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实验一:网络认识实验 张丽虹.

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Presentation on theme: "实验一:网络认识实验 张丽虹."— Presentation transcript:

1 实验一:网络认识实验 张丽虹

2 实验一:网络认识实验 实验目的 了解计算机网络的基本概念; 理解和掌握计算机网络的体系结构和工作原理;
了解主要的网卡、网络连接头、网络传输介质、常见网络设备的特性; 了解各类传输介质及其标准,熟悉各类网络设备及其功能; 对网络的构成硬件、软件有感性和具体的认识,并能进行简单的网络安装; 初步掌握网卡的安装、各种参数、协议的设置。

3 实验一:网络认识实验 实验环境 局域网,windows 2000 实验学时    2学时,必做实验。

4 实验一:网络认识实验 实验内容 (1) 参观网络管理实验室,了解和认识网卡、网络连接头、传输线缆、集线器、交换机、路由器、服务器;
(1)  参观网络管理实验室,了解和认识网卡、网络连接头、传输线缆、集线器、交换机、路由器、服务器; (2)  按照学校校园网环境,学会网卡的安装与配置。

5 网卡 通信适配器或网络接口卡NIC,简称网卡,装有处理器和存储器。 功能: 串行/并行转换 对数据进行缓存 实现以太网协议 收发数据

6 物理层设备 集线器 中继器 编码—解码器 传输介质连接器

7 10Base2—细缆以太网 10Base5—粗缆以太网
物理层: Ethernet/802.3 10Base2—细缆以太网 10Base5—粗缆以太网 主机 Emphasize: Network topology is not necessarily connected to network technology. For example, many Ethernet networks have a backbone bus topology. However, adding a switch or a hub to an Ethernet network changes it to a star topology. IEEE 802.3u defines the standard for a CSMA/CD LAN operating at 100Mbps, Fast Ethernet. In the case of Ethernet, such as 10BaseT, the first part describes the speed of the cable, the second part describes whether it is baseband or broadband cable, the final part describes the media. So, 10BaseT is 10 Mbps baseband twisted-pair cable. 集线器 10BaseT—双绞线 多个主机

8 集线器运行在物理层 所有设备在同一冲突域 所有设备在同一广播域 所有设备共享相同的带宽 物理层 A B C D
Emphasize: All devices attached to a hub are on the same collision and broadcast domain. A hub is a layer one device. 所有设备在同一冲突域 所有设备在同一广播域 所有设备共享相同的带宽

9 hubs:其实是多端口的repeaters,重新放大信号用,解决线路过长,信号衰减等问题.
1个物理星形(star)拓扑结构,实际在逻辑上是逻辑总线(bus)拓扑结构

10 交换机和桥运行在链路层 每段有自己的冲突域 所有的段都在同一广播域 或 数据链路层 1 2 3 4 1 2
Emphasize: To reduce the number of collisions, a switch can be split into multiple segments, each in a separate collision domain. Note that all segments are in the same broadcast domain. 1 2 3 4 1 2 每段有自己的冲突域 所有的段都在同一广播域

11 路由器:运行在网络层 广播信息控制 多点发送信息控制 路径优化 流量管制 逻辑寻址 提供WAN连接 .
Emphasize: Routers perform the network layer functions depicted in the figure.

12 路由器的硬件组件包括内存、处理器、线路和接口。
C i s c o使用下列类型的内存: 随机访问内存(RAM) 存储正在运行的配置或活动配置文件,路由和其他的表和数据包缓冲区。Cisco IOS软件在主内存中运行。 闪存存储操作系统软件映像,或I O S映像。 非易失性RAM(NVRAM) 特殊的内存,在路由器电源被切断的时候,它的信息不会丢失。用于存储系统的启动配置文件和虚拟配置注册表。 只读内存(ROM) ROM中的映像是路由器在启动的时候首先使用的映像。这个映像通常是I O S的一个较旧的或较小的版本,它并不具有完整的I O S功能。 路由器的作用就是从一个网络向另一个网络传递数据包。

13 物理端口介绍 控制口:console port:
扩展口:一般Cisco的router都有扩展口, 你可以把 WIC (WAN interface card)插进去的。你可以根据你网络的需求,订购不同的WIC。  Interface:Cisco router的命名是按从右往左,从下往上的顺序排列的。   在有的router里面,一个network module solt里面会有多个interface, 这时候你可以用 e1/0, e1/1, e1/2等符号来表示。

