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武警部队心脏研究所 武警部队心血管介入中心 罗建平 武警总医院心血管内科
冠状动脉无复流现象的防治 武警部队心脏研究所 武警部队心血管介入中心 罗建平 武警总医院心血管内科
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病人资料 毛某,男性,78岁, 糖尿病8年,高血压病,高脂血症,吸烟20余年,1年前戒除
主因发作性剑突下疼痛4天,于2007年09月18日由门诊以“冠心病 急性心肌梗死”收入科。 ECG:V1-V5导联ST段抬高>0.2mv。 肌钙蛋白升高。
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CAG
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CAG
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球囊扩张前冠脉内给予硝酸甘油200ug,欣维宁10ml
2.5*15mm球囊扩张 球囊扩张后
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植入支架3.0*24mm 植入后造影no-reflow
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先后冠脉给予欣维宁再10ml、硝酸甘油400ug,异搏定400ug后
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近端植入支架3.5*14mm
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植入后造影no-reflow
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再先后冠脉给予欣维宁10ml、硝酸甘油500ug,异搏定600ug后
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一、无复流概述 无复流现象(no-reflow)是指闭塞的心外膜冠状动脉再通后,心肌组织无灌注的现象。冠状动脉造影表现为血流明显减慢(血流<=TIMI 2级),而冠状动脉无残余狭窄、夹层、痉挛或血栓形成等机械性梗阻存在。
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研究发现,无复流是一个随时间而发展的过程,而不仅仅是发生于再灌注当时的急性事件。无复流区面积随再灌注时间延长而增加,部分无复流可发生于再灌注后的24、48小时。另外24小时内部分无复流病例在1个月后行心肌声学造影(MCE)复查时发生无复流逆转,且心脏功能良好。因此,无复流应该是再灌注后的一个动态过程。
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无复流既可出现在心肌灌注的动物模型上,又可发生在临床上AMI再灌注治疗(包括溶栓和介人)和择期的经皮冠状动脉介人治疗(PCI)中,是并非少见的紧急并发症。
Piana等和Abbo等的报道AMI PCI、斑块旋磨和旋切术及大隐静脉桥PCI的无复流发生率最高,分别达11.5% ,7.7%和4.5%及4%,常规PCI的发生率仅1%-2%。
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冠状动脉无复流可产生严重心肌缺血危及患者的生命,甚至发生心血管崩溃立即致死;而且,无复流是由于组织水平无灌注的结果,紧急处理甚为棘手;预后差。
Abbo等报道冠状动脉无复流住院病死率和心肌梗死发生率分别高达15%和31%,比未发生无复流的患者高10倍,Ito等也报道AMI无复流者早期心力衰竭更多,恢复期心室扩大和重构更明显。
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对无复流现象的认识 从事研究和介人治疗的心脏病学家对无复流现象的认识存在差异,前者注重组织灌注水平的无复流,而后者则注重其冠状动脉造影下的表现。
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2001年Eeckhout和Kern将无复流分为实验性、心肌梗死再灌注性和血管性无复流三类,分别是指在动物实验中、AMI在药物和机械方法使冠状动脉再通的情况下和常规PCI中所产生的无复流。
Galiuto等又将无复流分为结构性和功能性无复流,前者是由于微血管结构破坏所致,一旦发生不易改善;而后者微血管结构是完整的,但由于其功能障碍(如痉挛和栓塞)导致无复流,是可改善的无复流。
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二、无复流的病理生理机制 无复流产生的病理生理机制还不完全清楚,但其结局是由于微循环损伤或功能障碍使微血管水平血流受阻所致已被公认。
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可能机制 微血管结构完整性破坏 微栓子栓塞 白细胞聚集 微血管功能完整性损伤,主要是痉挛所致 血小板激活 氧自由基
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可能机制 1 微血管结构完整性破坏 电镜下发现,无复流区毛细血管内皮肿胀、突出甚至脱落、周边的坏死心肌压迫,使毛细血管及内皮细胞的完整性遭破坏
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2 微栓子栓塞 微栓子栓塞在临床血管性和心肌梗死再灌注性无复流发生中起关键作用。 主要来源于冠状动脉不稳定病变中的粥样斑块碎片(如胆固醇结晶等)和微血栓,经溶栓或PCI时挤压脱落而致远端微血管栓塞。近年来,PCI中使用远端保护装置,既可回收到血栓和斑块碎片,也能大大减少无复流发生。
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3 白细胞聚集 无复流区微血管内大量中性粒细胞积聚。无白细胞的血液再灌注可减轻无复流,提示白细胞聚集及其与内皮细胞间的相互作用,可能也是产生无复流的机制之一。
