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Chapter 3 Pharmacodynamics.

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Presentation on theme: "Chapter 3 Pharmacodynamics."— Presentation transcript:

1 Chapter 3 Pharmacodynamics

2 Contents Contents 1、Basic action 2、Therapeutic effect
3、Adverse reaction 4、Dose- effect relationship 5、Mechanism of action

3 1、Basic action and Pharmacological effect
  

4 Drug action Primary action acting drug body effect second action

5 Excitation: (兴奋) Two effect Inhibition: (抑制)

6 死亡 惊厥 Excitation 烦躁不安 强壮 正 常 正常 回苏 镇静 催眠 麻醉 Inhibition 麻痹 死亡

7 drug 1) specificity (特异性) 2) Selectivity(选择性) (tissue binding)
two characteristics : 1) specificity (特异性) 2) Selectivity(选择性) (tissue binding)

8 治疗目标 2. Therapeutic effect the therapeutic goal.
Favorable to the normalization of physiological, biochemical functions.

9 therapeutic effects 治疗效果 1、Etiological treatment
2、Symptomatic treatment 急則治标,缓则治本 标本兼治,不可偏废也

10 对症治疗 对因治疗 1) Etiological treatment Aims to eliminate pathogenic factor
e.g. antibiotics----- microbes infection 2) Symptomatic treatment Aims to allay or ameliorate symptom e.g. analgesics --- analgesia 对症治疗

11 Drug is a double edged sword !

12 3. Adverse reaction Side reaction(副作用)
Accompanied by the therapeutic effect. Appears at the therapeutic dose Depends drug`s intrinsic action. Expectable. Can be moderated

13 Results from overdose and
Toxic reaction(毒性反应) Results from overdose and excessive accumulation of drug Can be expectable Should be prevented

14 Acute Toxic reaction 1)circulation 2)respiratory 3)nervous

15 chronic Toxic reaction 1)liver,kidney 2)bone marrow 3)endocrine
4)other

16 chronic 4)other ⑴ Carcinogenesis ⑵ Teratogenesis (致畸) ⑶ Mutagenesis
(致癌) ⑵ Teratogenesis (致畸) ⑶ Mutagenesis (致突变)

17 Residual effect (后遗效应 ) Withdrawal reaction (停药反应) 血药浓度降至有效浓度以下时残存的效应。
rebound reaction (回跃反应) : 突然停药后原有疾病加剧。

18 (因药而异,因人而异) Allergic reaction (变态反应) hypersensitive reaction (过敏反应)
1) unconcerned with dose (与剂量无关) 2) vary from drug to drug and person to person (因药而异,因人而异)

19 Idiosyncrasy (特异质反应) 先天遗传异常 某些药物高敏。 genetic enzyme defects (遗传的缺陷),
先天遗传异常 某些药物高敏。 genetic enzyme defects (遗传的缺陷), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶)

20 量效关系 Dose-effect relationship (量效关系) Concentration-effect relationship
(浓效关系) Dose-response curve (量效曲线) Graded dose-response curve (量反应曲线 )

21 2、Dose-effect relationship
1. dose / dosage (剂量) 用药的分量 2、Dose-effect relationship 在一定的范围内药理效应 与剂量成正比。 3、dose-effect curve,D-E曲线 (量-效曲线)。

22 长尾S型曲线 对称S型曲线 E Emax 100% Emax 50% Log C (A) C (B) Fig 3-1 药物作用的量效关系曲线

23 pD2 E 与亲和力成正比 100% 亲和力指数 50% pD2 C

24 量效曲线 作用强度 剂量 最小中毒量 最小有效量 常用量(治疗量) 最小致死量 极量

25 Response (%) concentration Emax 100% 50% EC50 ECmax Emin Emin 10 9 8 7
ECmin concentration

26 Efficacy (效能) Potency(效价强度): maximal effect(最大效应). (等效浓度或剂量,EC50 )
Relative concentration or dose of drugs inducing equivalent effects (等效浓度或剂量,EC50 )

27 呋噻米 氢氯噻嗪 氯噻嗪 环戊噻嗪 各种利尿药的效价强度和最大效应比较

28 质 反 应 的 量 - 效 曲 线

29 质反应的量-效曲线 Quantal Dose-effect curves

30 药物效应和毒性的量效曲线

31 therapeutic index 治疗指数 LD50 3 = TI TI ED50

32 E L A ………………….. …...... ……. TI 药物安全性评价 B Drug A Drug B 100% 50% ED50
LD50 半数有效量(median effective dose , ED50 )

33 结论 可靠安全系数 安全范围 TI 评价药物安全性不完全可靠 (certain safety factor,CSF)
CSF = LD1 / ED99 >1 安全范围 ED95 ~ LD5 之间的距离

34 1、评价药效: 量效曲线的意义 significance of dose-effect curve 1)半数有效量(ED50)
2)效能(efficacy) 3)效价强度(potency)

35 2、评价药物的安全性 评价药物的安全性 1)半数致死量(LD50) 2)治疗指数 (therapeutic index, TI)
3)可靠安全系数  (certain safety factor,CSF)

36 §3 Drug 药物与受体 receptor

37 receptor? a functional protein to sense、recognize、bind some
minimal chemical material and Trigger physiologior pharmacological effect

38 receptor drug

39 Ligands 配体 endogenous ligands exogenous ligands (外源性配体): drug (内源性配体)
1)neurotransmitters 神经递质 2)hormones 激素 3)autocoid 自体活性物质 exogenous ligands (外源性配体): drug

