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课程名称:《网络工程》 主讲:胡晓玲
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第一章 OSI层次模型 Purpose: This chapter reviews general networking theory and introduces students to some of Cisco’s product line. Timing: This chapter takes approximately 1.5 hours to present. Note: This section has a product selection tool laboratory exercise at the end. Contents: Objectives—This section explains what the student will be able to do at the end of this chapter. Defining Network Components—This section displays where devices are placed in the network. Mapping Business Needs to a Hierarchical Model—This section describes the heirarchical model used in network design. OSI Model Overview—This section reviews the OSI model. Communicating Between Layers—This section describes encapsulation and de-encapsulation. Written Exercise 1—This section has a written exercise to test the students’ knowledge of the OSI model. Physical Layer Functions—This section describes the physical layer of the OSI Model. Data Link Layer Functions—This section describes the data link layer of the OSI Model. Network Layer Functions—This section describes the network layer of the OSI Model. Transport Layer Functions—This section describes the transport layer of the OSI Model.
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本章目标 通过本章的学习,您应该掌握以下内容: 掌握OSI分层模型以及每一层的功能
清楚集线器、交换机(网桥)和路由器在网络中担当的角色和功能 懂得在什么情况下该用什么样的设备冲突域、广播域的概念 描述数据在源和目标设备间的传送过程 Purpose: this figure states the chapter objectives. Emphasize: Read or state each objective so each student has a clear understanding of the chapter objectives.
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国际标准化组织ISO ISO:国际标准化组织 ( International Organization for Standardization ) OSI:开放系统互联 ( open system interconnection ) 20世纪70年代后期,ISO创建OSI参考模型,希望不同供应商(如DECnet、IBM)的网络能够相互协同工作,但迄今为止,这仍然是一个伟大的目标!(ISO从来没有被真正实现过)
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网络分层的优点 1、促进标准化工作,增进各厂商产品之间的互通性。
2、各层间相互独立,把复杂的网络操作分成低复杂性单元,同时也简化了故障排除。 3、灵活性好,某一层变化不会影响到别层,设计者可以专心设计和开发相应的模块。 4、各层间通过一个接口在相邻层上下通信。 如PC机就是一个模块化设备的实例
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OSI 七层模型 应用层 第七层 表示层 第六层 会话层 第五层 传输层 第四层 网络层 第三层 数据链路层 第二层 物理层 第一层
Layer 2 of 2: Purpose: This figure orients the students to the next set of concepts. Emphasize: The Data Link layer of the OSI reference model is implemented by Switches and Bridges. These devices encapsulate date in “frames”. The Network layer of the OSI reference model is implemented by Routers. These devices encapsulate data in ‘packets’. The Transport layer of the OSI reference model is implemented by various protocols; one of which is TCP. TCP uses ports and encapsulates the data in ‘segments’.
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应用层作用 CISCO路由器和交换机基于CLI,而Web浏览器则基于图形界面。 例子 Telnet、 Email FTP、 Web浏览器
能够感知网络的各种应用程序, 通常基于GUI、CLI与人进行交互。 Telnet、 FTP、 Web浏览器 应用层 CISCO路由器和交换机基于CLI,而Web浏览器则基于图形界面。 Slide 1 of 4: Purpose: This figure orients the students to the application layer. Emphasize: This layer discusses network applications rather than computer applications. So, applications such as spreadsheets, word processors, or presentation graphics are not the applications being described here. Network applications may be applications that support, electronic mail, file transfer, remote access, network management, and so on. Transition: The following discusses the presentation layer.
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表示层作用 负责定义信息是如何通过用户正在使用的界面呈现给用户 例子 文本:ASCII、 EBCDIC 图像:JPEG、BMP
音频:WAV、MIDI 视频:WMV、AVI 定义各种信息的数据表示格式 加密等特殊处理过程 表示层 Slide 2 of 4: Purpose: This figure orients the students to the presentation layer. Emphasize: This layer discusses code formatting, data presentation standards, and conversion. Transition: The following discusses the session layer. 负责定义信息是如何通过用户正在使用的界面呈现给用户
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会话层作用 主机B 主机A 主机C 启动连接、区分多个连接,这个过程的实际技术细节是在传输层完成。
为不同机器的应用程序之间建立会话,保证不同应用程序间的数据得以区分 会话层 主机A 主机C 主机B Slide 3 of 4: Purpose: This figure orients the students to the session layer. Emphasize: This layer coordinates applications as they interact on different hosts. Examples of session-layer protocols include: NFS, SQL, RPC, and so on. Transition: The following displays the lower layers.
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传输层的作用 负责连接的实际技术细节,同时对数据提供可靠对和不可靠的传输。 例子 TCP UDP SPX 可靠或不可靠的数据传输
流量控制、多路复用 传输层 负责连接的实际技术细节,同时对数据提供可靠对和不可靠的传输。 Slide 5 of 5: Purpose: This figure reviews the entire OSI model stack. Emphasize: The upper layers sit above the lower layers. Transition: The following discusses encapsulation and de-encalsulation.