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4 微血管功能完整性损伤。主要是痉挛所致,可能原因为
缺血再灌注使心脏交感神经兴奋,由α-受体介导冠状动脉微小动脉系统弥漫痉挛。 缺血再灌注损伤使内皮细胞生成NO减少,血管舒张功能减弱,难以拮抗α-受体介导的肾上腺素能血管收缩效应。 三磷酸腺苷(ATP)敏感的钾通道(KATP)受抑制致冠状动脉痉挛。 PCI使血栓碎裂和血小板脱颗粒,释放血栓素A2和5-羟色胺等缩血管因子,引起微血管痉挛。
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5 血小板激活 无复流分为由血小板激活造成微血管阻塞的早期阶段,及随后由于中性粒细胞、自由基释放及细胞水肿造成再灌注损伤的后期阶段。 缺血再灌注初起,血小板激活可导致微血栓形成,同时脱颗粒释放血栓素A2和5-羟色胺等缩血管因子,引起微血管痉挛,产生无复流。最近发现即使在无血栓形成的情况下,血小板的激活仍可造成冠状动脉无复流。
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6 氧自由基 联合应用超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶可显著减轻无复流,提示氧自由基参与了无复流的发生。 在AMI患者的PCI中,发现冠状静脉窦血中氧自由基水平增高。 氧自由基直接作用与毛细血管内皮和心肌细胞膜的通透性引起水肿,也可通过激活炎性细胞浸润引起毛细血管壁和心肌细胞水肿最终造成毛细血管机械性的阻塞。
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三、无复流现象的诊断方法 1、临床症状 2、心肌标志物升高 部分病人无症状
大部分病人出现胸痛(PCI后0-24h)、严重者即刻出现心衰、低血压、心原性休克、甚至死亡。 2、心肌标志物升高
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3、心电图 AMI患者再灌注治疗后,抬高的ST段完全回落或无回落可以作为反映心肌灌注或无复流的替代指标,ST段抬高指数减少(>=50%)或ST段抬高指数增加(>=30%),对判断微血管灌注或无复流均有较高准确性(81%)。
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4、冠状动脉造影血流分级 经皮冠状动脉介入治疗后原病变部位无夹层、痉挛或阻塞而冠状动脉血流小于心肌梗死溶栓治疗临床试验(TIMI)II级或心肌灌注(TMP) 血流分级0-2级,可以判定无复流。对于冠状动脉血流TIMI III级的病例,一部分表现为缓慢血流,另一部分为快血流,缓慢血流患者经超声、核素检查后仍可检出无复流病例,提示TIMI血流分级在判定无复流方面存在局限性。
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5、校正的心肌梗死溶栓治疗临床试验帧数(CTFC)
在传统的TIMI血流分级法基础上用校正的TIMI帧数来评估微循环血流。这是一种较精确的识别技术,较传统的TIMI分级客观、定量、可重复、敏感。造影剂到达指定的冠状动脉远端所需的血管造影帧数越多,血流速度越慢,无复流存在的可能越大。
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6、冠状动脉内多普勒血流 采用多普勒血流导丝,进行血管内超声检查,测定时相性和平均冠状动脉血流速度;测定绝对冠状动脉血流储备(CFR)指数,若显示冠状动脉血流储备指数下降,收缩期顺向血流速度下降,异常收缩早期逆向血流,舒张期血流速度迅速下降均提示无复流现象。收缩早期逆向血流是具有敏感性和特异性的评估无复流的指标。
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7、超声心肌声学造影(MCE) 将声处理的造影物质(如氟丙烷白蛋白),其中含高能微泡,从冠状动脉或静脉途径注入,然后做心肌超声检查,受累区无复流灌注反应或心肌内气泡反常持续存在提示无复流现象。 目前由于声学造影剂的改进,二次谐波成像技术的应用和心肌声学造影分析方法的进步,心肌声学造影被认为是目前评估活体冠状动脉微循环异常的最有效方法之一。
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8、冠状动脉内压力测定 应用压力导丝测量靶动脉的压力阶差,并计算心肌血流储备分数(FFRmyo)。当有微循环病变存在时,血流储备分数值会升高,此时还应当结合冠状动脉内血流储备分数进行判断。如果血流储备分数值较高而冠状动脉血流储备值低,说明有微血管功能障碍存在。
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9、其他方法 放射性核素运动心肌灌注显像、正电子发射断层和对比增强磁共振显像法,都可用于诊断无复流。
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四、无复流的危险因素 PCI术后是否发生无复流可根据临床特点、冠状动脉造影及冠状动脉内超声结果进行初步判断。
研究发现,SVG PCI时,血栓形成、ACS、退化的静脉移植物、溃疡是发生低或无复流的4个独立危险因素,发生SNR的危险分别为:低危(1%-10%) <=1个危险因素,中危(20%-40%)2个危险因素,高危(60%-90%)>=3个危险因素。
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AMI PCI时,CAG见高负荷的血栓形成是发生无复流现象的独立预测因素,表现为:IRA完全闭塞处呈切面残端、阻塞近端血栓>5mm、浮动血栓存在、阻塞远端造影剂持续淤滞、参考管腔直径(RLD)>=4mm、II型病变(IRA不完全阻塞性血栓长度超过RLD3倍)。
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IVUS见到的有脂质池样图象的大血管也处于发生无复流的高危险。
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相反,早期再灌注<240min、术前TIMI>=2级、锥形阻塞,为不发生无复流的独立预测因素。
