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Seminar on “From OAA to Old Age Income Protection”

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1 Seminar on “From OAA to Old Age Income Protection”
BY STUART H. LECKIE, O.B.E., J.P., F.F.A., F.I.A., F.S.A. CHAIRMAN, STIRLING FINANCE LIMITED TEL: (852) FAX: (852) Hong Kong 25 April 2008

2 Overview 世界,中國和香港的人口狀況 世界銀行五大支柱養老金模式 世界銀行衡量養老金體制的標準 評估香港養老金體制
Demographics of the World, China and Hong Kong 世界,中國和香港的人口狀況 World Bank 5-Pillar Pension Model 世界銀行五大支柱養老金模式 World Bank Criteria for Assessing a Pension System 世界銀行衡量養老金體制的標準 Evaluating Hong Kong’s Pension System 評估香港養老金體制 Evaluating China’s Pension System 評估中國養老金體制 The Perfect Pension System 完美的養老金體制 Conclusions 結論

3 Demographic Changes Pose Challenges 人口結構變化帶來的考驗
Life Expectancy 63.2 72.0 67.2 73.0 82.2 74.6 78.7 86.2 58.3 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 World China Hong Kong 1970 2005 2040 預計壽命 總出生率 Source: UN Population Division 資料來源:聯合國人口司

4 Demographic Changes Pose Challenges 人口結構變化帶來的考驗
老齡贍養比 60歲以上人口的佔比 Source: UN Population Division 資料來源:聯合國人口司

5 The Original World Bank 3-Pillar Pension Model 最初的世界銀行3大支柱養老金模式
The original World Bank pension model in 1994 comprised 3 pillars 1994年最初的世界銀行養老金模式包括三大支柱 World Bank Pillar 支柱 World Bank Definition 世界銀行定義 I mandated, unfunded, public sector defined benefit pension 強制性的,沒有資金積累的,政府的固定收益養老金 II mandated, funded, private sector defined contribution pension 強制性的,有資金積累的,私有部門管理的固定供款養老金 III voluntary occupational or personal pension benefits 自願建立的行業或個人養老金計劃

6 The Extended 5-Pillar Pension Model 拓展後的五大支柱養老金模式
Based on pension reform experience in the 1990s, World Bank now advocates a 5-Pillar pension model, adding Pillar Zero and Pillar IV. 在20世紀90年代養老金體制改革的經驗基礎上,世界銀行在原模式中加入支柱零及支柱四,推出了現有的五大支柱養老金模式 World Bank Pillar 世行支柱 World Bank Definition 世行定義 Zero “basic” or “social pension” to alleviate poverty “基本”的或“社會性的”,用來減輕貧困的養老金 I 一 mandated, unfunded and public sector defined benefit pension 強制性的,沒有資金積累的,政府的固定收益養老金 II 二 mandated, funded, private sector defined contribution pension 強制性的,有資金積累的,私有行業的固定供款養老金 III 三 voluntary occupational or personal pension benefits 自願建立的職業或個人養老金 IV 四 non-financial benefits such as family support, access to healthcare and housing 非金錢的收益,如家庭支持,享受保健及住房

7 WB Criteria for An Effective Pension System 世界銀行對養老金體制有效性的衡量標準
While recognising that each country’s unique conditions will require it to adapt the model, the World Bank does suggest 4 criteria to measure the effectiveness of a country’s pension system 世界銀行針對該模型需適應各個國家的獨特狀況的情形,提出了衡量國家養老金體制有效性的4大標準 Criteria 標準 Definition 定義 Adequacy 充足性 provide benefits to the full breadth of the population sufficient to prevent old-age poverty 使全民獲得充足的保障,避免老年貧困 Affordability 可承擔性 within the financial capacity of individuals and society 在個人及社會的負擔能力之內 Sustainability 可持續性 financially sound and can be maintained over the foreseeable future 財務穩健,在可預見的將來能夠持續 Robustness 穩健性 can withstand major economic, demographic and political shocks 可經受重大的經濟、人口結構及政治的衝擊

8 Two Aspects of Pension System 養老金體制的兩方面
Design 框架設計 Is the design conducive to an adequate, affordable, sustainable and robust system? 框架設計是否有利於架構一個充足的、可承擔的、可持續的、穩健的的養老金體制? Funding 資金積累 For funded pillars, are they fully funded, properly managed, and safe-guarded against undue interference? 資金積累型的支柱是否為全額積累,是否管理適當,是否免受不當干擾 Also consider 2 phases – accumulation and distribution 還要考慮兩個階段:積累階段和發放階段

