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WiMAX core Network
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Outline WiMAX introduction WiMAXQoS & Flow Network Working Group (NWG)
Network Reference Model WiMAX Inter Networking Key hierarchy Network Entry Mobility management Network QoS Functional Elements
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Outline WiMAX introduction WiMAXQoS & Flow Network Working Group (NWG)
Network Reference Model WiMAX Inter Networking Key hierarchy Network Entry Mobility management Network QoS Functional Elements
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簡介 WiMAX 全名Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access,中文譯名為「微波存取全球互通」。 具有遠距離、傳輸量大,使用IEEE 的協定,其傳輸速度最高可達70Mbps,傳輸範圍最廣可達30英哩,對個人、家庭與企業的行動化將有很大助益為新一代的無線網路標準。 無
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名詞解釋 BS(Base Station,基地臺),指訊號發射端。
SS(Subscriber Station,接收端),有室內、戶外型,必須轉接才能連到一般設備。 CPE(Customer Premise Equipment,客戶端接收器),內建在設備上,不用像SS還要轉接裝置。 RS(Rely Station,中繼器),在802.16j(Mobile Multi-hop Relay)制定,能延伸BS訊號,能智慧型轉發訊號。 PTP(Point to Point,點對點模式),1臺BS對應1臺SS。 PMP(Point to Multiple,點對多點模式),1臺BS可對應多臺SS。 License Band及Un-License Band(License-Exempt),前者為特許營運頻帶,必須有營運執照才能使用,例如2.5GHz及3.5GHz,後者為非特許營運頻帶,不需執照,一般皆可使用,例如5.8GHz。 LOS(Line-of-sight)及NLOS(Non-Line-of-sight),前者是指設備間沒有任何障礙物,視為直視距離,後者則是兩端間有障礙物,視為非直視距離。
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WiMAX特色 包含非直視性(Non-Line-of-Sight,NLOS)及直視性(Line-of-Sight,LOS)技術、傳輸距離長、網路涵蓋範圍廣。 高頻譜效率、高傳輸速率。 具彈性的系統容量。 支援語音、影像等服務之服務品質(QoS)需求。 支援多種工作頻段,可配合不同國家之頻譜指配。
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LOS模式與NLOS模式 NLOS(Non Line of Sight)模式 速度較慢,穿透力較高,適用於都會環境
使用2-11GHz頻段,最大傳輸距離為10公里 當通道頻寬為20MHz時,最高速度約75Mbps LOS(Line of Sight)模式 速度較高,穿透力差,適用於空曠的環境 使用10-66GHz頻段,最大傳輸距離為5公里 當頻寬為28MHz時,速度最高為134Mbps
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應用情境 圖中可以看到固接式的SS基地台架設於大樓頂端,透過固接式的基地台將WiMAX的網路提供給整棟大樓,而右邊的行動是使用者賊世使用802.16E的行動協定來實現移動上網的要求。
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固接式WiMAX IEEE 工作小組,最初是將寬頻點發展為多點 (PMP) 標準,以作為有線網路基礎架構的無線擴充。而第一個獲認可的空中介面,即是建立在分時多工存取 (TMDA) 通訊協定上。 此一介面支援分時雙工 (TDD) 與分頻雙工 (FDD)。
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移動式WiMAX 主要以2.5G頻譜為主,具有行動上網的優勢,未來汽車也將全面配備WiMAX連網設備,以便行駛間能接收網路訊息。
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協定演進
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Uplink nad Downlink Uplink Downlink From SS to BS From BS to SS
在Wimax的協定中,一個frme包含了兩個部份,分別是Uplink與downlink,其中uplink指的是從SS發送到BS的傳輸方向,也就是上傳的部份;而downlink指的是從BS發送到SS的方向,隨著實體層支援的模式不同,將會有不同的劃分方法,後面將會介紹。
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TDD and FDD Frequency Frequency-Division Duplex (FDD)
DL & UL on separate RF channels Time Time-Division Duplex (TDD) DL & UL time-share the same RF channel SS does not transmit/receive simultaneously 在IEEE802.16的協定中定義,其實體層支援兩種不同的模式,分別為TDD與FDD,TDD指的是依時間做為資源分配的依據,在此種模式下,uplink與downlink是以時間來做為區隔的,此種模式中SS無法在同一時間接收與上傳,而是要在不同的時段進行;而FDD的模式中,上下傳是以不同頻率作為分隔,所以能再同一時間做接收與傳送的動作,但相對的FDD在實際設備上會有較複雜的要求。
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Time Time-Division Duplex (TDD)
圖中顯示了TDD模式的實際情形,我們可以看到一個frame中包含了uplink與downlink兩個部份,而以不同的時間來區份這兩個部份,而FDD則是剛好相反,橫軸上的區分單位則是物同的頻率。
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實體層定義 WiMAX系統為了因應各種不同使用場景,訂定了兩個使用頻段:10~66GHz與2~11GHz,及4種不同的實體層介面規範:WirelessMAN-SC、WirelessMAN-SCa、WirelessMAN-OFDM及WirelessMAN-OFDMA,其中WirelessMAN-SC屬於10~66GHz頻段,而其餘三者屬於2~11GHz頻段