14 使用路由器提供 局域网-到-局域网的连接 路由器 局域网 交换机 Host 5 Host 2 网络3 网络1 网络2

15 使用路由器提供 局域网-到-广域网的连接 路由器 A 路由器 B 局域网 交换机 WAN Host 5 网络1 网络2 Host 2

16 路由器提供远程访问服务 调制解调器 或 ISDN适配卡 家庭办公用户 移动用户 分部 公司总部 因特网
Purpose: Routers provide access into the corporate network via WAN connections. Emphasize: A main office must be able to support multiple types of connections. Note: The lightning bolt represents a WAN connection. The dotted lines represent DDR connections. The solid bolts can be packet switched or leased lines. 移动用户 分部 公司总部 因特网

17 LAN的物理层实现 物理层实现多种多样 有些物理层实现方式支持多种物理介质 802.3 数据链路层 (MAC子层) Ethernet 物理层
Emphasize: You may want to explain how cable names are determined. They follow the following pattern: The first number describes the speed of the cable. The next word describes whether it is baseband or broadband cable. The final letter(s) describe the media. 100 Mbps cables are used for Fast Ethernet. T represents twisted pair media. F represents fiber. For example, 10BaseT is 10 Mbps baseband twisted-pair cable. Ethernet 物理层 10Base2 10Base5 10BaseT 10BaseF 100baseTX 100baseFX 100baseT4 DIX 标准 802.3 说明了10mb 以太网规范 802.3u 说明了100mb (快速) 以太网规范

18 以太网介质比较 10Base5 10BaseT 100BaseTX 100BaseFX EIA/TIA 3, 4, 5 类双绞线 2 对
62.5/125 微米多模光纤 50-欧姆 同轴电缆 (粗) 使用介质 最大段长 500 米 100米 100米 400米 Purpose: This figure further compares various Ethernet options. 拓扑类型 总线 星形 星形 点到点 双工型介质接口连接器 (MIC) ST ISO 8877 (RJ-45) ISO 8877 (RJ-45) 连接器 AUI

19 同轴电缆 铜芯导体 隔离材料 网状导体 塑料外层 粗缆 细缆

20 屏蔽双绞线 (STP) 非屏蔽双绞线 (UTP)
以铝箔屏蔽以减少 干扰和串音 双绞线外无任何屏蔽层 常用的双绞线为3类(16Mbit/s) 和5类(155Mbit/s)两种

21 UTP设备 RJ-45 连接器 线对 T 代表发送 R 代表接收 针 1 线对2 T2 2 线对2 R2 3 线对3 T3 4 线对1 R1
Purpose: This figure illustrates an unshielded twisted-pair RJ-45 connector. Emphasize: the RJ-45 has eight pins. Some are for tip (T) and some for ring(R). 4 线对1 R1 8 5 线对1 T1 6 线对3 R3 7 线对4 T4 RJ-45 连接器 8 线对4 R4

22 双绞线的两种接法 EIA/TIA 568B标准和EIA/TIA 568A标准。
1 绿 EIA/TIA 568B标准和EIA/TIA 568A标准。 T568A线序 绿白 绿 橙白 蓝 蓝白 橙 棕白 棕 T568B线序 橙白 橙 绿白 蓝 蓝白 绿 棕白 棕 直通线:两头都按T568B线序标准连接。 交叉线:一头按T568A线序连接,一头按T568B线序连接。 8 1 绿

23 以太网线缆接法 1.直通线(straight-through) 2.交叉线(crossover) 3.反转线(rolled)

24 UTP实现直连线 直连10BaseT/ 100BaseT 直连线 两端的线序相同 针 线 针 线 1 RD+ 1 TD+ 2 RD-
8 1 集线器/交换机 服务器/路由器 8 针 线 1 TD+ 2 TD- 3 RD+ 4 NC 5 NC 6 RD- 7 NC 8 NC 1 针 线 1 RD+ 2 RD- 3 TD+ 4 NC 5 NC 6 TD- 7 NC 8 NC 8 1 绿 8 1 绿 Emphasize: Make sure each student has seen a Cat 5 cable. Describe the test for straight through cable determination. If you hold the two ends of an RJ-45 cable side by side, you'll see eight colored strips, or pins, at each end. If the order of the colored pins is the same at each end, then the cable is straight through. If the order of the colors is reversed at each end, then the cable is crossed over or rolled. Straight-thru Ethernet uses pins 1, 2, 3, and 6. Straight-thru cables are used for switch to router cabling, switch to PC or server cabling, or hub to PC or server cabling. 两端的线序相同

