Asian Heritage Diplomacy: From Conflict to Cooperation

Presentation on theme: "Asian Heritage Diplomacy: From Conflict to Cooperation"— Presentation transcript:

1 Asian Heritage Diplomacy: From Conflict to Cooperation
2016 ICCARS International Workshop Asian Heritage Diplomacy: From Conflict to Cooperation Date: 8 September 2016 Location: Zhejiang University Zijinggang Campus Qizhen Hotel Lizhou Hall

2 Programme 9:00-9:15 Registration 9:15-9:30 Welcome address (Ma Bosen)
Morning Session Moderator: Liu Huimei 9:30-10:30 Tim Winter (Deakin) One Belt One Road, twentieth century conflict and the diplomatics of heritage in Asia Liu Jinbao (ZJU) Communication Over the Silk Road: a Win-win situation (in Chinese) 10:30-10:45 Tea Break 10:45-12:15 Wu Zongjie (ZJU) Reconceptualizing the Past in Confucian Perspective: Heritage towards Heart-to-Heart Communication Fan Jieping(ZJU) Cultural Memory of Chinese migrants in Europe: Analysis of letters from Turin to Wenzhou ( ) Shen Hong(ZJU) Looking East -- On the 1905 US Government Delegation to China

3 Daniel Schumacher (Essex)
12:15-1:30 Lunch Break Afternoon Session Moderator: Tim Winter 1:30-2:30 Daniel Schumacher (Essex) ‘Boom and Bust?’: Conflict Heritage and Memory-making in East and Southeast Asia Edward Vickers(Kyushu) Capitalists can do no wrong: Officially-sanctioned narratives of the war and occupation in Hong Kong 2:30-3:30 Mark R. Frost (Essex) War and peace and the politics of Asian heritage: a snapshot historical overview.  Yang Jianping (ZJU) Trauma, Place and Memory: A Narrative Exploration of War Heritage in Quzhou 3:30-3:45 Tea Break 3:45-5:15 Liu Huimei (ZJU) Religious leisure, heritage and identity construction of Tibetan College Students Feng Bing (ZJU) Who are they? – the Small and Micro Entrepreneurs in Yiwu Munir A. Zyada (ZJU) The Battle of Talas in Arabic and Chinese Documents

4 One Belt One Road, twentieth century conflict and the diplomatics of heritage in Asia
Professor Tim Winter (Deakin University) Today the preservation and commemoration of cultural heritage in Asia occupies a complex place in an increasingly integrated and interconnected region. In comparison to ten years ago we are seeing a significant growth in the level of international hostility concerning the past and its remembrance. Histories of conflict, for example, are the source of ongoing tension in East Asia at a time of escalating militarisation. The diplomatic tensions between Japan, Korea and China concerning the events of World War 2 are being further exacerbated by the approach of museums in the region and attempts to have remnants - whether it be buildings, letters or landscapes - recognised by international heritage agencies. At the same time however, we are also seeing major growth in the scale and scope in international cooperation between countries across Asia regarding the preservation of the past. Heritage conservation is fast emerging as an important component of the intra-regional economic and political ties that are binding states and populations in the region. In the coming decade one initiative in particular will take this heritage diplomacy to a whole new level, China’s One Belt One Road. This ambitious initiative foregrounds ideas of connectivity, exchange and networks, using the narrative of the Silk Roads - overland and maritime - to establish a narrative of Eurasian ‘shared Silk Road heritage’. This presentation focuses on this new imagining of Asia’s past, and considers the degree to which such an emphasis on trade and exchange reshapes ideas about the Asian heritage and, even world history. Tim Winter is Research Professor at the Alfred Deakin Institute, Deakin University, Melbourne. He is President of the Association of Critical Heritage Studies and been a Visiting Scholar at the University of Cambridge, The Getty and Asia Research Institute, Singapore. His recent books include The Routledge Handbook of Heritage in Asia and Shanghai Expo: an international forum on the future of cities. He is currently working on a book on heritage diplomacy. His recent books include The Routledge Handbook of Heritage in Asia and Shanghai Expo: an international forum on the future of cities. He is currently working on a book on heritage diplomacy and projects on the Silk Road.

