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28. Alternating Current Circuits 交流電線路

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1 28. Alternating Current Circuits 交流電線路
Current Elements in AC Circuits AC 線路的電流元件 LC Circuits LC 線路 Driven RLC Circuits & Resonance 驅動式 RLC線路和共振 Power in AC Circuits AC 線路的功率 Transformers & Power Supplies 變壓器和電源

2 Why does alternating current facilitate the transmission and distribution of electric power?
為甚麼交流電造就了電力的輸送和分配? EM induction allows voltage transformation. 電磁感應讓電壓得以轉變。

3 28.1. Alternating Current 交流電
Reminder: All waves can be analyzed in terms of sinusoidal waves (Fourier analysis Chap 14). 提醒你:所有波動都可以用正弦波來分析 (傅里葉分析 ,14 章) 。 Sinusoidal wave (Chap 13) : 正弦波 (13 章) : Vp sin  Angular frequency : 角頻(率) : [] = rad/s  =  / 6  = phase 相位

4 Example 28.1. Characterizing Household Voltage 為住宅電壓定性
Standard household wiring supplies 110 V rms at 60 Hz. 標準住宅線路的電源是 60 Hz 和 110 V 均方根。 Express this mathematically, assuming the voltage is rising through 0 at t = 0. 以數學表達它,並假設電壓在 t = 0 開始從 0 上升。

5 28.2. Current Elements in AC Circuits AC 線路的電流元件
Resistors 電阻器 Capacitors 電容器 Inductors 電感器 Phasor Diagrams 相位子圖 Capacitors & Inductors: A Comparison 電容器和電感器:對比

6 Displacing Functions 移動函數
g is moved to the right (forward) by  to give f. g 往右(前)移  以得 f. f x   x Displacement: sin is cos moved forward by /2. 位移: sin是cos 往前移 /2. Phase: sin lags cos by /2. 相位: sin 落後 cos /2. sin cos Derivative: moves sinusoidal functions backward by /2. 導數:將正餘弦函數往後移 /2 。 phase is increased by / 相位增 /2. Integral: moves sinusoidal functions forward by /2. 積分:將正餘弦函數往前移 /2 。 phase is decreased by /2. 相位減 /2.

7 Resistors 電阻器 When V(t) > 0 : V(t) > 0 時 : I I & V in phase
+ + VR I & V in phase I & V 同相

8 Capacitors 電容器 When V(t) > 0 : V(t) > 0 時 : I
+ + VC I leads V by 90 I 超前 V 90 I peaks ¼ cycle before V I 比V 早 ¼ 週期達峰值 Capacitive reactance 電容電抗 Static: open ckt. 直流電:斷路 HF: short ckt. 高頻:短路

9 Inductors 電感器 When V(t) > 0 : V(t) > 0 時 : I L +
I trails V by 90 I 落後 V 90 I peaks ¼ cycle after V I 比V 晚 ¼ 週期達峰值 Inductive reactance 電感電抗 DC: short ckt. 直流電:短路 HF: open ckt. 高頻:斷路

10 Table 28.1. Amplitude & Phase in Circuit Elements 線路元件的幅度與相位
Peak Current vs Voltage 電流對電壓峰值 Phase Relation 相位關係 Resistor 電阻器 V & I in phase V & I 同相 V lags I 90 V 落後 I 90 Capacitor 電容器 Inductor 電感器 V leads I 90 V 領先 I 90

11 GOT IT? A capacitor and an inductor are connected across separate but identical electric generators, and the same current flows in each. 一個電容器和一個電感器分別連在兩個同樣的發電機上,而且兩者的電流相同。 If the frequency of the generators is doubled, which will carry more current? 如果發電機的頻率加倍,那一個的電流較大? Ans. is capacitor 答案是電容器

12 Example 28.2. Equal Currents 一樣的電流?
A capacitor is connected across a 60-Hz, 120-V rms power line, & an rms current of 200 mA flows. 一個電容器接在一條 60-Hz, 120-V rms 的電力線上,其電流為 200 mA rms 。 Find the capacitance. 求其電容量。 What inductance, connected across the same powerline, would result in the same current? 如果用電感器接在同樣的電力線上,電感量要多少才能達到同樣的電流? How would the phases of the inductor & capacitor currents compare? 電感器和電容器的相位有何差別? (a) (b) Capacitor: IC leads V by 90. 電容器: IC 領先 V  Inductor: V leads IL by 90. 電感器: V 領先 IL . (c) IC leads IL by 180. IC 領先 IL .

