Thomas E. Rajewski CPI 公司

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1 Thomas E. Rajewski CPI 公司
氟氯碳化物的冷冻润滑油 Thomas E. Rajewski CPI 公司 This presentation focuses on the the use of CPI lubricants with halogenated refrigerants. Halogenated refrigerants are hydrocarbon based refrigerants that contain either chlorine or fluorine as part of the molecule. The addition of these type of halogens make the gas non-flammable, and impart unique characteristics with lubricants.

2 制冷剂概述 CFCs 在美国的废除时间 HCFCs HFCs 天然冷冻剂 R-12 Jan. 1, 1996 R-11 R-502
氨 丙烷 The refrigeration industry is currently facing a significant amount of change as a result of several legislative acts that have resulted in a scheduled phase out of certain classes of refrigerants such as CFC’s and HCFCs, and the introduction of a new class of refrigerants, the HFCs. The phase out of the CFC’s and HCFCs varies from country to country. However, in the United States, CFC’s have ceased production as of January, 1996, and the production rate of HCFCs has now been frozen, with a gradual decrease of manufacturing slated to continue until their elimination in 2020. As a result of this change in available refrigerants, natural refrigerants such as ammonia, propane and carbon dioxide are gaining in popularity for many applications.

3 所需有关系统的知识 压缩机 条件 蒸发器 制造商 类型 排气温度和压力 油箱的温度和压力 供油提供温度 温度
Several criteria are needed for the proper selection of a lubricant. This includes compressor manufacturer, compressor type and operating conditions. In rotary screw compressors, the lubricant sump is kept at discharge conditions, producing fairly high dilution levels. Reciprocating and centrifugal compressors sump conditions tend to be at suction condition (low pressure) and usually have lower dilution rates. Proper lubricant generally requires 10 cSt minimum viscosity for the bearings. The lubricant should provide this viscosity at the oil supply temperature. Final lubricant selection should also take into consideration the evaporator type and operating conditions. Improper oil management in the evaporator can lead to an imbalance in the system, a loss of lubricant from the compressor, and an overall loss of performance.

4 润滑油的概述(CPI不同的产品系列） 矿物油 烷基苯 多元醇酯 聚醚类 (PAGs) CPI Refrigeration Oil
Pale Oil CP-1009 烷基苯 CP-4700 Lenoil (与矿物油调和的半合成油) 多元醇酯 CP-4214 Solest 聚醚类 (PAGs) The selection of a lubricant for use in halocarbon refrigeration applications is as wide and varied as the types of refrigerants which exist. This talk will review selection and suitability of the various CPI products listed in this slide.

5 CFCs应用上的润滑油 CPI Refrigeration Fluid CPI Pale Oil CP-4600 系列 可混合的 稳定的
清洁的 CPI Pale Oil 廉价的 CP-4600 系列 高效 昂贵 In general, CFC based refrigerants such as R-12 and R-11 are able to use a mineral oil based fluid. They are readily miscible with mineral oils, and have demonstrated suitable life. CPI offers three products for use with CFC’s. The primary two products are the CPI Refrigeration Oil Series and the CPI Pale Oil Series. These fluids are naphthenic based mineral oils. The primary difference which exists between the two is that the Refrigeration Oil is put through additional processes to remove color, and a portion of the aromatics from the basestock. This increases the stability of the fluid. Our CP-4600 PAO based fluids have been applied to CFC applications where there are critical demands placed on carryover, or compressor efficiency. However, due to cost, these products are not often applied.

6 CPI Refrigeration Oil 系列 (高度精炼环烷冷冻油)
优点 与 R-22制冷剂良好的互溶性 价钱远比多元醇酯（ POE）油品便宜 比 CP-Pale Oil 提炼纯度更高 其他考虑因素 低温的互溶性问题 粘度极限 CPI offers several grades of mineral oils for the refrigeration industry. The highest grade offered in naphthenic mineral oils is CP-Refrigeration Oil. Naphthenic mineral oils provide good miscibility with R-22. At 20% lubricant in R-22, CP-Refrigeration Oil-68 is miscible to 15°C (59°F). CP-Refrigeration Oils also are less costly than esters manufactured for R-22 applications. CP-Refrigeration Oils are highly refined and therefore produce less sludge and varnish due to impurities. Some of the limitations for naphthenic minerals oils include low temperature applications. They do not exhibit enough miscibility to be used at low temperatures and higher carryover rates. Also, naphthenic mineral oils are only widely available in standard low viscosity grades, ISO.