25 直通线用于连接: 1.主机和switch/hub 2.router和switch/hub
直通线只使用1,2,3,6针脚,2端的连法是一一对应

26 UTP实现交叉线 交叉连接10BaseT/ 100BaseT 交叉线 部分线序交叉 集线器/交换机 集线器/交换机 针 线 针 线
8 1 针 线 1 RD+ 2 RD- 3 TD+ 4 NC 5 NC 6 TD- 7 NC 8 NC 针 线 1 RD+ 2 RD- 3 TD+ 4 NC 5 NC 6 TD- 7 NC 8 NC 1 8 8 1 8 1 绿 Emphasize: Make sure each student has seen a Cat 5 cable. Describe the test for crossover cable determination. If you hold the two ends of an RJ-45 cable side by side, you'll see eight colored strips, or pins, at each end. If the order of the colored pins is the same at each end, then the cable is straight through. If the order of the colors is reversed at each end, then the cable is crossed over or rolled. Ethernet uses pins 1, 2, 3, and 6. For crossover, pin 1 is connected to 3, and oin 2 is connected to 6. Crossover cables are used for switch to switch cabling, PC to PC cabling, switch to hub cabling, hub to hub cabling, or router to router cabling. 绿 绿 部分线序交叉

27 交叉线用于连接: switch和switch 主机和主机 hub和hub hub和switch 主机与router直连
交叉线只使用1,2,3,6针脚,2端的连法是1连3,2连6,3连1,6连2

28 Rolled Cable 反转线不是用来连接以太网连接的,它是用来连接主机与router的com口(console serial port)的,它采用1到8跟针脚,2端全部相反对应

29 控制台连接 PCs需要一个将RJ-45转换到DB-9或DB-25的转换器
带控制口的设备 PCs需要一个将RJ-45转换到DB-9或DB-25的转换器 通讯口设置为9600波特率, 8个数据位, 不设奇偶校验位, 1个停止位, 不设流量控制 这是通过控制口的一种管外管理方式 AUX端口用于调制解调器的远程连接访问 Emphasize: Rollover cables are not the same as crossover cables. The pinouts for a rollover cable are 1-8, 2-7, 3-6, 4-5, 5-4, 6-3, and so on. Students must also set up a HyperTerminal console session if they are on a Microsoft Windows ‘95 platform. The instructions to establish a console session using HyperTerminal are in the HyperTerminal appendix.

30 UTP直连线与交叉线对比 有且仅有一个端口标记有“ X”时使用直连线. 两个端口均标有或均没标有“X”时用交叉线.
Purpose: This figure describes a simple way to determine whether one should use a crossover or straight thru cable. 1x 2x 3x 4x 2x 3x 4x 1x 两个端口均标有或均没标有“X”时用交叉线.

31 连接典型网 决定使用10mb或100mb的物理介质 确认面板上的端口,查看是否标记“ X” 指明需要使用什么线类 指明需要使用交叉线或直连线
100 Mbps 5类交叉线 Emphasize: Highlight the various cables and the devices they connect. Reference: for more information, the following URL providees more information on LAN cabling: Also see the Cable Specifications appendix that is included in most Installation and configuration guides. 10 Mbps 3, 4, 5类交叉线 10 Mbps 3, 4, 5类直连线 100 Mbps 5类直连线 10 Mbps 3, 4, 5类直连线

32 光纤

33 注意: 插脚引线不同于 典型网中用到的RJ-45
WAN物理层实现 物理层实现多种多样 连线规范定义了连接速率 HDLC PPP 帧中继 ISDN BRI (用PPP协议) Purpose: This figure illustrates the various WAN standards. Emphasize: The serial standards presented in this course, are presented in the figure. For ISDN, use an RJ-45 port. The cable differs from ports used for serial connections. Note that RJ-45 connections will fit into an RJ-48 and vice versa. Tell students not to connect an ISDN cable into anything other than an ISDN port. EIA/TIA-232 EIA/TIA-449 X.121 V.24 V.35 HSSI RJ-45 注意: 插脚引线不同于 典型网中用到的RJ-45