5 丝路交流的特征——双向共赢（提纲） 刘进宝（浙江大学历史系教授） .
当我们谈到丝绸之路的文化、经济交流时，往往关注的是中国的什么东西通过丝绸之路传到了西方，西方的什么东西又通过丝绸之路传到了中国，这当然是没有问题的。但既然是交流，肯定不是单向的从东到西，或从西到东，而是不断地交流、发展、融合后，再交流、再发展、再融合，从而达到了更高的发展。 季羡林在《玄奘与〈大唐西域记〉——校注〈大唐西域记〉前言》中说：“佛教发展到唐代，已经越过了光辉的顶点”，在印度，“情况也差不多，到了7世纪，印度教已完成了转型任务，影响日益广被。虽有戒日王张扬，佛教已非昔日之辉煌。后来，伊斯兰教逐渐传入。在印度教与伊斯兰教夹攻之下，佛教终于在印度销声匿迹。”对于佛教在其发祥地印度“销声匿迹”后的情况，季羡林注意到了一个世界文化史上的重要现象，即“倒流”。所谓“倒流”，就是指流出去又流回来的现象。佛教就是这样从中国“倒流”回印度，成为佛教发展史，甚至世界宗教史上的一个特异的现象。 佛教并不是从印度直接传入中国的，而是间接经过中亚和西域（新疆）一带的大月氏、安息、康居等国传入的。最早的汉文佛经也不是从梵文、巴利文直接译成汉文的，而是经过中亚和西域（新疆）一带的“胡”语译成汉文的，如焉耆语（吐火罗语A）、龟兹语（吐火罗语B）等。这主要是因为当时既懂梵文，又懂汉文，而且还精通佛典的人实在是太少了，只有法显和玄奘、义净到印度多年，既精通汉文，又懂梵文，还熟悉佛经，因此他们翻译的佛经质量就高。但这毕竟是极少数。就如今天的许多有关丝绸之路、中亚的德文、法文专业著作，并不是从德文、法文直接译成汉文，而是从英文转译过来的，这也是因为我们国家目前既懂德文或法文，又对丝绸之路和中亚史有研究的学者太少了，无人翻译的缘故。如瑞典探险家斯文赫定的《丝绸之路》一书，最早是1936年出版的瑞典本，同年又出版了德文本。1938年出版的是英文译本，目前我国的出版的中文本是根据1938年的英文本翻译的。 另如曾任亚洲学会秘书长的法兰西学院院士、法国东方学家勒尼·格鲁塞的《草原帝国》一书，是有关欧亚草原，尤其是中国古代历史的一部名著，1939年出版了法文本。目前比较通行的是收入商务印书馆出版的“汉译世界学术名著丛书”中由蓝琪翻译、项英杰审校中译本，项英杰、蓝琪都是中亚史研究的著名学者，由他们师生是翻译本书的合适人选，但由于语言的关系，他们所依据的是1978年的英译本。实际上，此书还有一个比较好的译本，即魏英邦从法文翻译、青海人民出版社于1991年出版的中译本（1996年重印、2013年再版）。 文化上有相互影响和传播，经济上也是如此。 中国是丝绸的故乡，在公元前4000多年前的浙江湖州钱山漾的良渚文化遗址中，就发现了绸片、丝带、丝线等一批尚未炭化的丝麻织物，中国湖州钱山漾文化遗址已经被正式命名为“世界丝绸之源”。中国的丝绸很早就传入西方，而拜占庭、埃及和叙利亚是罗马帝国的主要纺织中心。五世纪时君士坦丁堡宫廷开始设立丝织作坊，罗马人最初只是将中国的素色丝绸拆散，再织成有本地特色的供上层社会需要的绫绮，后来则主要采用进口中国蚕丝作丝织原料。罗马和西亚的纺织技术传统是斜纹组织和纬线起花，罗马晚期和波斯萨珊王朝的织锦都是纬锦。其中波斯锦还流传到中国，新疆吐鲁番和甘肃敦煌等地都有实物发现，其织法和纹样对中国也产生了一定的影响。如在织法上唐代织锦采用纬线显花，在纹样上盛行西方式的植物纹（忍冬纹、葡萄纹等），以及在萨珊式的连珠圈内填对马纹、对鸟纹、对鸭纹、猪头纹和立鸟纹等。由此可知，在波斯等国丝织业发展起来后，中国的丝绸贸易已经不是单向的向外输出，国外的丝绸产品和丝织技术也通过丝绸之路交流到中国。这种双向的交流，使丝绸贸易又进入一个新的阶段。 江红、李佩娟译，收入杨镰主编的《西域探险考察大系·瑞典东方学译丛》，新疆人民出版社，1996年。 .