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使用環境 WirelessMAN-SC及WirelessMAN-SCa適用於直視路線(Line of Sight, LOS)環境,而WirelessMAN-OFDM及WirelessMAN-OFDMA適用於非直視路線(Non-Line of Sight, NLOS)環境
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效能提升方法 WirelessMAN-SCa、WirelessMAN-OFDM及WirelessMAN-OFDMA均可採用「適應性天線系統」(Adaptive Antenna System, AAS)技術提升效能;其中Wireless MAN-Sca基本上採用的是「智慧型天線」波束形成技術,而WirelessMAN-OFDM及Wireless MAN-OFDMA則採用MIMO技術 為了提升傳送效能,不同的PHY支援其他額外的MAC技術,其中AAS在SCA與OFDM、OFDMA中被使用,而智慧型天線技術被使用在SCA,此外OFDM與OFDMA更進一步的支援MIMO的多重天線系統,在後面將會有mimo的介紹,而aas與智慧型天線的部分我們就不加以講述。
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實體層規格 表中詳列了不同實體層技術支援的mac技術,SC僅支援一般的MAC協定,而OFDM與OFDMA除了基本的協定之外還支援了ARQ(自動重送請求機制)與AAS(智能天線技術),還有網狀網路的機制等等。而OFDM與OFDMA是目前較被推崇的部份,後面將會更詳細的介紹。
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‧WirelessMAN-OFDM 本規範主要訴求在藉由OFDM有效對抗通道多重路徑效應與提高資料傳輸率。OFDM調變共有256個次載波,可支援包括QPSK、16-QAM和64-QAM的適應性調變(adaptive modulation),根據各個次載波通道狀況決定其調變位階。多重接取採用的是分時的TDMA。為因應多路徑環境之特性,
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WirelessMAN-OFDMA 本規範主要訴求在提供移動式應用。調變方式與WirelessMAN-OFDM相同,但多重接取採用的是分頻的FDMA,並支援可變(scalable)頻寬的機制,其功能為根據通道狀況改變系統頻寬與次載波數
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WirelessMAN-OFDMA (cont.)
OFDMA的運作原則是將所有次載波分割成若干群組,稱為次通道(subchannel),分配給不同用戶使用,並根據傳輸環境狀況決定各個次通道的次載波數。
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WirelessMAN-OFDMA (end)
OFDMA是一個多重接取的技術,可根據通道狀況改變系統頻寬與子載波數。運作原則是將所有子載波分割成若干群組,稱為子通道(subchannel) ,分配給不同用戶使用,並根據傳輸環境狀況決定各個子通道的子載波數,另外藉由子載波配置與適應性調變和編碼(AMC) 技術,可讓OFDMA之實體層方便在通道變化較大的移動環境中傳送資料。
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MIMO 多輸入多輸出(Multiple Inputs, Multiple Outputs, MIMO)
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MIMO功能形式 空間多樣(spatial diversity) 空間多工(spatial multiplexing)
利用發射或接收端的多根天線所提供的多重傳輸途徑來對抗通道衰落(fading)的影響 空間多工(spatial multiplexing) 在發射端利用多根天線傳送不同資料序列,並在接收端利用多根天線的空間自由度將該組資料序列分別解出 空間多樣的原理為利用發射或接收端的多根天線所提供的多重傳輸途徑來對抗通道衰落(fading)的影響;所謂多樣意即多重選擇性,它可由多個獨立的傳輸途徑中選擇或組合出衰落現象較輕微的接收訊號,以維持穩定的鏈路品質。 空間多工為MIMO最具吸引力的功能,其原理為在發射端利用多根天線傳送不同資料序列,並在接收端利用多根天線的空間自由度將該組資料序列分別解出。經由此一程序,在發射端與接收端之間彷彿形成一組虛擬的平行空間通道,可在同一時間、同一頻段,以同一功率傳送多個資料序列。如此一來,整體系統的有效資料傳輸率便可以在不增加任何通訊資源的前題下提升數倍;此一效益可說是無線通訊技術發展過程中一大突破,也因此MIMO成為近年來通訊界的熱門話題。
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MIMO優點 系統涵蓋範圍 提升鏈路品質 提高系統容量及頻譜效率 與提高資料傳輸率
由於MIMO技術可用以提供陣列增益、干擾抑制、多樣增益,與多工增益,因此具有擴大系統涵蓋範圍、提升鏈路品質、提高系統容量及頻譜效率,與提高資料傳輸率之潛力。此外,由於現代DSP技術的迅速發展和數位處理晶片運算能力的持續提升,使得MIMO所需之複雜運算成本已大幅降低,其實用性也隨之提高。就未來的無線通訊系統需求而言,MIMO所能提供的兩種增益-空間多樣增益與空間多工增益,分別可以提升鏈路品質與資料傳輸率
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Outline WiMAX introduction WiMAXQoS & Flow Network Working Group (NWG)
Network Reference Model WiMAX Inter Networking Key hierarchy Network Entry Mobility management Network QoS Functional Elements
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Introduction QoS supporting is a fundamental part of the WiMAX MAC-layer design. How does WiMAX support for QoS? 擁有完整的QoS支援是WiMAX的基本特點 本章節將介紹WiMAX是如何支援QoS的
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Connections A connection-oriented MAC architecture
all downlink and uplink connections are controlled by the serving BS Each connection is identified by a connection identifier (CID) 為了達到QoS的要求 所以在協定中是以連線為基礎 而不是以基地台為基礎 每個SS或MS對BS的連線可以有一條或多條 而且上傳下載的連線是不同的 每條連線都會有一個CID來辨別 所有連線都是由BS控制的
