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Drugs Acting on the Blood Systems
作用于血液和造血系统的药物 Drugs Acting on the Blood Systems
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Antithrombotic Agents:
Anticoagulants 肝素 heparin , 香豆素 coumarin Antiplatelet Agents aspirin 双嘧达莫 dipryridamole (Persantine) 噻氯匹啶 ticlopidine (Ticlid) 水蛭素 hirudin 阿昔单抗 Abciximab Fibrinolytic agent 链激酶 (streptokinase) 尿激酶 (urokinas) t-pA (tissue plasminogen activator )
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促凝血药 抗贫血药 铁制剂、 VB12、叶酸类 造血细胞生长因子 红细胞生成素 (EPO) 生白能 (GM-CSF) 非格司亭 干细胞因子 IL-11 TPO 血浆代用品 右旋糖酐
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Introduction 1、 Normal Blood Coagulation 正常血液凝固过程 Fig
抗凝血药 Anticoagulants Introduction 1、 Normal Blood Coagulation 正常血液凝固过程 Fig
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Coagulation cascade and sites of action of anti-thrombotic agents.
Intrinsic Extrinsic Coagulation cascade and sites of action of anti-thrombotic agents.
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2、 Anticoagulation 1) Fibrinolytic system
2) Clotting factor inhibitor AT-III 3、 Thrombosis 1) 红色血栓 (Red, Venous thrombosis, Embolism) 2) 白色血栓(Pale Thrombosis) 3) DIC (弥散性血管内凝血) • myocardial infarction (heart attack) • cerebral artery occlusion (stroke) • peripheral artery thrombosis
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Thrombin: 凝血酶 Fibrin: 纤维蛋白
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肝素 heperin Chemistry: B. Effect and mechanism: 1、anticoagulation
酸性粘多糖 (glycosaminoglycans) MW 12000 Strong acid, strong electronegative charge B. Effect and mechanism: 1、anticoagulation Characteristic: 注射给药, 口服无效 体内、体外迅速抗凝
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Mechanism: Accelerate AT-III to inactivate relative clotting factor
+ 部位暴露 AT-III 结合并 IIa、IXa、*Xa、XIa 、XIIa
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2、抑制血小板聚集(灭活IIa) 3、其它:(降血脂、抗炎、抗 VSMC增生) 其抗栓作用是综合作用的结果。 C. Uses 1、防治各类血栓、栓塞性疾病 2、DIC:早用 Fig. 3、体外抗凝 (心血管手术、体外循环、血液透析)
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多种病因 凝血反应 DIC 凝血因子消耗 出血 纤溶酶原 纤维蛋白 难以制止 被大量 溶解症 的出血 肝素(足量)
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D. Adverse effect 1. Bleeding (Autogenous hemorrhage)
可用鱼精蛋白 (protamine) 解救 Contraindication:出血倾向者 2. Immune-mediated platelet activation –血小板减少(thrombocytopenia) bleeding –new thrombus 产生肝素-血小板因子4复合物(H-PF4)抗体,血小板聚集。 3. 偶见 allergy
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低分子量肝素 (LMWH) Low Molecular Weight Heparin
Characteristic: 1、 只灭活Xa, 出血少。 Fig 2、 T ½ > heparin 3、 Uses、注意事项同heparin
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Anticoagulant action of HEPARIN
Pentasaccharide sequence of heparin (present in UFH and LMWH) binds to AT causing conformational change at its reactive centre accelerating 1000-fold its interaction with factor Xa. NB Catalysis of AT-mediated inactivation of thrombin (factor II) requires the formation of a ternary heparin–antithrombin–thrombin complex with a motif containing at least 18 saccharide units. Hence LMWH has much less inhibitory activity against factor IIa vs UFH - ratio anti-Xa to anti-IIa typically ~3. LMWH UFH
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香豆素类 (维生素K拮抗剂) coumarins
华法林 warfarin
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A. Mechanism of Action 阻止氢醌型 Vk (Vk的活性形式)的合成 ↓肝脏II、 VII、 IX、 X 等因子的
羧化(Post-translational carboxylation) 使不能被活化
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B. Effect 1、口服抗凝 2、体外无效 3、作用缓慢、持久 C. Uses 同肝素,但无体外抗凝,且作用过于慢、久。
1、口服抗凝 2、体外无效 3、作用缓慢、持久 C. Uses 同肝素,但无体外抗凝,且作用过于慢、久。 D. Adverse effect Bleeding, 用Vk解救
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E. Drug Interactions Bleeding risk: broad-spectrum antibiotics
Vk synthesis Antiplatelet (Aspirin)-药效学synergism 保泰松(phenylbutazone)-replacement 西咪替丁(cimetidine)-CYP450 Inhibition
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Antiplatelet Drugs Platelet adhesion, aggregation, release and drug effect. Fig. Aspirin inhibits TXA2 synthesis (COX), whereas ticlopidine block the platelet ADP receptor. GPIIb/IIIa antagonists block the final common pathway of platelet aggregation, preventing aggregation in response to TXA2, ADP and thrombin. Direct thrombin inhibitors bind and inactivate thrombin. Disruption of AS plaque exposes collagen and vWF Platelets adhere. Adherent platelets become activated and synthesize TXA2 and release ADP, platelet agonists Recruit additional platelets.