6 Reconceptuliazing the Past in Confucian Perspective: Heritage towards Heart-to-Heart Communication
Professor Wu Zongjie (Zhejiang University) One of the peculiar features of contemporary discourse is to differentiate the past from the present, and make it as “a foreign country” to be cherished as a heritage for cultural consumption. How could the sense of place be narrated as part of the local people’s everyday life, related to the ongoing transformation of heritage sites?  In what way could the Chinese sages from the ancient speak again, not about ideas of philosophy, but as a discourse to address the local and global concerns afresh? This contribution presents a case of heritage project that treats heritage practice as communication situated in place, memory and local life. Since 2013, we were invited to carry out a heritage project in Confucius home place, in collaboration with local government and communities. The presentation shows how we turn our research work into communicative action that embraces diverse voices as well as new genre of narrating the past. By attending communication in this way, we brought our predecessors’ mode of experiencing their past into the changing space of heritage site.  Meanings from the past are activated to interweave complex matrix of cultural discourses between the past and the present, and the local and the global. Words of antiquity that once carried deep meanings regain their resonance in contemporary space and life. Language thus plays a constitutive role in making and remaking cultural heritage that is no longer fixed in a bygone age, but continuously communicates with the past as recorded in historical text, and with people who dwell on it. Wu Zongjie is the Director of the Institute of Cross-Cultural and Regional Studies and Principal Researcher at the Centre of Intangible Cultural Heritage Studies, Zhejiang University. He obtained his PhD degree in linguistics at Lancaster University, with interests in critical discourse and pedagogy. Returning to China, he extended his areas of interest in linguistics into cultural studies of Chinese discourse and communication, particularly for the mutual enrichment of global values and voices. The diverse range of academic inquiries in the areas of education; heritage and place study; Chinese classics; historical ethnography, and cross-cultural discourses were united and mutually enriched by the focus of the interaction of the Chinese past and the global present. He is currently Principal Investigator on a cultural heritage project funded by the Chinese National Funds of Social Science. He has collaborated on many projects funded by local governments, industry partners and villages, and was once a World Bank consultant for Shandong Confucius Cultural Heritage Conservation Project.

7 Cultural Memory of Chinese migrants in Europe: Analysis of letters from Turin to Wenzhou (1957-1985)
Professor Fan Jieping (Zhejiang University) According to Aleida Assmann’s theory of memory, the communicative, collective and cultural memory has differences in its time, but also that the cultural memory is a particular form of collective memory. The characteristic of the cultural memory is that it is a long-term memory. Cultural memory should be the third stage of the long-term memory besides communicative and collective memory by Aleida Assmann’s theory, which can be strengthened by those certain institutions (eg. archives, museums, libraries). Family Letters as written set of documents and imaginary memory spaces are in category of long-term memory and thus also count for cultural memory. In this paper the Letters of Hu’s Family from Turin to Wenzhou ( ) will be analyzed, in order to: first confirm that the letters serve as medium of the collective and cultural memory; second explore the cultural specificities behind the individual and collective memory bearer; third analyze certain statements in the related letters, whether the questions has been implicitly and explicitly represented, for example relationships between family members, motivation of emigrants, their identity with the traditional culture and value proposition, their culturally determined value proposition. Fan Jieping is a professor of Cultural Studies and foreign literature in the School of International Studies at Zhejiang University. He received his BA at Zhejiang University 1982, holds his MA and PhD from the Technical University of Berlin in 1992 and His research interests include German studies, transcultural hermeneutics and Chinese migration in Europe (Germany, Italy, & Spain). 2009, Prof. Jieping Fan founded the International Program of China Studies at Zhejiang University.