13 Phasor Diagrams 相位子圖 V leads I by 0. V 領先 I 0. ( same phase ) (同相位)
Phasor = Arrow (vector) in complex plane. Length = mag. Angle = phase. 相位子 = 複數平面上的箭 (向量) 。箭長 = 大小。角度 = 相位。 電阻器 電感器 電容器 V leads I by 0. V 領先 I . ( same phase ) (同相位) V leads I by 90. V 領先 I . V leads I by 90. V 領先 I 90. ( V lags I by 90 ) (V 落後 I )

14 Capacitors Revisited 電容器再探
+ VC Vp e i t I leads V by 90 I 超前 V 90 Taking the real part as physical 取實數部份為物理量: Taking the imaginary part as physical 取虛數部份為物理量: Impedance 阻抗

15 Inductors Revisited 電感器再探
L + Vp e i t I lags V by 90 I 落後V 90 Taking the real part as physical 取實數部份為物理量: Taking the imaginary part as physical 取虛數部份為物理量:

16 Capacitors & Inductors: A Comparison 電容器和電感器:對比
C  L translator 轉換: E  B q  B V  I Z  Y

17 Table 28.2. Capacitors & Inductors 電容器和電感器
Defining relation 定義 Defining relation; derivative form 定義;導數形式 Opposes change in 抵抗何者改變 V I Energy storage 所儲能量 Behavior in low freq limit 低頻時性能 Open circuit 斷路 Short circuit 短路 Behavior in high freq limit 高頻時性能 Short circuit 短路 Open circuit 斷路 Reactance 電抗 Admittance / Impedance電導納 / 阻抗 Phase 相位 I leads by 90 I 領先 90. V leads by 90 V 領先 90.

18 Application: Loudspeaker Systems 應用:喇叭系統
C passes high freq C 讓高頻波通過 Loudspeaker system with high & low frequency filters. 有高和低頻濾波器的喇叭系統 L passes low freq L 讓低頻波通過

19 28.3. LC Circuits LC線路 I  V + 全是電能, 在電容器內 全是磁能, 在電感器內 全是磁能, 在電感器內

20 Analyzing the LC Circuit 分析 LC 電路
V +

21 GOT IT? 28.2 You have an LC circuit that oscillates at a typical AM radio frequency of 1 MHz. 你有一個 LC 電路,其振盪頻率是典型調幅電台的 1 MHz 。 You want to change the capacitor so it oscillates at a typical FM frequency , 100 MHz. 你想把電容器換掉以提高振盪頻率到典型調頻電台的 100 MHz 。 Should you make the capacitor 你應該把電容量換成 larger or 較大的或 smaller ? 較小的? By what factor ? 倍數為何? 104

22 Example 28.3. Tuning a Piano 為鋼琴調聲
You wish to make an LC circuit oscillate at 440 Hz ( A above middle C ) to use in tuning pianos. 你想做一個振盪頻率為 440 Hz (中階 C上的 A) 的 LC 電路,再用它來為鋼琴調聲。 You have a 20-mH inductor. 你有一個 20-mH 電感器。 What value of capacitance should you use ? 你應該用甚麼電容量? If you charge the capacitor to 5.0 V, what will be the peak current in the circuit ? 如果你把電容器充電到 5.0 V,電路的電流峰值為何? (a) (b)

23 Resistance in LC Circuits – Damping LC電路中的電阻 – 阻尼
+ VR  I VC + L + (see next page) 見下頁

24 Resistance in LC Circuits – Damping LC電路中的電阻 – 阻尼
+ VR  I VC + L + (see next page) 見下頁

25 Solutions to Damped Oscillator 阻尼振蕩器的解
Ansatz:

26 28.4. Driven RLC Circuits & Resonance 驅動式 RLC 電路和共振
+ VR  I + L +  VC + Driven damped oscillator 驅動式阻尼振蕩器: Long time: oscillates with frequency d. 長期:以頻率 d 振蕩。 Resonance if d = 0. 如 d = 0 則共振。

27 Resonance in the RLC Circuit RLC 電路的共振
VC & VL are 180 out of phase. VC 和 VL 相差 180。 共振 d = 0 時電容器與電感器的電壓互相抵消。 低頻 d < 0 時電容器為主。 高頻 d > 0 時電感器為主。 if i.e.,