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Service flows A service flow is a unidirectional flow of packets
with a particular set of QoS parameters is identified by a service flow identifier (SFID) The service flow characteristics of the connection provide the QoS for that packet 1.WiMAX定義了service flows的概念為擁有特定QoS參數的單向封包流 2.每條連線又會對應到一個service flow 每個service flow有一個SFID來辨別 每個service flow都會對應到一些QoS參數 3.connections跟service flows的對應關係為一個connection會對應到一個service flow而一個service flow可能會被多個connection對應到 4.簡單來說,可以將connection想像成水流,而service flows則是水孔,有高優先權的水流就能從大水孔流出去,而其他水流就只能卡在小水孔慢慢等 5.所以我們也能說service flow提供了封包的QoS的保證
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Service Flow Creation 1.本圖是service flow的初始流程,BS-initiated是由BS向SS發送DSA-REQ然後SS回傳DSA-RSP最後再回傳DSA-ACK 如此SS便可以獲得一個service flow 如果是SS-initiated就相反 由SS送REQ BS回RSP SS再回ACK
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Service Flow Management
Dynamic Service Change (DSC) Dynamic Service Delete (DSD) Dynamic Service Activate (DSA) NULL OPERATIONAL DSD DSA DSC 1.Service flow的管理是由下列三種訊息來完成,分別是改變 刪除 以及 建立
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Classifier A classifier is a set of matching criteria applied to each packet It consists of some protocol-specific packet matching criteria (destination IP address, for example) a classifier priority a reference to a CID. Classifiers can be added by dynamic signaling Classifier是用來分類封包的,他依據不同協定的封包所擁有的特性不同來分類,然後Classifier有一個優先值,這個值用來區分哪個Classifier先分類,言下之意就是說在同一個SS或BS上, Classifier不只一個. Classifiers可以動態增加
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Scheduler Associate packets into service flow
Classifier Scheduler BS MAC Priority queues MS1 MAC MS2 MAC QoS logical connections Service flow over QoS connections Service flows 1.本圖是Scheduler的運作示意圖 2.WiMAX並沒有強制定義Scheduler一定要怎樣排程,他只有定義Scheduler所需要做到的事情,至於優先順序則讓使用WMAX的廠商或設計者自行決定 Associate packets into service flow Define QoS parameter for each service flow Dynamically establishing QoS-enabled service flows Associate QoS service flow with logical connections
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Quality of Service Support
1.這張圖是WiMAX MAC層傳送封包的概念圖,當BS有封包要送給MS1跟MS2時,會先經過Classifier分類之後再經由scheduler傳送出去,此時Classifier就是利用CID跟SFID來分類封包,再由scheduler決定哪些封包先傳送,例如BS要送給MS1語音跟WEB封包同時也要送給MS2語音封包,此時Classifier會先分類 之後scheduler可能會決定先傳送即時性比較強的語音封包之後再傳送WEB封包 2.左下角的文字是service flows的參數
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Scheduling services Four services are supported in 802.16 802.16-2004
Unsolicited Grant Service (UGS), Real-time Polling Service (rtPS), Non-real-time Polling Service (nrtPS), and Best Effort (BE). Five services are supported in e e-2005 UGS (Unsolicited Grant Service) RT-VR (Real-Time -Variable Rate Service) NRT-VR (Non-Real Time -Variable Rate service) BE (Best Efforts) ERT-VR (Extended Real-Time Variable Rate) 802.16e多了一種Scheduling service,接下來將詳細介紹每一種
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Unsolicited Grant Service (UGS)
support real-time data streams consisting of fixed-size data packets issued at periodic intervals Such as T1/E1 and Voice over IP without silence suppression UG的字面意思是主動提供的,屬於這種類型的服務大多是及時的服務 例如VoIP等等 需要注意的是屬於此類型的服務,此項服務特別針對對即時性要求極高的應用,例如語音通話 INTERNET VoIP