8 ---On the 1905 US Government Delegation to China
Looking East ---On the 1905 US Government Delegation to China Professor Shen Hong (Zhejiang University) The 1905 U.S. diplomatic mission led by William Howard Taft, U.S. secretary of war, was in fact the first high-level American government delegation ever sent to China. Ironically this important delegation was not even mentioned in the diplomatic history of China. The background of this delegation was the boycott of American goods in nearly all open port cities, including Canton (Guangzhou) and Shanghai, as a result of a series of U.S. Congress exclusion acts against the Chinese immigrants. President Roosevelt had an alternative: he could either send an American army from the Philippines to attack Canton, or send a good-will delegation to negotiate the matter. Roosevelt chose the latter, and even sent his own daughter Miss Alice as his personal representative. Even one hundred years later, the 1905 U.S. diplomatic mission to China can still be regarded as exemplary of how animosity and diplomatic impasse in Sino-American relations could be solved peacefully through exchange visits of diplomatic delegations and face-to-face negotiations between high-level officials. It is regrettable that such an important diplomatic event should have been neglected by historians. SHEN Hong is a professor of English at Zhejiang University, China. His research interest is in medieval and Renaissance English literature, Sino-Western cultural relations and exchanges, and missionary studies. He earned his B.A., M.A., and Ph.D. from Peking University, and he has been a visiting scholar at University of Oxford, Harvard University, University of Toronto, and University of Bristol.

9 Capitalists can do no wrong: Officially-sanctioned narratives of the war and occupation in Hong Kong
Professor Edward Vickers (Kyushu University) This paper deals with how the public representation of Hong Kong’s conquest and occupation by Japan has evolved over the period since While focusing mainly on the war’s portrayal in two major local museums, the Hong Kong Museum of History and the Hong Kong Museum of Coastal Defence, it also discusses representations of the war (or the lack of them) in the broader context of the colony’s postwar history, and of cultural and education policy in the years before and since the retrocession. This context has included a nation-building agenda to some extent shaped by mainland-style ‘patriotic’ messages, whose influence is certainly evident in school textbook portrayals of China’s ‘War of Resistance’. Meanwhile, the introduction since the mid-1990s of local history content into the school curriculum has also brought a Hong Kong dimension to textbook portrayals of this conflict. In discussing to what extent and why official portrayals of the war – in museums and school textbooks – differ from those seen in other Chinese societies, the paper especially highlights issues pertaining to the portrayal of the local Chinese elite. It concludes that the fundamental continuity of this elite, and its close relationship with the political authorities – British, Japanese or Chinese – accounts for peculiarities in the handling of the issue of collaboration. It is argued that the selective treatment of this issue reflects tensions inherent in the attempt to promote a vision of Hong Kong as both an apolitical capitalist utopia, and a staunchly ‘patriotic’ Chinese community. Edward Vickers is Professor of Comparative Education at Kyushu University, Japan. He has published extensively on education and political socialization, as well as the relationship between museums and identity politics, in mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. His books include In Search of an Identity: the Politics of History as a School Subject in Hong Kong, 1960s-2002 (2003), Imagining Japan in Postwar East Asia (2013) and Constructing Modern Asian Citizenship (2015). With Zeng Xiaodong he is co-author of Education and Society in Post-Mao China (forthcoming with Routledge in 2017). He is currently Secretary General of the Comparative Education Society of Asia.

10 War and peace and the politics of Asian heritage: a snapshot historical overview
Dr Mark R. Frost (the University of Essex) This paper seeks to open up the discussion of heritage and social memory in the Asia region by introducing the notion of 'deployed' heritage as a tool of international diplomacy. It seeks to move beyond the simple binary of remembering and forgetting that has dominated much scholarly debate, to examine the way ruins and relics were strategically utilised by colonial and nationalist governments in Asia - at specific points in history - to assuage or forment popular political sentiments. As in the final scene of Citizen Kane or Raiders of the Lost Ark, heritage was in these instances not so much forgotten or erased as stored away by the state for later political use. The first part of this paper examines the way Buddhist relics discovered by the colonial Archaeological Survey of India were deployed in Ceylon and Burma at the height of anticolonial agitations in the early 20th century, to buy off indigenous elites. The second part of this paper examines more recent official deployments of war heritage during the East Asian textbook crisis of the early 1980s. Mark R. Frost is Senior Lecturer in Modern History (Asian and Transnational) at the University of Essex and principal investigator for the War Memoryscapes in Asia Partnership (WARMAP). His 2009 history of Singapore, Singapore: A Biography, won the Asia Pacific Publishers Gold Medal and was voted a CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title. He has published articles in leading scholarly journals such as Past and Present, the American Historical Review, the English Historical Review, Modern Asian Studies and the Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. He has also worked on major Asian heritage projects, including as Content Director and Senior Scriptwriter for the 2006 to 2015 revamp of the National Museum of Singapore's History Gallery.