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网络层的作用 路由器工作在这个层次 例子 IP IPX DECnet Apple Talk
定义第三层逻辑地址、逻辑路径寻址、连接不同的链路类型 IP IPX DECnet Apple Talk 网络层 Slide 4 of 5: Purpose: This figure orients the students to the transport layer. Emphasize: The Transport layer of the OSI reference model is implemented by various protocols; one of which is TCP. TCP uses ports and encapsulates the data in ‘segments’. TCP is connection oriented so it offers reliable service. The other major transport layer protocol discussed in this course is UDP. It offers speed but no reliability because it is connectionless. Transition: The following presents the entire OSI stack again. 路由器工作在这个层次
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网络层的作用(续) 路由表 目标网络 端口 距离 1 2 4 S0 E0 1.0 4.0 1.3 4.3 2.2 2.1 4.1 4.2 1.1 1.2 Emphasize: Routers maintain routes in routing tables. Before any routing can be done an administrator must configure a router with certain key information such as addresses and tell the router how to determine the best route to use. This is different than a switch which is a plug and play device.
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数据链路层的作用 网桥和交换机工作在这个层次 例子 LAN:802.3、802.4、802.5 、FDDI、Token ring
定义MAC地址或硬件地址 定义线路的物理或硬件拓扑 定义链路层成帧的方法 提供数据流控制 无或面向连接的服务 Slide 2 of 5: Purpose: This figure orients the students to the data link layer. Emphasize: The data link layer provides data transport across a physical link is and physical and data link Ethernet protocol. It is used with the standard. Transition: The following discusses Layer 3, the network layer, of the OSI reference model. 例子 LAN:802.3、802.4、802.5 、FDDI、Token ring WAN:ATM、FR、HDLC、PPP、SLIP、X.25 网桥和交换机工作在这个层次
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Ethernet II帧格式 MAC 地址 0000.0C xx.xxxx 以太网有效帧长:64-1518 数据 源地址 FCS 类型
目标地址 可变长: 2 6 4 0000.0C xx.xxxx 厂商自己分配 IEEE 分配 MAC 地址 # 字节 以太网有效帧长: Emphasize: All MAC addresses on a LAN must be unique. Two devices with the same MAC address cannot be on the same data link. Note: The IEEE assigned vendor code is just one of Cisco’s many MAC vendor codes. Cisco has many more, many of which came with Cisco’s acquisitions.
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物理层的作用 提供网络连接的物理技术细节,包括如下内容: 线缆类型:3类、5类UTP、多模光纤、单模光纤
接口连接器:AUI、BNC、DB-60、RJ-11、RJ-45 各信号线电气特性、规程特性 EIA/TIA-232 V.35 例子 物理层 设备间接收或发送比特流 说明电压、线速和线缆等 Slide 1 of 5 Purpose: This figure orients the students to the physical layer of the OSI Model. Emphasize: The physical layer specifies the electrical, mechanical procedural, and functional requirements for activating, maintaining, and deactivating the physical link between systems. Certain physical standards are associated with certain data link standards. For example, is used with data link standard for Ethernet. It is not used in WAN connections. This is covered more in-depth later in the course. Transition: The following discusses Layer 2, the Data Link layer, of the OSI reference model. 集线器和中继器工作在这个层次
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数据传输过程 端系统A 端系统B 应用层协议 应用层 表示层协议 表示层 会话层协议 会话层 传输层协议 传输层 网络层 数据连路层 物理层
通 信 介 质 应用层 表示层 会话层 传输层 网络层 数据连路层 物理层 传输层协议 会话层协议 表示层协议 应用层协议 端系统A 端系统B
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协议数据单元(PDU) PDU(protocol data unit):协议对等层之间交换的信息叫协议数据单元。 上层 : message
transport layer : segment Network layer: packet Data-link layer: Frame Physical layer: bit
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封装过程 传输层 网络层 FCS 数据链路层 FCS 物理层 应用层 表示层 会话层 上层数据 TCP 头 上层数据 IP 头 IP 头
Purpose: This figure illustrates de-encapsulation. Emphasize: At the destination, the headers at each layer are stripped off as the data moves back up the stack. LLC 头 LLC 头 IP + TCP +上层数据 FCS 数据链路层 MAC 头 LLC 头 + IP + TCP + 上层数据 FCS 物理层
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解封装过程 传输层 网络层 数据链路层 物理层 应用层 表示层 会话层 上层数据 上层数据 TCP 头 TCP+上层数据 IP 头