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Real-time Polling Service (rtPS)
support real-time data streams consisting of variable-sized data packets that are issued at periodic intervals Such as moving pictures experts group (MPEG) video. 此項服務也是針對即時的應用,但是即時性要求相對來說沒那麼高,就像線上收看影片
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Non-real-time Polling Service (nrtPS)
support delay-tolerant data streams consisting of variable-sized data packets for which a minimum data rate is required such as FTP 此服務是針對像FTP這種應用,需要頻寬可是對即時需求不高
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Best Effort (BE) support data streams for which no minimum service level is required and therefore may be handled on a space-available basis. BE是說BS會盡可能的提供頻寬給你,但是沒有頻寬也沒辦法
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Extended Real-Time Variable Rate (ERT-VR) service
support real-time applications with variable data-rates, which require guaranteed data and delay, for example VoIP with silence suppression. 此項服務是802.16E新增的服務,主要是針對即時性要求比較高的應用,例如VoIP,而且可適用於封包大小不定應用,例如加入silence suppression的VoIP
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Handover An mobile station (MS) migrates from the air-interface provided by one BS to the air interface provided by another BS 此頁大概介紹換手的定義
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Handover in WiMAX Hard Handover Fast Base Station Switching (FBSS)
Active Set (Diversity set) Anchor BS MS Anchor BS Macro Diversity Handover (MDHO) MS all BSs in an active set 1.WiMAX定義了三種換手的方式,第一種是Hard HO 就是直接斷線再重新連線 2.弟二種跟第三種一樣 在這兩種方式裡 MS都有Active Set ,裡面包含了可以跟MS連線的BS列表,此列表裏會有一個Anchor BS,主要的BS的意思,兩種換手方式最大的不同是在FBSS只能跟Anchor BS通訊,而在MDHO裡,MS可以跟所有Active Set裡的BS通訊 3. Anchor BS是可以更改的
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Outline WiMAX introduction WiMAXQoS & Flow Network Working Group (NWG)
Network Reference Model WiMAX Inter Networking Key hierarchy Network Entry Mobility management Network QoS Functional Elements
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WiMAX Forum The WiMAX Forum is a nonprofit organization formed in 2001 to enhance the compatibility and interoperability of equipment based on the IEEE family of standards WiMAX Forum_Network Working Group (NWG) define Stage 1: use case scenarios and service requirements and defined along with Service Provider Working Group Stage 2: Architecture Tenets, Reference Model and Reference Points Stage 3: Detailed Protocols and Procedures 為非營利組織 其會員組成包含無線寬頻系統製造商、半導體元件商、射頻元件及天線供應商) 、軟體開發者及應用服務提供者。 stage 1 is for use case scenarios and service requirements and defined along with Service Provider Working Group Stage 2: Architecture Tenets, Reference Model and Reference Points Stage 3: Detailed Protocols and Procedure 主要的架構是在定義在stage2 與stage3
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WiMAX Working Group ‧Application Working Group (AWG)
‧Certification Working Group (CWG) ‧Evolutionary Technical Working Group (ETWG) ‧Global Roaming Working Group (GRWG) ‧Marketing Working Group (MWG) ‧Application Working Group (AWG) -應用工作組 定義WiMAX的應用,增強核心競爭力的應用,並被WiMAX獨一無二的加強。 ‧Certification Working Group (CWG)-認証工作組 處理WiAMX Forum認證程序運作方面的事務。 ‧Evolutionary Technical Working Group (ETWG)-發展科技工作小組 探討相關正交分頻多工的發展與效益。 ‧Global Roaming Working Group (GRWG)-全球漫游工作組 確保WiMAX網路全球漫遊服務的能力及時符合市場要求。 ‧Marketing Working Group (MWG)-市場工作組 推展和發展WiMAX Forum的品牌和標準。