11 ‘Boom and Bust?’: Conflict Heritage and Memory-making in East and Southeast Asia
Dr. Daniel Schumacher (the University of Essex) Over the last few decades many countries across East and Southeast Asia have witnessed a tremendous increase in the creation of public sites of memory that are dedicated to the devastating events that took place in the Asian theatre of World War II. The dissonant representations of these events still evoke strong emotions in the region and reveal many unresolved conflicts that stem from this war. This paper will provide a broad survey of how the Second World War has been remembered in East and Southeast Asia over the past half-century. I will first delineate the most critical turning points in publicly recalling and framing the war by examining Asia’s selective ‘memory boom’ that began in the 1980s/1990s and facilitated the spread of victimhood narratives across the region. I will go on to assess the repercussions of these processes for national education and heritage projects as well as for reconciliation efforts that seek to tackle and resolve the quarrels fought over differing representations of the war in Asia. The conclusion will suggest that furthering research on non-state actors, transnational forces, and on local religious characteristics in the processes of memory-making might help us to arrive at a more nuanced understanding of what has been labelled Asia’s ‘Memory Problem’ and perhaps even forge new routes to reconciliation. Daniel Schumacher holds a Ph.D. in Modern History from the University of Konstanz (Germany) where he worked at the University’s Centre of Excellence ‘Cultural Foundations of Social Integration’ and was a key investigator of the British Academy-sponsored ‘Writing the War in Asia Network’. He has conducted extensive research on the commemoration of World War II in Asia and is currently finishing a book on transnational memory-making in Hong Kong and Singapore. Since 2014, he has been serving as Academic Network Facilitator of the Leverhulme-funded ‘War Memoryscapes in Asia Partnership’ (WARMAP) at the University of Essex. Prior to that he was a DAAD Research Fellow at the University of Hong Kong.

12 Religious leisure, heritage and identity construction
of Tibetan College Students Professor Lui Huimei This study aimed to explore the relationship between religious leisure and Tibetan college student’s identity construction. And the stage of identity construction is respectively corresponding to the motivation, experience and benefits gained during the religious leisure. Based on the previous researches on the identity measurement (Phinney, 1992; Lee, Falbo, Doh, & Park, 2001; Mack, et al., 1997; Lee & Yoo, 2004), individuals experience cognitive clarity, affective pride and behavioral engagement in their identity construction ( Lee & Yoo, 2004) An in-depth interview structure was designed and conducted on nine Tibetan students in an eastern key Chinese university by snowball sampling. Each lasted more than half an hour. The interviews were recorded and transcribed. The results indicated that their family members influenced the Tibetan students in their identity formation stage. They acquire the cognition of the heritage norms by following their parents or grandparents to participate in the religious leisure activities when they were young, though they were not aware the meanings. Later on, when they are growing up, they understand more about the meanings of the religious leisure to their life, and regard them part of themselves, thus develop a much more positive affect towards these heritage customs, and form a more stable identity. Then now when these Tibetan college students are experiencing university education and facing with Internet technology and globalization, they also moderate or reconstruct their identity, however they are still eager to experience those religious leisure to make themselves peaceful and relaxed. The religious leisure are their essential heritage, which contribute to the dynamic process of Tibetan college students’ identity construction. Liu Huimei is a Professor, Deputy Director of Institute of Cross Cultural and Regional Studies, Director of International Communications at the Asian Pacific Centre for the Education and Study of Leisure, Zhejiang University. She was a Fulbright Scholar to the University of Pennsylvania ( ) and a visiting professor to University of Alberta ( ). Her research interests are cross-cultural leisure studies, and including heritage and leisure.

