytokines were started 3 days after chemotherapy and lasted for 5-7 days Results of multiple experiments was combined

52 The best way to use IL-12 for immunotherapy 白介素12的最佳使用环境
对肿瘤和宿主的选择 抗原具备较强的免疫原性 对化疗药的选择 制造大量抗原释放 对给药方式的选择 诱发强烈的记忆应答 对因子的选择 使用白介素12调节应答 对效果的选择 造成 持续的应答及防止耐受生成

53 Why have the early clinical trials of IL-12 failed? 为什么白介素12的早期临床实验失败了?

54 白介素12早期临床试验 GI/Wyeth做的一期临床 40肿瘤病人(肾癌,黑色素癌,直肠癌)
身体状况良好(Karnofsky指数>70%) 3-1000ng/kg/day 静脉给药,每周5天,隔周重复,一共两次 一个CR(melanoma),一个PR(RCC) MTD为500ng/kg 毒副作用: 感冒症状(发烧,恶心,呕吐,厌食,懒惰) 口疮 肝脏转胺酶升高 血液白细胞,淋巴细胞暂时下降(30-80%)

55 白介素12早期临床试验 Roche做的准一期临床 10例黑色素瘤病人 皮下给药,每周一次,500ng/kg 有混和临床疗效,但达不到PR标准
毒副作用: 感冒症状 肝脏转胺酶升高 血液白细胞,淋巴细胞暂时下降

56 白介素12早期临床试验 Roche做的一期临床 28例肾癌病人 皮下给药,每周一次,100-1250ng/kg MTD为1000ng/kg
1PR(500ng/kg) 毒副作用: 感冒症状(发烧,恶心,呕吐,厌食,懒惰) 口疮 肝脏转胺酶升高 血液白细胞,淋巴细胞暂时下降(30-80%)

57 白介素12早期临床试验 Roche做的二期临床试验 设计80例,实际30例肾癌病人 皮下给药,每周一次,逐渐上升到1250ng/kg
2例PR 没有明显的毒副作用 试验由于达不到预期的临床疗效而停止

58 白介素12的二期临床事故 GI做的二期临床 17肾癌病人 500ng/kg静脉给药,每周5天 12个病人在两次注射之后发生4级副作用
2个病人最终死于副作用(胃肠道出血和结肠炎)

59 白介素12二期临床事故的原因 二期省略了预备注射(pre-dosing)步骤 预备注射是在连续注射之前一周单独给药
预备注射降低了连续给药时的血液伽马干扰素水平 动物(小鼠和猴子)试验可以证明预备注射降低毒副作用的意义 实际问题是只要控制伽马干扰素水平就可以防止白介素12的毒副作用

60 白介素12后期临床试验 自从事故发生后,两家公司均对高剂量白介素12的临床应用产生怀疑
此后的白介素12肿瘤临床试验多为学术机构以研究为目的进行的中低剂量试验 新的动物试验表明低剂量的白介素12有时也可以起到抗肿瘤效果

61 白介素12后期临床试验 降低给药频率,但保持500ng/kg给药量 28个肾癌病人 每周两次(第一,四天)静脉注射 一个PR三个SD
停药后仍观察到持续的肿瘤消退 没有严重毒副作用 因为疗效与伽马干扰素的持续诱发相关,认为增加白介素2可能会提高疗效(后来证明是错误的)

62 白介素12后期临床试验 皮下注射,降低单次药量,增加频率 15个肾癌,黑色素癌及大肠癌病人 每周三次,每次50,100,300ng/kg
1CR(50ng/kg),1PR(300ng/kg) 毒副作用: 白细胞,淋巴细胞和中性淋巴细胞抑制 肝脏转胺酶升高 Beta2-微球蛋白及C-反应蛋白升高(系统炎症)

63 白介素12后期临床试验 低剂量白介素12与疫苗结合 黑色素癌抗原Melan-A的片段
IL-12:0-100ng/kg,第一,第22天(静脉或皮下) Melan-A肽段:第1,8,15,22,57 gp100试验: IL-12:30ng/kg与肽段同时,同点皮内注射 gp100:两周一次(x2)到四周一次(x2)到八周一次 没有明显毒副作用 没有明显白介素12与临床效果的对应

64 白介素12临床失败的主要原因 没有掌握白介素12 的最佳使用条件 没有给药依据 给药剂量错误 没有预存免疫回放的存在
排除任何接受放化疗的病人 没有给药依据 白介素12受体表达不明:没有任何测试 给药剂量错误 高剂量造成NK细胞激活,T细胞抑止 大量游离伽马干扰素造成系统炎症

65 白介素12在抗病毒方面的临床试验 抗艾滋病(HIV)一期临床试验 65个艾滋病毒感染者
CD4细胞数<50x106或>300x106 皮下注射,30-300ng/kg, 一周两次(共4周) 没有明显毒副作用 没有明显的抗病毒效果 体外细胞特异免疫功能没有明显变化

66 白介素12在抗病毒方面的临床试验 抗慢性丙肝病毒(HCV)的I/II期临床试验(Roche) 60个慢性丙肝病人
皮下注射,30-500ng/kg,每周一次,一共10周 毒副作用同以前报道过的相同,不严重,与剂量有关 根据剂量有17-53%的病人病毒RNA量下降>50% 肝脏转胺酶没有明显下降 没有完全病毒转阴的情况 疗效比不上a干扰素(10%转阴)