Purpose: This figure illustrates de-encapsulation. Emphasize: At the destination, the headers at each layer are stripped off as the data moves back up the stack. IP 头 IP + TCP +上层数据 数据链路层 LLC 头 LLC 头 + IP + TCP + 上层数据 MAC 头 物理层
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OSI模型的意义 提供了网络间互连的参考模型 成为实际网络建模、设计的重要参考工具和理论依据
OSI/RM的思想为我们提供了进行网络设计与分析的方法 (实际的网络几乎都是分层结构,功能分层,协议分层,只是根据实际需要,层次有多有少。模块化的结构便于同时开发、升级换代,维护管理)
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OSI模型的缺陷 许多功能在多个层次重复,有冗余感(如流控,差错控制等) 各层功能分配不均匀(链路、网络层任务重,会话层任务轻)
功能和服务定义复杂,很难产品化 实际应用中几乎没有完全按OSI七层模型设计的产品
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二、联网设备 集线器 交换机(网桥) 路由器
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冲突域 广播域 冲突 (collision):在以太网中,当两个节点同时传输数据时,从两个设备发出的帧将会碰撞,在物理介质上相遇,彼此数据都会被破坏 冲突域(collision domain)一个支持共享介质的网段 广播域 (broadcast domain):广播帧传输的网络范围,一般是路由器来设定边界(因为router不转发广播)
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集线器运行在物理层 所有设备在同一冲突域 所有设备在同一广播域 所有设备共享相同的带宽 物理层 A B C D
Emphasize: All devices attached to a hub are on the same collision and broadcast domain. A hub is a layer one device. 所有设备在同一冲突域 所有设备在同一广播域 所有设备共享相同的带宽
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集线器:同一个冲突域 接入设备越多冲突机率越大 跟集线器相连的所有主机只能以半双工方式工作,且必须运行CSMA/CD协议
Purpose: This figure compares hubs in a CSMA/CD environment to a highway with multiple access points. Emphasize: The more entrance points onto the highway, the greater the likelihood for a collision to occur. Likewise, the more end stations on a hub trying to access the line, the more collisions occur.
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CSMA/CD工作原理 发送数据前先监听信道,若信道空闲,则发送数据,若信道忙继续监听,直到信道空闲再发送数据,称之为载波监听。
若两台主机同时监听到信道空闲,同时将数据送往信道,则必然冲突。此外,信道的“假空闲”也会导致冲突发生。因此,要求主机边发送数据边检测冲突。 如果冲突发生,则立刻发送一个JAM信号以强化冲突,随后随即等待一段时间再次监听信道。
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交换机和桥运行在链路层 每段有自己的冲突域 所有的段都在同一广播域 或 数据链路层 1 2 3 4 1 2
Emphasize: To reduce the number of collisions, a switch can be split into multiple segments, each in a separate collision domain. Note that all segments are in the same broadcast domain. 或 1 2 3 4 1 2 每段有自己的冲突域 所有的段都在同一广播域
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交换机 交换 每段有自己的冲突域 广播信息向所有段转发 缓冲区
Purpose: This figure compares the switch to a highway. 交换 缓冲区 每段有自己的冲突域 广播信息向所有段转发
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路由器:运行在网络层 广播、组播信息控制 路径优化 流量管制 逻辑寻址 提供WAN连接 .
Emphasize: Routers perform the network layer functions depicted in the figure.
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路由器提供远程访问服务 调制解调器 或 ISDN适配卡 家庭办公用户 移动用户 分部 公司总部 因特网
Purpose: Routers provide access into the corporate network via WAN connections. Emphasize: A main office must be able to support multiple types of connections. Note: The lightning bolt represents a WAN connection. The dotted lines represent DDR connections. The solid bolts can be packet switched or leased lines. 移动用户 分部 公司总部 因特网
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网络设备的域 集线器 桥 交换机 路由器 冲突域 1 4 4 4 广播域 1 1 1 4
Emphasize: This figure summarizes the different collision domains and broadcast domains on various network devices. It is important that students understand the difference between the two domains. 冲突域 广播域
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路由器交换机比较 连接异构网络的能力 所构建网络的可扩展性 转发表的形成过程
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本章总结 通过本章的学习,您应该掌握以下内容: 掌握OSI层次模型各层的主要功能 描述数据在源和目标设备间的传送过程
清楚集线器、交换机和路由器在网络中担当的角色和功能;懂得在什么情况下该用什么样的设备 Purpose: Review the summary items with your students. Emphasize: Read or restate the summary statements. By now, your presentation and classroom discussion should have students able to meet the chapter learning objectives.
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问题回顾 1. 在网络环境下应用 OSI 模式有什么优点? 2. 描述数据封装的过程。 3. 集线器、交换机、路由器和广播域、冲突域?
Purpose: Review the chapter with open ended questions. Note: The questions in this section are open ended questions designed to foster further discussion. Answers the the review questions are in the “Answers” appendix.
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