13 Religious leisure, heritage and identity construction
of Tibetan College Students Dr. Feng Bing Norbert Elias was the first person to use “habitus” as the concept referring to the fact that an individual’s non-verbal habit and habitus are the result of social structure, and individuals usually group themselves according to similar habits and habitus. Such concept was later redefined by Pierre Bourdieu who also included people’s beliefs and preferences in his concept of hatitus. Until today, Bourdieu’s theory of practice has been academically well established, accepted and also applied worldwide. However, research on its cultural limitations, particularly reflective research on the dilemma of localizing his theory in China, is not enough. The current paper attempts to find out potential problems in Bourdieu’s major concepts of “field and habitus” while applying them in our local context. By close examining some of the successful businessmen in Yiwu city, it aims to reflect upon these concepts’ general applicability in order to improve Bourdieu’s concepts in his theory of practice. The research finding shows that inconsistencies of these concepts do exist. The concept of “motivation” is introduced to interpret such inconsistencies and it attempts to further clarify the concepts of “field and habitus” in China. Feng-Bing associate Professor of sociology at School of International Studies of Zhejiang University, China. She obtained her first degree in the English Language and Literature from Luoyang Foreign Studies University in 1982, did her post-graduate studies in American Studies at Beijing Foreign Studies University from 1988 to 1990, and received her doctoral degree in Sociology from the University of Ulster at Jordanstown, Northern Ireland in She is the author of Ethnicity, Children & Habitus (pubished in 2005 by Peter Lang A.G. European Academic Publishers and republished in 2016 by China World Books Publisher). Her current research interests include researching the relationship between group habitus and their career planning. She has had many years of cross-cultural teaching experiences in the Netherlands, Singapore, Northern Ireland and China. .

14 Trauma, Place and Memory: A Narrative Exploration of War Heritage in Quzhou
Yang Jianping (Zhejiang University) This paper is based on a field research commissioned by Quzhou Cultural Bureau who was interested in exploring the intangible cultural heritage value of a local community called Shuitingmen to provide a cultural basis for the renovation of the area. In the process of the study, we found this is a place that has witnessed many traumatic events, some of which are still fresh in many aged people’s memories like the murder of missionaries during the Yihetuan Movement and the pain inflicted by the Japanese Germ War. Memories are triggered by the pavement on the street, a burnt print on the wall, a renovated house, a painting by the local artist or an old picture of a deceased relative. They come back afresh when people are physically located in the space even when there is no material trace to be found. The study uses a descriptive-narrative approach to analyze the trauma memories by place-making. By investigating the historical data and collecting oral account, the value of the seemingly ordinary community as a heritage site begin to emerge. Layers of traumatic memory revealed cultural practices which have almost sunk into oblivion. When suspected murderers of the missionaries were caught and sent to Hangzhou to be executed, the local people offered sacrifices along Shuitingmen, a practice which is ordinarily performed at one’s tomb and reflects the “Li” culture. Individual memories of the Japanese Germ War, their house and the change of personal fate are studied as well as the commemoration of a Guomingdang General at Xi’anmen. Memories were not limited to individual sufferings, the transformation of the whole clan’s destiny presents a more mournful picture. Understanding the people and their interpretation of the place provides a vernacular knowledge of the place and helps the local people establish their sense of identity. But Above all, it enables us to unveil the layers of history of the local place and thereby find its meaning as a heritage site. Yang Jianping is lecturer in the Institute of Cross Cultual Zhajiang University. Her research interest include cultural memory and heritage studies.

15 The Battle of Talas in Arabic and Chinese Documents
Munir A. Zyada (Zhejiang University) 7世纪前后，唐朝与大食同时兴盛。诸多中、阿史料显示，两国在兴盛时有密切的经济、贸易往来活动，如唐朝鼓励并优待大食、波斯来的藩商。尽管发生怛罗斯之战，但并未影响两国之间的正常交往。唐朝并未歧视或仇恨定居在中国的阿拉伯、波斯商人。大食帝国也未虐待被俘虏的中国军民。俘虏中的杜环回国后将此经历著录成书，丰富了中阿交流史。怛罗斯之战，虽是唐与大食的暴力接触，但促成了造纸术西传，对阿拉伯乃至世界文明的发展进程影响深远。 穆尼尔（Munir A. Zyada）, 埃及人，埃及爱资哈尔大学翻译与语言学院中文系助教。2006年毕业于爱资哈尔大学中文系, 2015年获浙江师范大学非洲研究院世界史硕士学位，现为浙江大学人文学院中国古代史研究所博士生。 研究方向 : 中阿交流史、回族史、中非关系史。