28 GOT IT? 28.3 You measure the capacitor & inductor voltage in a driven RLC circuit, 你去量一個驅動 RLC 電路內電容器和電感器的電壓, and find 10 V for the rms capacitor voltage and 15 V for the rms inductor voltage. 得到電容器的 rms 電壓為 10 V ,電感器的 rms 電壓為 15 V 。 Is the driving frequency 驅動頻率是 above or (a) 高於,或 below resonance ? (b) 低於共振值? VCp < VLp

29 Frequency Response of the RLC Circuit RLC 電路的頻率反應
Series circuit  same I phasor for all. 串聯電路  全部元件的 I 相位子都一樣。 VR in phase with I. VR 與 I 同相位。 VC lags I by 90. VC 落後 I 90。 VL leads I by 90. VL 領先 I 90。 High Q Low Q See Prob 71 for definition of Q. 有關 Q 的定義請參考Prob 71 。 At resonance 共振時,  = 0.

30 Example 28.4. Designing a Loud Speaker System 設計一個揚聲器系統
Current flows to the midrange speaker in a loudspeaker system through a 2.2-mH inductor in series with a capacitor. 電流通往揚聲器系統的中音喇叭時,需經過一個與另一電容器串聯的 2.2-mH電感器。 What should the capacitance be so that a given voltage produces the greatest current at 1 kHz ? 若要在 1 kHz ,某一電壓下得到最大電流,所需電容量為何? If the same voltage produces half this current at 618 Hz, what is the speaker’s resistance ? 如果在 618 Hz ,同一電壓下電流減成一半,喇叭的電阻為何? If the peak output voltage of the amplifier is 20 V, what will be the peak capacitor voltage be at 1 kHz ? 如果擴大器的輸出峰壓為 20 V ,電容器的峰壓在 1 kHz 時何? Greatest I is at resonance: I 的最大值位於共振 :

31 If the same voltage produces half this current at 618 Hz, what is the speaker’s resistance ?
At resonance: 共振時: If the peak output voltage of the amplifier is 20 V, what will be the peak capacitor voltage be at 1 kHz ? 如果擴大器的輸出峰壓為 20 V ,電容器的峰壓在 1 kHz 時何? Peak voltage is at resonance (1 kHz). 峰壓位於共振 (1 kHz) 。

32 28.5. Power in AC Circuits AC 線路的功率
Capacitor 電容器: I leads V by 90 ,  P  = 0 Resistor 電阻器: I & V in phase ,  P  > 0 I & V out of phase ,  P   Power factor 功率因子 Dissipative power = I2 R 熱損功率 = I2 R large power factor reduces I & hence heat loss. 功率因子大時 I 較小,熱耗損也較低。

33 Conceptual Example 28.1. Managing Power Factor 管理功率因子
You’re chief engineer of a power company. 你是一間電力公司的總工程師。 Should you strive for a high or a low power factor on your lines? 你應該設法提高還是降低你的輸出功率因子? Power factor功率因子 Generator : fixed Vrms . 發電機 : Vrms 固定。 To maintain fixed <P>, Irms cos  = const. 要維持固定 <P> , Irms cos  = 定值 Smaller power factor  higher Irms . 功率因子較小  Irms 較大  higher power loss  熱耗損較大 Ans.: keep power factor close to 1. 答案 : 盡量把功率因子維持在 1 左右

34 Making the Connection 連起來
Transmission losses on a well-managed electric grid average about 8% of the total power delivered. 一個管理得好的電力網,其輸送損耗平均約為總功率的 8%。 How does this figure change if the power factor drops from 1 to 0.71? 這數據在功率因子由 1 降至 0.71 時會有何變化? To deliver the same power 要提供同樣功率 Transmission losses : 輸送損耗 : ( doubles to 16% ) 加倍至 16%

35 28.6. Transformers & Power Supplies 變壓器和電源
主 次 Transformer: pair of coils wound on the same (iron) core. 變壓器:一對繞在同一鐵芯上的線圈。 Works only for AC. 祗能用於交流電 電力線 市內分輸線

36 Direct-Current Power Supplies 直流電的電源
Diode passes + half of each cycle 二極體讓週期 + 的一半通過。 Diode 二極體 Diode cuts off  half of each cycle 二極體砍掉週期  的一半。 R 的電壓 RC (low freq) filter RC (低頻) 濾波器 從變壓器來的 AC 電壓


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