34 区分不同的WAN串行连接器 连接到路由器 端接用户设备 DTE CSU/ DSU DCE 服务商 通过CSU/DSU接入网络
Purpose: This section describes the various serial standards that support leased line connections. Emphasize: The same 60-pin end that attaches to a Cisco device supports all standards illustrated. CSU/ DSU DCE 服务商 EIA/TIA-232 EIA/TIA-449 V.35 X.21 EIA-530 通过CSU/DSU接入网络

35 串行连接中的DTE和 DCE比较 DTE/DCE—责任分界点 Data Terminal Equipment 数据终端设备
WAN连接中用户方的最后设备 Data Communications Equipmen 数据通讯设备 WAN服务商方的最后通讯设备 DCE提供时钟 调制解调器 通道服务单元/ 数据服务单元 DTE DCE Purpose: This section describes the DTE and DCE. Emphasize: The DTE end attached to your router and the DCE end attaches the the CSU/DSU (or modem) which is attached to the service provider’s network. DTE and DCE do not refer to male and female connectors. Note: Data switching equipment (DSE) is an additional term sometimes used to describe the switch components that appear inside the cloud. The DSE adds and removes channels assigned inside the WAN. The DSE connects traffic from various sources to their final destinations through other switches. S S S S S S DTE DCE DCE DTE DTE/DCE—责任分界点

36 固化的端口 WAN串口可以采用固化方式 2500 路由器—背板一览
Purpose: This figure shows fixed interface router such as a 2500. Emphasize: The router in the figure is a Cisco 2500 router with Ethernet, serial, and ISDN interfaces.. A fixed interface router requires no additional hardware interfaces to operate. However, once you acquire a fixed component router such as a 2500, you cannot change interfaces. Note: Show students the physical router used in the laboratory exercise. WAN串口可以采用固化方式

37 模块化端口 WAN串口可以采用模块化方式 1603 路由器—背板一览 WAN 接口卡 模块 3640 路由器— 背板一览
10BaseT以太网口 AUI以太网口 ISDN BRI S/T 控制口 3640 路由器— 背板一览 Purpose: This figure shows modular interface routers. Emphasize: A modular interface router requires additional hardware network modules and/or WAN interface cards. This generally costs more than a fixed interface router. However, you have the flexibility to change the interface components as your network scales. When configuring an interface on a fixed configuration router, some interfaces must be called out with the slot and port. Note: The figure displays a 1603 router with a 60-pin WAN interface card. It also displays a 3640 with an 8 port serial network module. The laboratory exercise suggests the use of a 3640 as the core router. If you use this router, show the students the various network modules you have installed.

38 用ISDN连接路由器 确定是用BRI S/T或U端口 路由器可能具有一种或两种类型的端口 注意端口类型
Purpose: This figure describes which IADN BRI port may be required. Emphasize: Routers with native ISDN BRI interfaces will have S/T or U interfaces. U interfaces have a built in NT1. S/T interfaces do not. In the United States, the service provider generally requires that the customer supply the NT1. If you must supply the NT1, select a router with a U interface, or select a router with an S/T interface attached to an external NT1. In Europe, the NT1 is supplied by the service provider. So, acquire a device with and S/T interface.

39 用ISDN连接路由器(续) !!!警告!!! 不要把非ISDN设备接入路由器的ISDN端口!
Cisco 路由器 ISDN BRI 端口 !!!警告!!! 不要把非ISDN设备接入路由器的ISDN端口! 如果把非ISDN设备连入路由器ISDN端口将损坏该设备! Emphasize: Stress that damage to ISDN equipment will occur if you connect non-ISDN cables to ISDN ports, interface, and switches. Transition: To configure ISDN or any network device parameters, you must have a console connection.

40 网卡安装 安装硬件 按向导提示安装驱动程序 配置网卡参数(如静态IP地址,网关路由、DNS服务器等)

41 分析与思考 (1) 是否一个计算机可安装任何总线标准的网卡?
(1) 是否一个计算机可安装任何总线标准的网卡? (2) 多台计算机插上网卡,通过RJ-45连接头和双绞线连接到集线器或交换机上,是否就可以组成局域网?

42 要求 按要求格式书写实验报告,网上提交。


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