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(+) Fig. 28-5 Arterial thrombogenesis. GP:glucoprotein
AS Plaque Disruption Procoagulant Activity Platelet Adhesion and Activation Collagen vWF Platelet Aggregation Conformational Activation of GPIIb/IIIa TXA2 Thrombin Inhibitors Thrombin ADP Ticlopidine Aspirin GPIIb/IIIa Antagonists ╳ Fig Arterial thrombogenesis. GP:glucoprotein vWF : (von Willebrand Factor) 血管血友病相关因子,促血栓形成。 cAMP Persantin (+)
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环氧酶抑制剂 (COX Inhibitor)
B. Drugs Aspirin 环氧酶抑制剂 (COX Inhibitor) Uses:缺血性脑病、缺血性心脏病,
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双嘧达莫 (潘生丁persantin) Mechanism of Action: 血小板内的PDE cAMP降解
腺苷水平 AC cAMP生成 cAMP 聚, 扩冠脉
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缺血性脑病、缺血性心脏病,但疗效不确定。
Uses: 缺血性脑病、缺血性心脏病,但疗效不确定。 另可预防心瓣膜术后血栓形成。
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凝血酶抑制剂 与凝血酶(IIa) 以1:1的比例结合 ↓凝血酶的所有活性 (凝血、血小板聚集)
水蛭素 hirudin 凝血酶抑制剂 与凝血酶(IIa) 以1:1的比例结合 ↓凝血酶的所有活性 (凝血、血小板聚集)
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噻氯匹定 (Ticlopidine, Ticlid)
Effect and Uses: 强效抗血小板药, Uses同Asp. Mechanism: ADP诱导的血小板 GP IIb/IIIa (受体)的暴露 fibrinogen(配体)与其结合 血小板聚集 Fig.
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生理性聚集诱导剂(包括APD) 激活血小板后,即暴露出受体
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Mechanism : Adciximab 阿昔单抗 GP IIb/IIIa的人源化单克隆抗体
封闭GP IIb/IIIa (受体) Fibrinogen与其 结合 血 小板聚集 Uses: 同Aspirin。 另主要用于防治经皮腔内冠脉成型术的急性缺血并发症和冠脉再狭窄。
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链激酶 SK (Streptokinase) 尿激酶 UK (Urokinase) 组织型纤溶酶原激活因子 t-pA
纤维蛋白溶解药(溶栓剂) 链激酶 SK (Streptokinase) 尿激酶 UK (Urokinase) 组织型纤溶酶原激活因子 t-pA
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Effect and Uses: 促进纤维蛋白溶解,治疗血栓栓塞性疾病。(肺栓塞、深部静脉血栓;急性心梗早期) * 新鲜形成的血栓
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Mechanism: 1、SK先与纤溶酶原结合成复合物 纤溶酶 2、UK直接纤溶酶
3、t-PA选择性的血块中的与纤 维蛋白结合的纤溶酶。Fig
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Plasminogen Urokinase Activates plasminogen bound to fibrin t-PA PAMBA (氨甲苯酸) Streptokinase-Plasminogen Plasmin Fibrin split products Degradation products Fibrinogen Fibrin Fig Schematic representation of the fibrinolytic system. Plasmin is the active fibrinolytic enzyme.
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Adverse effect: 1、出血: 重 特效解毒剂:氨甲苯酸 PAMBA (p-aminomethylbenzoic acid)
1、出血: 重 特效解毒剂:氨甲苯酸 PAMBA (p-aminomethylbenzoic acid) 2、过敏: SK 3、禁忌症同肝素。
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