67 白介素12在抗病毒方面的临床试验 抗慢性丙肝病毒(HCV)的临床试验(GI) 225个抗a干扰素的慢性丙肝病人
皮下注射,500ng/kg,每周两次,一共12周 百分之三的病人因副作用退出试验 百分之一的病人中有疗效 肝脏活检没有发现明显变化 肝脏转胺酶水平没有明显下降

68 白介素12在抗病毒方面的临床试验 抗慢性乙肝病毒(HBV)的临床试验(Rohe) 46个慢性乙肝病人
皮下注射,30,250,500ng/kg,每周一次,12周 病毒转阴率:15%左右 病毒转阴伴随HBeAg抗原转阴和转胺酶正常化 副作用与剂量相关但没有严重情况出现

69 为什么有些乙肝病人有应答而另一些没有? 白介素12的主要功能是修饰激活后的T细胞,防止耐受 在没有T细胞激活的情况下,白介素12主要靠NK生成的伽马干扰素有一些左右,但不治本 个别病人在治疗期间发生自发的再激活(reactivation),造成对白介素12 的应答

70 白介素12的当前处境 基本分子专利于2010年到期 两家美国公司已于2000年之前放弃自己进行白介素12的临床开发
剩余的白介素12由GI公司交给美国NIH使用 从2005年6月以后GI拒绝继续向NIH提供临床级白介素12 目前西方国家没有可供临床试验使用的白介素12

71

72 重新启动白介素12临床应用的机会 美国Wyeth公司因为临床事故与缺乏疗效而放弃了白介素12 的开发
中国药厂指望白介素12在美国上市后仿制的道路已经堵死 中国有数家重组白介素12的GMP生产 中国有庞大的白介素12应用适应症人群:肿瘤,乙肝,艾滋病 这些因素与我们最新理念的结合

73 白介素12的临床最佳应用角度 肿瘤治疗方面 常规放化疗对实体瘤的一部分(10-40%)有抑止但无法根治
无法根治的原因一部分是因为放化疗激活的免疫反应进行不彻底并形成免疫耐受 白介素12一方面推进免疫反应的强化和深化,另一方面防止耐受

74 实体瘤(肺癌,乳腺,消化道,肝癌等) 抗原释放 急性免疫回放反应 应答,耐受,复发 持续应答 死亡 治愈或带瘤生存 放化疗 树突细胞
白介素12 应答,耐受,复发 持续应答 死亡 治愈或带瘤生存

75 白介素12的临床最佳应用角度 肝炎治疗方面 免疫系统对乙肝病毒有良好识别 病毒和免疫系统之间交叉抑止
慢性乙肝的无法根治的原因是因为抗病毒免疫反应进行不彻底并形成免疫耐受 白介素12如果用在抗病毒免疫反应回放发生的早期可以一方面推进免疫反应的强化和深化,另一方面防止耐受

76 慢性乙肝病人 病毒复制 耐受打破 急性免疫回放 白介素12 病毒量下降,肝损伤 病毒量持续下降 二次耐受 病毒清除,根治

77 白介素12临床应用的关键是必须建立在一个新激活的免疫反应之上

78 Can we assume that patients experiencing delayed significant response to cytoreduction therapy have activated antitumor immunity behind tumor regression? 我们是否可以假定对放化疗等肿瘤减负手段产生持续应答的病人是由于诱发了抗肿瘤免疫反应?

79 How to detect the presence of the immunity we are looking for
How to detect the presence of the immunity we are looking for? 怎样确定有没有免疫应答的存在? Direct test: T cell responses to tumor antigen 直接证据:T细胞对肿瘤抗原的体外应答 Indirect marker: in vitro T cell responses to IL-12 间接证据:T细胞对白介素12的体外应答

80 In vitro T cell response to tumor antigen is the indicator of in vivo immune response
IFN-gamma naive tumor-bearing Cy Cy+IL-12 spleen from

81 T cell response to IL-12 T细胞对白介素12 的应答
Naïve or resting T cells do not respond to IL-12 (lack of IL-12 receptor) 未活化的T细胞不表达白介素12 受体,因而无应答 Certain activated T cells express high affinity IL-12 receptor 某些活化的T细胞表达高敏度白介素12 受体 Response to IL-12 leads to T cell production of IFN-gamma 对白介素12 的应答导致T细胞分泌伽马干扰素

82 T cell response to IL-12 as segregate marker for antitumor immunity

83 Chemotherapy enhances T cell response to IL-12 化疗提高T细胞对白介素12 的应答

84 IL-12 responses by T cells from normal subjects and cancer patients 正常人和癌症病人T细胞对白介素12 的应答
post-surgery post-surgery Uno K, Mitsuishi Y, Tanigawa M, et al. Cancer Immunol Immunother 52: 33-40, 2003

85 New clinical approach to cancer immunotherapy 新型免疫治疗的临床应用
Select patients who demonstrate signs of response to cytoreduction therapy 选择对放化疗等减负治疗有应答的肿瘤病人 Screen patient’s T cell response to IL-12 检测病人T细胞对白介素12 的应答 Give IL-12 to patients who demonstrate significant tumor regression and elevated T cell response to IL-12 对有T细胞应答的病人实施白介素12 的综合治疗


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