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五、无复流的防治
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预防 药物 远端保护/血栓抽吸装置(主要用于桥血管PCI和AMI直接PCI) 直接支架植入 准分子激光消栓
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药物 PCI术前或术中冠状动脉内或外周静脉给药 硝酸甘油(Nitroglycerin) 腺苷(Adenosine)
尼可地尔(KATP通道开放剂)(Nicorandil) 维拉帕米(Verapamil) 地尔硫卓(Diltiazem) GP IIb/IIIa受体拮抗剂(GP IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist)等 均可减少无复流现象的发生。
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维拉帕米 Early Administration of Intracoronary Verapamil Improves Myocardial Perfusion During Percutaneous Coronary Interventions for Acute Myocardial Infarction AMI 直接PCI前冠脉内给予维拉帕米改善心肌灌注 (CHEST 2005; 128:2593–2598)
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目的:To evaluate the effects of the administration of intracoronary verapamil before the occurrence of no reflow during direct PCI. 50 patients ready to undergo direct PCI within 12 h from the onset of AMI Intracoronary verapamil was administered immediately prior to balloon inflation Had not received intracoronary calcium-channel blockers were enrolled as control subjects. (CHEST 2005; 128:2593–2598)
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TMPG :TIMI myocardial perfusion grade
(CHEST 2005; 128:2593–2598)
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尼可地尔 Effects of Intravenous Nicorandil Before Reperfusion for Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Stress Hyperglycemia AMI并应激性高血糖病人再灌注治疗前静脉注射尼可地尔的疗效 Diabetes Care 29:202–206, 2006
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METHODS:This study consisted of 158 consecutive first AMI patients with stress hyperglycemia who underwent PCI within 24 h from the onset. They were randomly assigned to receive 12 mg of nicorandil (n=81) or a placebo (n =77) intravenously just before reperfusion. Stress hyperglycemia was defined as a blood glucose level 10 mmol/l (180 mg/dl). Diabetes Care 29:202–206, 2006
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(P=0.032) (P=0.032) (P=0.027) Diabetes Care 29:202–206, 2006
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尼可地尔不同给药途径的疗效 Impact of Nicorandil to Prevent Reperfusion Injury in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction Sigmart Multicenter Angioplasty Revascularization Trial (SMART) Circ J 2006; 70: 1099 – 1104)
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90 个AMI起病6小时内的住院病人,PCI前TIMI血流0-1级。 随机分为A、B、C 3组 ,
A组:尼可地尔 0.5 mg/次,PCI前和后1-2次冠脉注射 (总量原则上1-2 mg)。 B组:将尼可地尔配成1 mg/ml. 先静脉推注4 mg,然后6ml/h静脉输注,加上A组方案冠脉内给药。 C组:无药组 Circ J 2006; 70: 1099 – 1104)
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Fig 1. Primary endpoint. *p<0.05
Circ J 2006; 70: 1099 – 1104)
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Fig 3. ST-segment resolution (STR).