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WiMAX Working Group ‧Network Working Group (NWG)
‧Regulatory Working Group (RWG) ‧Service Provider Working Group (SPWG) ‧Technical Working Group (TWG) ‧Network Working Group (NWG)-網絡工作組(NWG) 為固定、便利攜帶和移動WiMAX系統創建更高層次的網路規範,超越已在802.16定義內的範圍。 ‧Regulatory Working Group (RWG)-政策工作組 加強全球管理機構以促進WiMAX在全球的友好、協調的頻譜分發。 ‧Service Provider Working Group (SPWG)-服務提供工作組(SPWG) 為服務提供商提供一個BWA產品和頻譜需求的平台,以滿足市場的需求。 ‧Technical Working Group (TWG)技術工作組(TWG) 製定兼容性測試規範和進行認證服務,這些認證是基於全球認可的操作,以取得全球寬帶無線系統的 互操作性。
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Relationship between the scopes of WiMAX NWG and 802.16
From IEEE to WiMAX NWG build an interoperable broadband wireless network. Interoperable networks involve end-to-end service such as IP connectivity and session management, security, QoS, and mobility. NWG詳細定義了WiMAX 後端網路架構,此分規格與IEEE 之差別在於,IEEE 系列定義OSI 第二層以下之詳細規格, 其中802.16定義的是MAC PHY
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Outline WiMAX introduction WiMAXQoS & Flow Network Working Group (NWG)
Network Reference Model WiMAX Inter Networking Key hierarchy Network Entry Mobility management Network QoS Functional Elements
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WiMAX Network Reference Model(1/2)
一般包含了以下的logical entity, MS Access Service Network (ASN) Connectivity Service Network (CSN), ASN 連接多個ms 管理多個bs 與 ASN getway NAPs 為一個商業的實體架構 在一個或多個ASNs上提供MS無線存取 NAP其依照和使用者簽署的服務契約(SLA‘s) , 提供Wimax用戶端IP連接與WIMAX相關服務 ASP應用服務供應商 application service provider
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Decomposed ASN into BS and ASN GW entities
NAP提供無線訊號給network service provider,ㄧ個NAP可以擁有多個ASN ASN是多個網路功能的集合,提供subscriber無線訊號,也可視為wimax網路的entry
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Entities of the WiMAX Network Reference Model (1/2)
ASN: Access Serving Network Logical representation of the functions of a NAP, e.g. interface network entry and handover Radio Resource Management & Admission ctrl. L2 Session/mobility management QoS and Policy Enforcement Foreign Agent (FA) Forwarding to selected CSN ASN可以包含BS和ASN閘道器(ASN-Gateway)等相關網路設備。BS主 要負責WiMAX的無線連接和無線資源管理功能。ASN-GW負責用戶的接入管 理、行動管理和Data Path(Data Path)管理功能
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Entities of the WiMAX Network Reference Model (2/2)
CSN: Connectivity Serving Network Logical representation of the functions of a NSP, e.g. Connectivity to the Internet, ASPs Authentication, authorization and accounting IP address management L3 Mobility and roaming between ASNs Policy & QoS management based on a SLA 一個網路服務供應商可以擁有許多CSN,CSN 包含多個功能實體,例如 路由器、AAA代理/伺服器、使用者資料庫與互連閘道器,也可以說,CSN 即 是WiMAX 核心網路,主要提供使用者IP 網路連結的服務
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Network Reference point (1/2)
Reference point between MS and BS: implements IEEE e-2005. R2: Reference point between MS and ASN-GW or CSN: logical interface used for authentication, authorization, IP host configuration and mobility management. R3: Reference point between ASN and CSN: supports AAA, policy enforcement, and mobility –management capabilities. Implements tunnel between ASN and CSN. R4: Reference point between ASN and ASN: used for MS mobility across ASNs.