7 CP-Pale Oil 系列(环烷烃矿物油)
优点 所有选择中价钱最便宜 其他考虑因素 低温的互溶性问题 粘度极限性的问题 并非高度精炼 CP-Pale Oil products are also naphthenic mineral oils, but are less refined. This does provide the advantage of being the most cost effective choice for naphthenic mineral oils. As with CP-Refrigeration Oil products, low temperature miscibility and viscosity can be limiting factors. Additionally, CP-Pale Oil products have not been refined to the degree of CP-Refrigeration Oil products. Pale Oil products will not provide the cleanliness to the extent of CP-Refrigeration Oils.

8 HCFCs ——润滑油的选择 HCFC based refrigerants such as R-22 and R-502 are also able to use the Refrigeration Oil and Pale Oil Series of mineral oils. However, as the amount of chlorine contained in the refrigerant goes down, the miscibility, or ability to mix with the mineral oils greatly decreases. For this reason, synthetic based fluids that can provide the needed miscibility are often employed in this type of application. Our CP-4700 Series fluids are alkyl benzene based lubricants. The major limitation to their use is a low viscosity index, and limited range of viscosity’s available. This reduces their suitability for use in rotary screw compressors in many applications. The Lenoil Series of products takes advantage of the preferred properties of the mineral oil (improved viscosity index) and the high miscibility properties of the alkyl benzene to produce a lubricant which has improved lubrication and miscibility. Our CP-4214 Series lubricants are polyol ester based products. These fluids are completely miscible with HCFCs, and are well suited for use in rotary screw compressors due to their ability to provide higher viscosity without loss of miscibility.

9 CP-4700 系列 (烷基苯油) 优点 其他考虑因素 与 R-22能完全混合 价钱便宜 范围为压缩机制造厂所使用 低温问题 粘度极限
稀释后,不良的粘度与温度变化关系 CP-4700 products are miscible with R-22 at 10% lubricant in R-22 to –60°C. Alkyl Benzenes are one of the least costly synthetic lubricants in the market place today. CP-4700 products are widely used in many different types of equipment including stationary, unitary, and mobile refrigeration applications. CP-4700 products are limited in the viscosities available. Typical products are ISO. There also exists a 100 ISO product, but it is more expensive and less frequently used. Alkyl Benzene’s have a poor viscosity/temperature relationship, VI. They tend to be low in viscosity at high temperatures (bearing conditions) and extremely viscous at colder, evaporator temperatures.

10 CPI Lenoil 系列(环烷烃/烷基苯的混合油)
优点 具有两种成分都有利的特性 价格便宜 其他考虑因素 低温问题 粘度极限 Manufacturers, such as Copeland, Trane and Vilter, have utilized a blend of naphthenic mineral oil and alkyl benzene for R-22 applications. CP-Lenoil products provide better low temperature miscibility than straight naphthenic mineral oils and an improved viscosity temperature relationship over straight alkyl benzenes. The blend offers advantageous benefits of both basestocks and still is cost effective due to the mineral oil portion of the blend. While providing additional benefits, CP-Lenoil products are available in the standard 32 and 68 ISO viscosity grades and are not as miscible as 100% alkyl benzene.

11 CP-4214 系列 (POE) 优点 其他考虑因素 在 -90°C完全可互溶 更好的润滑特性 在更新 制冷剂（HFC）时较少润滑油的更换
成本 吸水（湿气）性 CP-4214 products have been developed specifically for R-22 applications. CP-4214 products are miscible to –90°C and provide better lubricating properties as they are available from 32 – 320 ISO viscosity grades. CP-4214 products are approved by many major OEMs. In addition to superior lubricating behaviors, CP-4214 products provide the customer the opportunity for fewer lubricant changes upon retrofit to an HFC refrigerant. Upon retrofit, the lubricant need only to be drained and not flushed as most mineral oil systems. CP-4214 products are costly vs. traditional oils for R-22. However, the improvements noted outweigh the initial cost of the lubricant. Less warrantee claims and improved efficiency are some of the reasons for OEM use. Esters used in refrigeration applications are hygroscopic – they absorb moisture from the air. Containers must be kept tightly sealed and in a controlled environment to prevent moisture uptake. Also, purchasing small, one time use containers helps alleviate some moisture concerns.