Fig 2. Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction frame count. Fig 3. ST-segment resolution (STR). Circ J 2006; 70: 1099 – 1104)
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替罗非班和氯吡格雷对静脉桥血管并ACS患者的影响
The effect of tirofiban and clopidogrel pretreatment on outcome of old saphenous vein graft stenting in patients with acute coronary syndromes. 替罗非班和氯吡格雷对静脉桥血管并ACS患者的影响 Tohoku-J-Exp-Med May; 206(1)
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A total of 47 patients, who had lesions in saphenous vein grafts and acute coronary syndrome
randomized to treated group (n = 24), who received Tirofiban and clopidogrel for 48 hours before the intervention and untreated group (n = 23), who did not receive Tirofiban and clopidogrel. In the untreated group the intervention was performed just after the coronary angiography.
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The rate of no-reflow or slow-flow phenomenon was significantly lower in treated group (one patient vs 9 patients, p = 0.004).
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During short-term follow-up, there were no acute myocardial infarction, coronary bypass surgery or death in both groups. There was no major bleeding. Minor bleeding was more frequent in treated group, but it did not achieve statistical significance (3 vs 1; p = 0.322).
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远端保护装置 远端保护/血栓抽吸装置可以分为4大类 1、Guardwire Plus System为代表的远端球囊阻塞/血栓抽吸装置
2、X-Sizer为代表的机械血栓抽吸装置 3、Filterwire EX为代表的远端滤过血栓抽吸装置 4、Diver CE为代表的单纯血栓抽吸导管 Guardwire Plus System 长190mm的中空0.014-inch 的导丝,中央腔连接充盈压< 2 atm时最大直径达6.0 mm顺应性球囊, 单轨抽吸导管(Export catheter)、20CC的真空注射器,主要用于回收粥样硬化斑块和血栓碎片。 Angioguard Filter System. The Angioguard Filter System (Cordis, Miami, FL, USA) consists of a inch guidewire with an integrated wire basket and a polymeric filter at the distal end of the device. The guidewire is made of stainless steel. The basket consists of a thin, porous, polymeric membrane supported by a fine metal skeleton (Fig. 3). The basket material is made of nickel-titanium, and the filter is made of polyurethane (pore size 100 pm). The basket diameters vary from 4.0 to 8.0 mm and fit into 3.0- and 7.5mm vessels. The device is inserted with an outer delivery sheath in place holding the filter basket in a closed position. After crossing the lesion and reaching the distal site, the outer sheath is pulled back, deploying the filter basket. The radiopaque markings in the wire help place the filter basket at the desired location. During the interventional procedure, emboli collect in the filter as blood passes through it. A retrieval catheter is then inserted to close the filter and remove the device when the interventional procedure is completed.
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Guardwire System. 远端球囊阻塞/血栓抽吸装置
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SAFER the first multicenter randomized trial
共纳入801 名大隐静脉桥血管直径狭窄>50%并为心绞痛罪犯血管的患者,随机分为PCI术中使用 Guardwire Plus 的远端球囊阻塞/血栓抽吸装置组(N=406 )和传统0.014 inch导丝组 (N=395 ) 主要终点:30天内死亡、心肌梗死、急诊搭桥或靶病变再血管成形术的联合终点。 Randomized Trial of a Distal Embolic Protection Device During Percutaneous Intervention of Saphenous Vein Aorto-Coronary Bypass Grafts(SAFER) the first multicenter randomized trial to evaluate use of a distal embolic protection device during stenting of such lesions. Circulation. 2002;105: )
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( P=0.004) (P=0.008) (P=0.02) Circulation. 2002;105:1285-1290.)