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Reference point (2/2) R5: R6: R7: R8:
Reference point between CSN and CSN: used for internetworking between home and visited network. R6: Reference point between BS and ASN: implements intra-ASN tunnels and used for control plane signaling. R7: Reference point between data and control plane in ASN-GW: used for coordination between data and control plane in ASN-GW. R8: Reference point between BS and BS: used for fast and seamless handover.
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WiMAX Network Reference Model(2/2)
總體而言的reference model 架構與其reference point 而從MS到internet可分為四部份
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Outline WiMAX introduction WiMAXQoS & Flow Network Working Group (NWG)
Network Reference Model WiMAX Inter Networking Key hierarchy Network Entry Mobility management Network QoS Functional Elements
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ASN Network & GW 定義reference model 在跨越多個ASN的情況
Service Architecture Evolution (SAE) Gateway Ref. The Access Service Network in WiMAX: The Role of ASN-GW Dr. Mustafa Ergen WiChorus, Inc.
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ASN-GW Reference model
詳細定義了在ASN-GW下 提供的實體功能 與其reference point 可以了解其中在ASN-GW下所需要時作的有哪些項目 Ref. The Access Service Network in WiMAX: The Role of ASN-GW Dr. Mustafa Ergen WiChorus, Inc.
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Internetworking with 3GPP
Scope WiMAX-3GPP Interworking refers to the integration of a WiMAX Access Network to an existing 3GPP core network. WiMax 與3GPP整合的網路架構,在既有的3G網路環境上加入WiMax網路做整合 UE端具有 3G 與 wiMAX 網卡 WLAN Access Gateway (WAG) Packet Data Gateway (PDG) SGSN : serving GPRS support nodes. 傳送IP packet between mobil users and GGSN GGSN : gateway GPRS support nodes. 是一個特殊的路由器~運作方式像gatway 控制users data session and transfers the data packet between GPRS network和 external packet data network( PDN ) Radio Network Controller (RNC) : To end-user
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Outline WiMAX introduction WiMAXQoS & Flow Network Working Group (NWG)
Network Reference Model WiMAX Inter Networking Key hierarchy Network Entry Mobility management Network QoS Functional Elements
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802.16e network entry In a WiMAX network, a full network entry includes four steps: a. Network Discovery and Selection b. Access Authentication c. Connection Setup d. Data Transfer Stage2/3 之進入網路程序是建立在802.16e之上 可以分為 1.ND&S 搜尋網路與選擇 (Network Discovery and Selection) 2. 驗證 3.連線設定 4.傳送資料
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TDD Frame Structure
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Outline WiMAX introduction WiMAXQoS & Flow Network Working Group (NWG)
Network Reference Model WiMAX Inter Networking Key hierarchy Network Entry Mobility management Network QoS Functional Elements
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Network entry A WiMAX subscriber station has to complete the network entry process , in order to communicate on the network. Steps: Scan for DL channel and establish synchronization with the BS Obtain transmit parameters (form UCD message) Perform initial ranging Negotiate basic capabilities Authorize MS and perform key exchange Establish IP connectivity Establish time of day Transfer operational parameters optional Set up connections
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Network entry a)Downlink Channel Synchronization:
When an SS wants to communicate on a WiMAX network, it first scans for available channels in the defined frequency list. On finding a DL channel, it tries to synchronize at the PHY level using the periodic frame preamble. Information on modulation and other DL and UL parameters is obtained by observing the DL Channel Descriptor (DCD) and the UL channel descriptor (UCD) of the DL channel.
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Ranging(1/2) b) Initial Ranging:
An SS starts an Initial ranging process by sending a ranging request MAC message using the minimum transmission power. If no response is received from the BS, the SS resends the message on a subsequent frame using a higher transmission power. The response either indicates power and timing corrections that the SS must make or indicates success. Purpose: The process by which the SS and BS maintain the quality of RF communication link between them.