9 The 5-Pillar System in Hong Kong Context 香港體制裏的該五大支柱
World Bank Pillars 世行支柱 HK Equivalent 香港的對應體系 State 國家的 Zero NOAA and HOAA? 普通高齡津貼及高額高齡津貼? I 一 None (無) Private 私人的 II 二 MPF 強積金 III 三 ORSO 職業退休計劃 Private and State 私人的和國家的 IV 四 Family support; subsidised healthcare and housing 家庭支持;保健及住房補助

10 The 5-Pillar System in Hong Kong Context (Cont’d) 香港體制中的該五大支柱(續)
NOAA and HOAA, at HK$625 and HK$705 per month, are grossly insufficient 普通高齡津貼和高額高齡津貼,每月分別為625港幣及705港幣,是很不夠的 ORSO and MPF are the two types of funded pension system in Hong Kong 職業退休計劃和強積金是香港的兩大資金積累型的養老金體系 Under current rules, assuming 5% net of fees return, 5% salary increases, and a 35 year work life, MPF can provide less than 30% replacement income for retirees 在現有制度下,假設有5%的費用後年淨收益及5%收入年增幅,工作35年後,強積金只能為退休者提供低於30%的替代收入 Pillars 支柱 Funded Status 資金積累狀況 Current Assets 現有資產 Public 公有的 NOAA and HOAA 普通高齡津貼和高額高齡津貼 PAYG, unfunded 現收現付型 - Private 私人的 MPF 強積金 Funded 資金積累型 HK$ 250 bn 2500 億港元 ORSO 職業退休計畫 HK$ 230 bn 2300 億港元

11 General Comments on the MPF 關於強積金的總體評價
MPF has been successful as a compulsory savings scheme for the employed population 強積金作為一個受僱傭群體的強制性儲蓄計劃是成功的 High compliance rate 高參與率 Investment choice 投資選擇 No scandals 沒有醜聞 BUT 但是

12 General Comments on the MPF (Cont’d) 關於強積金的總體評價(續)
Design of MPF needs improvement 強積金的框架設計需要改進 Lump sum payment at retirement, not monthly income 退休時一次性付款,而不是按月發放 Retirees will have to bear the longevity risk, inflation risk and risk of poor investments 退休人員需要承擔長壽風險,通貨膨脹風險及低回報風險 Insufficient contributions will lead to insufficient replacement ratio at retirement 不足的供款會導致退休時不充足的替代率 Investment scope too rigid – excludes mainland China, alternatives, etc. Consider “home bias” 投資範圍太嚴格 – 不允許投資中國大陸,另類投資。“本國偏好” No tax incentive for voluntary contributions 自願供款不享受稅收鼓勵 Insisting that capital preservation funds be offered makes no sense 堅持提供保本基金沒有意義 Long term, investing in capital preservation funds => losing value 長期投資於保本基金 => 損失

13 How Does Hong Kong Measure Up? 香港是否達標?
Measured against World Bank’s criteria, HK’s retirement system falls short in effectiveness 對照世界銀行的標準,香港的退休金體制缺乏有效性 World Bank Criteria 世行標準 How Hong Kong Measures Up 香港比照结果 Adequacy 充足性 No 没有 -- NOAA and HOAA too low, “fruit money” 普通高齡津貼和高額高齡津貼太低,“水果錢” -- No Pillar I pension    缺乏支柱I養老金 -- MPF replacement rate insufficient 強積金替代率偏低 Affordability 可承受性 Good Sustainability 可持續性 Robustness 穩健性 Not bad 不差

14 The 5-Pillar System in China Context 中國體制裏的該五大支柱
New Unified Pension System Reform 新的、統一的養老體制改革 Document 26 -July 1997 26號文件 – 1997年7月 Document 38 – December 2005 38號文件 – 2005年12月 Expand coverage to all urban employees 將範圍擴展至所有城市雇員 National Social Security Fund (NSSF) established in 2000 as a strategic reserve 作為戰略儲備的全國社會保障基金於2000年成立

15 The 5-Pillar System in China Context (Cont’d) 中國體制裏的該五大支柱(續)
World Bank Pillars 世行支柱 Chinese Equivalent and Terminology 中國的對應體系和中國的定義 Funded Status 資金積累狀況 Current Assets 現有資產 State 國家的 Zero Minimum Guarantee (Di Bao) “低保” PAYG 現收現付型 N/A (不適用) I 一 Mandatory Social Pooling (Pillar Ia) 強制性的社會統籌(支柱 Ia) ? II 二 Mandatory Individual Account (Pillar Ib, administered by the state) 強制性的個人帳戶(支柱Ib,由政府管理) Should be Funded 應為資金積累型 US$80bn? 800億美元? Private 私人的 III 三 Voluntary Enterprise Annuity (EA, Pillar II) 自發的企業年金(企業年金,支柱II) Funded 資金積累型 US$15-20bn? 億美元? Other Voluntary Supplemental Pensions, e.g, Group Pension Insurance (Pillar III) 其他自願的輔助養老,如團體養老保險(支柱III) US$20-30bn? 億美元? Private & State 私人&國家的 IV 四 Family support; subsidised healthcare and housing?家庭支持;醫療及住房補助?