与心肌梗死相关的心脏MAC减少42% (8.6% vs 14.7%) (P=0.008)。 无复流的发生分别为3% vs 9%, (P=0.02)。 ( P=0.004) (P=0.008) (P=0.02) Circulation. 2002;105: )
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远端保护对大血栓负荷直接PCI心肌再灌注的影响
The Distal Protection During Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Alleviates the Adverse Effects of Large Thrombus Burden on Myocardial Reperfusion 远端保护对大血栓负荷直接PCI心肌再灌注的影响 Circ J 2006; 70: 232 – 238
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88 consecutive patients undergoing DP during primary PCI within 24 h from the onset of AMI were enrolled in the study (DP group). 81 consecutive patients undergoing primary PCI without using the DP device for AMI during the preceding 1 year (control group). Circ J 2006; 70: 232 – 238
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The GuardWire Plus (Medtronic ) consists of a 0
The GuardWire Plus (Medtronic ) consists of a inch guidewire incorporating a central inflation lumen to which an elastomeric balloon (3.0–6.0 mm in diameter) Circ J 2006; 70: 232 – 238
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P>0.05 Circ J 2006; 70: 232 – 238
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Circ J 2006; 70: 232 – 238
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P>0.05 Circ J 2006; 70: 232 – 238
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Limitations of using a GuardWire temporary occlusion and aspiration system in patients with acute myocardial infarction: multicenter investigation of coronary artery protection with a distal occlusion device in acute myocardial infarction (MICADO). J-Invasive-Cardiol Mar; 19(3): 132-8
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MICADO The study was conducted as a prospective, randomized,multicenter trial. This study evaluated the efficacy of distal protection with the GuardWire distal protection device in PCI at the time of AMI revascularization. Patients with AMI within 24 hours from onset were randomized into either PCI combined with a GuardWire,or PCI without distal protection. The primary endpoints were TIMI perfusion grade (TMP) and no incidence of reflow. Secondary endpoints were major cardiac events (MACE) during 6-month follow up. J-Invasive-Cardiol Mar; 19(3): 132-8
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The incidence of no-reflow was similar between the GuardWire group and the control group (4% vs. 3%). TMP 3 was seen at a higher rate in the GuardWire group,but was not statistically significant (58% vs. 44%; p = 0.054). (p = 0.054) MACE was observed in similar incidences between the two groups after 6-month follow up J-Invasive-Cardiol Mar; 19(3): 132-8
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X-Sizer机械血栓抽吸装置 Incidence, predictors, and outcomes of device failure of X-sizer thrombectomy: Real-world experience of 200 cases in 5 years Am Heart J 2007;153:14.e13-14.e19.
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Am Heart J 2007;153:14.e13-14.e19.
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Am Heart J 2007;153:14.e13-14.e19.
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Am Heart J 2007;153:14.e13-14.e19.
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直接支架植入 A Randomized Comparison of Direct Stenting With Conventional Stent Implantation in Selected Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction AMI直接支架植入和传统支架植入的随机对照研究 J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:15–21
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randomized, single-center trial
206 were allocated to direct stent implantation (n=102) or stent implantation after balloon pre-dilation (n=104) J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:15–21
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J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:15–21
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两组住院期间的临床结果 J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:15–21
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准分子激光消栓 Excimer laser thrombus elimination for prevention of distal embolization and no-reflow in patients with acute ST elevation myocardial infarction Results from the randomized Laser AMI study 27 consecutive patients with ST-segment elevation AMI (aged 57.8±9.2 years) were randomized either to balloon angioplasty and stent implantation alone (n=13) or adjunct ELCA (n=14). International Journal of Cardiology 116 (2007) 20–26
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ELCA was feasible and safe in all cases
ELCA was feasible and safe in all cases. No procedure-associated complications were observed. P>0.05 International Journal of Cardiology 116 (2007) 20–26
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International Journal of Cardiology 116 (2007) 20–26
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International Journal of Cardiology 116 (2007) 20–26
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治疗 硝酸甘油(Nitroglycerin) 腺苷(Adenosine) 尼可地尔(KATP通道开放剂)(Nicorandil)
维拉帕米(Verapamil) 地尔硫卓(Diltiazem) 硝普钠(Sodium Nitroprusside) 乌拉地尔(Urapidil) GP IIb/IIIa受体拮抗剂(GP IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist)
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冠脉内给予维拉帕米逆转AMI冠状动脉成形术中无复流
Intracoronary Verapamil for Reversal of No-Reflow During Coronary Angioplasty for Acute Myocardial Infarction 冠脉内给予维拉帕米逆转AMI冠状动脉成形术中无复流 Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 002;57:444–451.
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a consecutive series of 212 direct or rescue PTCAs for AMI,a TIMI flow grade < 3 was observed in 23 patients (10.8%) Ten of the 23 patients had received GP IIb/IIIa antagonists before PTCA Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 002;57:444–451.
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A:LAD闭塞,B:球囊扩张后TIMI2级血流,C:支架植入后无血流,D:沿导丝送入灌注导管至支架远端,注入维拉帕米1mg,E:保留灌注导管造影TIMI3级,F:15MIN后造影
Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 002;57:444–451.
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Individual changes of TFC in 23 patients with no-reflow after intracoronary verapamil. The significant change of group mean standard deviation is also shown (P < 0.001). Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 002;57:444–451.
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Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 002;57:444–451.
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腺甘和钙桔抗剂的实验对比研究 结扎区域 (LA),无复流区域 (ANR),坏死区域 (NA) Histopathological 组织病理学
Cardiovasc Drugs Ther (2006) 20: 167–175
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