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Ranging(2/2) Periodic ranging
Allows SS to adjust transmission parameters and maintain uplink communication with the BS.
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Network entry c) Exchanging Capabilities:
After successful completion of the initial ranging step, the SS sends capability request message indicating the supported modulation level, coding scheme and rates and duplexing methods.
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Network entry d) Authentication:
After capability negotiation, the BS authenticates the SS, determines the ciphering algorithm to be used, and sends an authentication response to the SS. e) Registration: After authentication, the SS sends a registration request message to the BS and the BS sends a registration response.
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Network entry f) IP Connectivity:
After registration, the SS gets the IP address via DHCP. The SS also downloads other operational parameters using TFTP. g) Connection Creation: After completing the IP connectivity step, transport connections are created. For preprovisioned service flows, the BS sends a dynamic service flow addition request message to the SS and SS confirms the creation of connection. For non-preprovisioned service flows, connection creation is initiated by the SS by sending a dynamic service flow addition request message to the BS. The BS responds with the confirmation.
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Network Discovery and Selection
NAP discovery NSP discovery NSP Enumeration and selection ASN attachment based on NSP Selection 1.NAP Discovery MS掃描Channel(s),並偵測是否有NAP在提供服務,如果有,則與之同步, 並decode DL-MAP、UL-MAP、DCD、UCD等… 詳細細節定義在IEEE d/e。 2.NSP discovery(隨後投影片會提) 3.NSP Enumeration and Selection MS執行NSP discovery結束之後,產生一份NSP List,之後可由使用者手 動選擇或是自動模式選擇NSP。 4.ASN Attachment based on NSP Selection MS根據NSP的選擇,連接上有與該NSP連接的NAP,並提供MS的NAI (network access identifier)給 ASN。 (RFC-2486) Network Access Identifier The Network Access Identifier (NAI) is the userID submitted by the client during PPP authentication. In roaming, the purpose of the NAI is to identify the user as well as to assist in the routing of the authentication request. Please note that the NAI may not necessarily be the same as the user's address or the userID submitted in an application layer authentication.
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NSP Discovery 如果MS發現BSID裡的NSP identifier Flag LSB等於1,如圖2.7所示,則代
表此NAP後面有一個以上之NSP(s)在提供服務,MS可藉由一些方法取得NSP ID List,取得之後,MS必須對每個NAP執行NSP Discovery,直到發現所有後 端的NSP為止。 反之,如果為NSP identifier Flag LSB等於0,MS就知道此NAP後面只有一 個NSP在提供服務,其NSP ID等於NAP ID。 成功完成搜尋後端NSP之後, 就由 後端網路來驗證MS是否有權限使用網路(access authentication)
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ASN Attachment based on NSP Selection
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Connection setup The ASN setup Access Authentication
Binding of MS flow to intra-ASN DATA PATH MIP req / resp PMIP4 / CMIP4 / CMIP6 MIP tunnel C代表client MS具備MIP的功能,及不需要網路端額外的設備輔助 P 代表proxy MS不具備MIP, 網路端要負責幫助建立MIP與換手
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Connection setup procedure ( DHCP proxy )
Access Authentication Binding of MS flow to intra-ASN DATA PATH DHCP proxy- 訊息不會經過R3介面 因為DHCP proxy 代替了DHCP server DSA DSC 動態服務流新增 動態服務流修改
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Connection setup procedure ( CMIPv4 )
在CMIP4 中,因為MS 本身就有Mobile IP 的通訊協定堆疊,所以不需 要在網路端放置PMIP client 來幫忙處理Mobile IP 訊息。在完成Access Authentication後,BS到ASN-GW/FA間就已經建好了intra-ASN的Data Path, FA 發送MIP Advertisement 夾帶CoA 的訊息給MS。 Service Flow Authorization, SFA
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Connection Setup Procedure (CMIP6 )
a. 先MS透過無狀態DHCPv6 (Stateless DHCPv6)取得開機資訊,包括HA、Home Link Prefix等…如果HAAA伺服器有 提供HoA位址,MS可以不用自行產生, b. 之後,MS依據Access Router廣播的 Router Advertisement資訊可產生CoA, c. 並將HoA、CoA與MS資訊、Mobility Key 等參數組成Binding Update,送給HA做註冊。 d. HA再送往HAAA伺服器做認證, 假使成功,HA會為HoA做DAD,再將結果以Binding Acknowledgement送給 MS。
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Outline WiMAX introduction WiMAXQoS & Flow Network Working Group (NWG)
Network Reference Model WiMAX Inter Networking Key hierarchy Network Entry Mobility management Network QoS Functional Elements
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Mobility management The WiMAX mobility solution consists of two mobility levels Intra-ASN mobility ASN Anchored Mobility inter-ASN mobility ASN-anchor (based on profile A & C) CSN Anchored Mobility ASN- FA不會變動 原本FA 會做轉送 CSN 更換新的FA 重新與CSN內的HA做MIP註冊的動作
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ASN Anchored Mobility Management(1/4)
ASN Anchored Mobility Management is defined as mobility of an MS not involving a CoA update (MIP re-registration) Extension of data path via data path function (DPF) during handover.