16 Pillars II & III 私有部門的支柱II、III
Pension Reforms in China - Contributions and Benefits 中國的養老金體制改革 – 供款及收益 Chinese Terminology 中國名词 Contributions 供款 Benefits 收益 State Pillar Ia 國家的支柱Ia Employee 僱員 Nil Employer 僱主 ~20% Pension based on average local wage, indexed individual wage and years of employment 根據當地平均工資、本人指數化月平均工資和工作年數而定 State Pillar Ib 國家的支柱Ib 8% Pension based on accumulated contributions and age specific actuarial factors 根據累計供款及年齡因素而定 Private Sector Pillars II & III 私有部門的支柱II、III Variable 不定

17 Pillar II - Enterprise Annuities 支柱II - 企業年金
Voluntary supplementary plans set up by employers according to MoLSS Regulations 20 and 23 in 2004 根據2004年勞動部第20及23號令,由僱主設立的自發的輔助計劃 Tax concessions to encourage EAs not yet finalised 鼓勵企業年金的稅收政策還沒有最終敲定 Conversion of non-EA supplementary plans to EA format, e.g.: after Shanghai Scandal 非企業年金的輔助計劃向企業年金模式的轉換 (上海社保基金案以後) EA licenses Trustees 家託管人 企業年金牌照 Administrators 家帳戶管理人 - 21 Investment Managers 21家投資管理人 - 10 Custodians 家受託人

18 How Does China Measure Up? 中國是否達標?
China’s retirement system appears capable of providing adequate retirement income, but uncertainties in many aspects remain 雖然中國的退休金體制似乎已足夠提供充足的退休收入,但在很多方面還存在很多不確定因素 World Bank Criteria 世行標準 How China Measures Up 中國比照结果 Adequacy 充足性 For urban employees – good 對城市職工 --- 好 For rural population - ? 對農村人口 --- ? Affordability 可承受性 20% contribution by employers expensive 僱主上繳員工工資20%, 負擔較重 Sustainability 可持續性 Remains to be seen 有待觀察 Empty account problem with Pillar Ib  Ib支柱空帳問題 Pension governance needs to be improved 養老金治理有待改進 Robustness 穩健性 Not bad 不错

19 General Comments on China’s Pension System 對中國養老體制的總體評價
Has come a long way since Document 26 in 1997 自1997年26號文件起,已經有了長足進步 In general basic design is sound, however implementation remains an issue 總的來說,基本框架很堅實,但具體執行還存在問題 Empty accounts for Individual Accounts 個人帳戶空帳問題 Expansion to rural population a necessity 發展農村養老金的必要性 Pension governance issues 養老金治理問題 Improvements needed to further refine the system 現行體制需要進一步地改進 Individual accounts: broaden investment scope and outsource to private sector? 個人帳戶:是否需要拓寬投資領域,尋求私有部門管理? EA: clarify tax situation: 企業年金:澄清稅收制度 EA: promulgate master trust rules to encourage SME participation 企業年金:制定集合信託計劃制度,鼓勵中小企業參與 Must gradually raise retirement age 必須逐步提高退休年齡

20 Summary 總結 Measured against the World Bank system and criteria:
對照世界銀行體制及標準: Both need to continue with their reform efforts 都需要繼續加強改革 Future cooperation between HK and China: portability of benefits given increased number of employees working across the border 增強香港與大陸之間的合作;兩岸僱員跨境就業日益增多,應考慮收益的可攜性 Pension System 養老體制 Design 框架設計 Funding 資金積累 Hong Kong 香港 Not Good 不好 China 中國 Progressing 進步中

21 Perfect Pension System 完美的養老體制
Integrated long-term approach to ensure adequate retirement income 走長期綜合路線,確保充足的退休收入 Recognises changing employment structure, family patterns and personal interest 識別不斷變化的僱傭結構,家庭模式及個人利益 Maximizes coverage and participation 使覆蓋率和參與率最大化 Leads to savings culture by individuals 培養個人儲蓄風氣 Increases national savings and economic growth 推動國家儲蓄及經濟發展 Has widespread support from community and policy makers 受到社會及政策制定方的普遍支持 Has effective regulatory structure 具有有效的監管構架 Is simple to understand 簡單易懂

22 Thank You! 謝謝! Questions? 歡迎提問
“This is not the End or the Beginning of the End, but may be the End of the Beginning!” 這不是一個結尾,也不是結尾的開始, 或許只是一個開始的結尾! Thank You! 謝謝! Questions? 歡迎提問 


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