12 CP-4214 系列通用指南 In general, OEMs recommend 32 ISO products for centrifugal machines operating on CP-4214 products. Screw compressor applications generally use ISO products and reciprocating machines 68 to 150 ISO products. This is a general guideline and in all cases manufacturer’s guidelines should be followed.

13 Lenoil, CP-4700, 及Pale Oil 系列—— 通用指南
With CP-Lenoil, CP-4700, CP-Refrigeration Oil, and CP-Pale Oil products, different guidelines should be followed. Due to the limited viscosity offerings, the centrifugal and screw machines typically require 68 ISO products. With recips, depending on the size and application, viscosities grades from 32 to 68 could be used. Again, with all recommendations, consult the equipment manufacturer’s specifications.

14 润滑油与 HCFCs可混合性 > > > > (最易混合) POE 多元醇酯 烷基苯 环烷烃 链烷烃 PAO 聚
烯烃 (最不易混合) This slides provides a graphical representation of the comparative miscibility of the different lubricant chemistries available for HCFC refrigeration. Based on the system set up and design, there are many potential possibilities for the use of a lubricant in an HCFC system. Products are listed in order from most miscible (on the left) to least miscible with R-22. CP-4214 (POE) are the most miscible, followed by CP-4700 (alkyl benzene), CP-Refrigeration Oil (naphthenic mineral oil), paraffinic mineral oil, and the least miscible is polyalphaolefins (PAOs – CP-4600).

15 为 HFCs而调制的润滑油 Solest 系列 RPAG 系列 POE（多元醇酯） 被所有原来制造商使用 聚醚类
用于汽车的R-134a制冷压缩机 可用于开放式驱动系统 There are two primary products that CPI applies to HFC applications. These are the Solest and RPAG Series lubricants. The Solest series lubricants are polyol ester based products. They are used by all manufacturers outside of automotive for use with HFC based refrigerants. The RPAG Series fluids are polyglycol based products. These products are used in all automotive applications. In addition, they are also suitable for use with any open drive compressors that use HFC based refrigerants. It should be noted that they are not suitable for use in hermetic systems due to the fact that they can dissolve the motor windings of the compressor, resulting in a shorting out or burn out of the motor.

16 Solest 系列 (POE) 优点 其他考虑因素 多年的经验 显著的稳定性 可控制的稀释性 系统相溶性 极好的润滑特性 成本
吸水（湿气）性 CPI was one of the first manufactures to develop polyol esters for the use with HFCs. Solest is CPI’s trade name derived from the combination of soluble ester. Solest products provide outstanding stability and controlled dilution with HFC refrigerants. Solest product formulations have been extensively researched to provide superior lubricating behavior (controlled dilution). Solest formulations are unique to CPI and are recognized by most OEMs as the high technology POE option in the market. Solest products have been extensively tested with system materials. As with all POEs, cost is a large concern for HFC applications. POEs are several times more expensive than mineral oils used for HCFC/CFC applications. POEs are hygroscopic – they absorb moisture from the air and good handling practices should be used with these products.

17 Solest 润滑油- 优化的配方 更低的分子量 支链机构的酸 缺点 优点 酸能是腐蚀性的 较少的矿物油类的特性 可提高互溶性 减低粘度指数
可控的互溶性 改善的润滑性 Polyol esters are manufactured by reacting an organic acid (carboxylic acid) and a multi-functional alcohol. Depending on the acid(s) and alcohols used, the final POE will behave differently with the HFC refrigerants. Typical carboxylic acids used have a carbon length from 5 to 10. This slide addresses the use of the acid portion of the starting materials. Using a lower molecular weight acid yields a final POE with good miscibility with the HFCs. However, using all low molecular weight acids sacrifices lubricating behavior. Branched acids provide less miscibility for the final ester, but improve lubricating behaviors. Most POEs in the market today are using a combination of low molecular weight and branched acids.

18 有机酸的相对强度 This chart illustrates the relative acidity of the organic acids used in the manufacturing of POEs. As you will note, the final bar is the relative potential for acidity for the acids used in the Solest lubricants. These are less acidic than the most of the acids available in the market. In addition, the carboxylic acids are less acidic than acetic acid (vinegar).