40 Endogenous ligands 1)transmitter: Ach, NA, 2)hormone: adrenocorticoid,
3) autacoid: prostaglandin (前列腺素)histamine(组织胺) (乙酰胆碱,去甲肾上腺素) 2)hormone: adrenocorticoid, (肾上腺皮质激素) insulin(胰岛素), thyroxin (甲状腺素)

41 receptor characteristics sensitivity (灵敏性): 剂量小
specificity (特异性): 结构要求高 saturability (饱和性): 数目有限 reversibility (可逆性):结合后可解离 multiple-variation (多样性): 分布不同,效应不同

42 Drug-receptor interactions
相互作用 (-) (+) D+R DR - -E Two important factors 1)affinity(亲和力); 2)intrinsic activity,(内在活性α)

43 affinity 能力 of D+R intrinsic activity E D+R

44 According occupation theory
k1 D+R DR- - E k2 [D][R] k2 KD [DR] k1

45 KD (反比) 当全部受体被占领时,效应达最大值Emax,当50%受体与药物结合时, KD =〔D〕 药物与受体的亲和力
The affinity is defined by the dissociation constant(解离常数) which is given the symbol KD. The higher the KD, the lower the affinity. (反比)

46 pD2 affinity index 亲和力指数 pD2 -lgKD
KD can be expressed without using mol units. pD2 and affinity are in direct ratio(呈正比) .

47 intrinsic activity & efficacy 内在活性 与 效能
药物与受体结合后激动受体的能力。内在活性与药物的效能成正比。常用α表示,0≦ α≦1。

48 亲和力与内在活性 E (%) a b c pD2 -lgC 亲和力:a=b=c 内在活性:a﹥b﹥c

49 E (%) 100 x y z 50 pD2x pD2y pD2z 亲和力:x﹥y﹥z 内在活性:x=y=z

50 ♥ classification of drugs
acting on the receptor 1、agonist (激动药) Full agonists: 1)high affinity 2)high efficacy (i.e. =1).

51 partial agonist : 1)have high affinity 2)lower intrinsic activity
(部分激动药) 1)have high affinity 2)lower intrinsic activity (0﹤α﹤1 ).

52 antagonist (拮抗药) 1)have high affinity 2)no intrinsic activity
(0﹤α﹤1 ).

53 Two types of antagonist
1)competitive 2)non-competitive.

54 competitive antagonist
properties 竞争性拮抗药 1)occupy the receptor 2)do not activate receptor 3)The curve is shifted       to the right

55 B 竞争性拮抗药 E A A+B Log C

56 非竞争性拮抗药 2)affinity non-competitive antagonist properties
1)don,t occupy the receptor 2)affinity 3)no intrinsic activity (0﹤α﹤1 ). 4)The curve is shifted to the right Emax

57 非竞争性拮抗药 E A A+B Log C

58 受体类型 Types of receptors 1、G蛋白耦联受体 (G protein-coupled receptor)
2、配体门控离子通道受体 (ligand-gated ion channel) 3、酪氨酸激酶受体 4、细胞内受体 5、其他酶类受体

59 细胞内信号转导 第一信使(first messenger ): 第二信使(second messenger):
多肽类激素、神经递质、细胞因子 第二信使(second messenger): cAMP cGMP 肌醇磷脂 钙离子 第三信使(third messengers ): 生长因子 转化因子

60 Regulation of receptor
1、Receptor desensitization(脱敏) down regulation(receptor density) agonist-specific desentization(same R) agonist-nonspecific desentization(other R) 2、Receptor hypersensitization (增敏) up-regulation(receptor density)

61 影响药物效应的因素 Chapter 4 Factors affecting the effects of drugs

62 1、药物因素 药物制剂 固体:片剂 液体:注射剂 软体:软膏、栓剂 水乳油

63 给药途径 1) 静注 注射 口服 2)药物理化性质 3)病人情况:昏迷、休克

64 注意 给药途径不同 药物性质不同 硫酸镁 PO:导泻、利胆; IM:抗惊厥、抗癫痫 IV:降血压

65 drug interaction 1、体外相互作用:配伍禁忌 2、体内相互作用 药效学:协同、拮抗 药动学: A、D、M、E。

66 药效学: 1)协同作用:1+1 2 2)拮抗作用:1+1 1 3)相加作用:1+1 2 4)无关作用:1+1 1
1)协同作用: 2)拮抗作用: 3)相加作用: 4)无关作用: 青+链 、SD+SB、 庆大+SB

67 药动学: A:SB+庆大 D:血浆蛋白结合率 M:戊巴比妥+其它药 E:青霉素+丙磺舒

68 2、机体因素 1、年龄 2、性别 4、特异质反应 3、遗传因素 5、病理状态 6、心理因素:安慰剂(placebo)

69 1) Tolerance(耐受性): 机体对药物反应性降低 Drug resistance(耐药性) 病原体对药物反应性降低
长期用药引起的机体反应性变化 1) Tolerance(耐受性): 机体对药物反应性降低 Drug resistance(耐药性) 病原体对药物反应性降低

70 依赖性 1)生理依赖性 (成瘾性) 2)精神依赖性 (习惯性)

71 停药综合征 停药后的反跳现象 (原症状加重)

72 思考题 side reaction 2. therapeutic index 3. agonist: full agonist,
partial agonist 4. antagonist : competitive, non-competitive 5. tolerance 6. resistance

73 简答题 1、简述药物的治疗效果和不良反应 2、评价药物药效和安全性指标有哪些? 3、亲和力、内在活性、激动剂、 拮抗剂。
4、从药动学或药效学角度简述药物 相互作用。

74 Thank you


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