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ASN anchor Mobility (2/4)
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ASN anchored mobility (3/4)
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CSN Anchor mobility ( R3-mobility )
Re-anchoring of the current FA to a new FA and the consequent binding updates to update the upstream and downstream data forwarding paths.
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Authentication, Authorization and Accounting
The WiMAX AAA framework is based on IETF specifications. The term AAA is used to refer to the AAA protocols, Radius or Diameter. The AAA framework provides the following services to WiMAX: Authentication Services These include MS, user, or combined MS and user authentication. Authorization Services These include the delivery of information to configure the session for access, mobility, QoS and other applications. Accounting Services These include the delivery of information for the purpose of billing (both prepaid and post paid billing) and information that can be used to audit session activity by both the home NSP and visited NSP.
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Accounting Architecture
PPS : prepaid server 透過R5: Reference point between CSN and CSN: used for internetworking between home and visited network.
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Outline WiMAX introduction WiMAXQoS & Flow Network Working Group (NWG)
Network Reference Model WiMAX Inter Networking Key hierarchy Network Entry Mobility management Network QoS Functional Elements
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QOS IEEE MAC is connection oriented. Each connection, upon establishment, subscribes to one of the scheduled services Resource allocation, admission, and scheduling is controlled the base station 屬於連線導向,針對每條連線,完成建立後,提供其中的ㄧ種排程服務 Qos 作到- Resource allocation, admission, and scheduling is controlled the base station
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QoS Functional Elements
Service Flow Management (SFM) responsible for the creation, admission, activation, modification and deletion of service flows. Service Flow Authorization (SFA) Evaluate any service request against user QoS profile. AF: Application Function e.g., SIP Proxy PF: Policy Function Maintained information includes H-NSP's general policy rules LPF: Local Policy Function enforce admission control based on available resources QoS 功能服務: 支持ASN初始化建立,修改與刪除業務功能 提供用戶Qos 信息和策略功能(policy Function)的DATABASE, The provisioned QoS profile serves to authorize dynamic requests initiated by the MS or the BS ‧SFA 服務流授權(Service Flow Authorization, SFA)是一個位於ASN-GW上的元件,主要的任務為根據使用者的身分向AAA伺服器要求相關的QoS設定檔,配合自身的本機政策資料庫(Local Policy Database),根據這些設定檔來進行服務流的管理。SFA有兩種,一種是Anchor SFA,另一種是Serving SFA。在一個存取網路服務(ASN)中,對任一MS都只存在一個Anchor SFA,而Anchor SFA主要是在負責進行上述所說的服務流管理任務。至於Serving SFA則是直接跟MS進行溝通的媒介,它會將Anchor SFA所決定的服務流訊息傳到MS的SFM上。當然,Anchor SFA和Serving SFA可位於同一台ASN-GW上。 ‧SFM 服務流管理(Service Flow Management, SFM)是一個位於BS上的原件,負責建立、修改、刪除IEEE802.16e的服務流,它還包含了Admission Control的功能,負責檢查底層的無線資源,檢查服務流是否能按所需的QoS參數建立。 ‧PF 政策功能(Policy Function, PF)主要包含一個政策資料庫,負責和AAA伺服器以及AF溝通,提供相關的政策。 ‧AF 應用功能(Application Function, AF)主要是應用層的介面,根據應用層的特性來觸發PF,進而建立符合需求的服務流。
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Reference Wimax forum WiMAX End-to-End Network Systems Architecture (Stage 3: Detailed Protocols and Procedures) Wimax forum WiMAX End-to-End Network Systems Architecture (Stage 2)
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