19 酯类相对的潜在酸度比较 Solest products are manufactured to have superior lubricating behaviors without additives. This chart illustrates the formulating differences between commercially available POEs. Solest products exhibit less relative acidity than either Mobil or ICI products. * 以 Ka 值为基础

20 Solest 冷冻油的水解稳定性 30 总酸价 条件 水与油以50:50混合 提高温度 催化剂 结果 使用较少的反应剂 （酸） 提高稳定性
使用较少的反应剂 （酸） 提高稳定性 Solest products provide improved hydrolytic stability over other available POEs. Hydrolytic stability measures the ability of a POE to hydrolyze - to revert to an acid and an alcohol when mixed with water. The more stable POEs do not increase the TAN value. Solest-68, S-68 on the chart above, is the most hydrolytically stable ester in the experiment.

21 Solest-120的相对溶解度比较结果 R-134a 9% Dil, 16 cSt R-22 19% Dil, 6.7 cSt
HP-62 12% Dil, 15 cSt R % Dil, 5 cSt Solubility can vary depending on the POE and refrigerant interaction. In the above chart, Solest-120 was tested with various refrigerants at the same conditions to illustrate the solubility differences. Solest products have been manufacture specifically for use with HFCs. For example, R-134a and HP-62 (R-404A) show relatively low dilution levels and acceptable viscosity for screw compressor applications. However, using Solest products with HCFCs and CFCs shows a marked increase in dilution and unacceptable viscosity. CP products should be used with HCFC applications. * 基于 °C 排气温度 37°C 冷凝温度 65°C 给油温度

22 Solest 冷冻油的处理 生产时使水气（湿气）最小化 吸湿性 – 容易吸收湿气 在氮气的保护下 通过系统干燥机控制湿气
Solest lubricants are hygroscopic. They absorb moisture from the air. Excess moisture can cause ester hydrolysis (the ester reverting back into an acid and an alcohol). In order to limit hydrolysis concerns, Solest products have been manufactured to contain minimum moisture levels. New oils have a moisture specifications from ppm. Solest products are also packaged under a nitrogen blanket to prevent any ingress of moisture. Most low moisture levels are adequately controlled through system filter driers.

23 更换 时使用Solest 冷冻油 原因 在不拆开系统的情况下清除矿物油 清除油泥和污染物 选择新系统时有比较经济的性能价格比
在换油后潜在的顾虑 性能差 – 过多矿物油 泡沫 – 微粒/碎片 Solest lubricants continue to be widely used in retrofits with great success. Solest products are used to flush and remove any residual mineral oil left in the system after draining. Solest products are also good solvents and will clean system sludge and contaminants during the flushing stage. Retrofitting is a cost effective choice to replacing equipment. Mineral oil is not miscible with HFCs and needs to be removed to low levels, 1-3%, for system efficiency. Residual mineral oil can coat heat transfer surfaces and reduce system performance. Residual mineral oil and particulates can also cause foaming which will negatively affect performance.

24 制冷剂对照参数 现有的致冷剂 典型的应用 更新可供选择的替代品 非更新选择的替代品 长远的替代品 R-11 (CFC) 工业空调与盐水冷却的制程(离心式) R-123 (HCFC) 氨 (R-717) R-134a R-12 (CFC) 家电, 汽车, 空调 R-134a, MP-39 (R-401A), MP-66 (R-401B) 氨 (R-717), 丙烷 (R-290) Isceon RX2 (Rhone Poulenc) R-502 (CFC) 工业的与商业的冷冻油 R-22(一些案例) Suva HP-80 (R-402A), Suva HP-81 (R-402B), Forane FX10  R-22, 氨(R-717） Suva HP-62 (R-404A), Klea 60 (R-407A), Forane FX 40, Isceon RX3 R-22 (HCFC) 家电及商业空调 Suva 9000 (R-407C), Suva 9100 (R-410B), Klea 66, Genetron 407C, Forane FX90, Isceon RX3 The above chart provides a general reference for CFCs, HCFCs, and HFC alternatives.

25 结论 CFCs 的应用 —— 润滑油 HCFCs 的应用 —— 润滑油 HFCs 的应用 —— 润滑油
CPI Refrigeration Oil 系列 CPI Pale Oil 系列 HCFCs 的应用 —— 润滑油 CP-4214 系列 CP-4700 系列 Lenoil Oil 系列 Pale Oil 系列 HFCs 的应用 —— 润滑油 Solest 系列 RPAG 系列 CPI offers a broad range of products for CFCs, HCFCs, and HFCs. Depending on the application and system requirements, a lubricant is available from CPI to optimize system performance.