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第三章 国际法的基本原则 (THE BASIC RULES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW)

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Presentation on theme: "第三章 国际法的基本原则 (THE BASIC RULES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW)"— Presentation transcript:

1 第三章 国际法的基本原则 (THE BASIC RULES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW)

2 第一节 概述 一、国际法基本原则的概念和特征 2.特征 1.概念
第一节 概述 一、国际法基本原则的概念和特征 1.概念 ❒为各国公认的,具有普遍意义的、适用于国际法一切效力范围的,构成国际法的基础的法律原则 2.特征 ❒各国公认 ❒具有普遍意义 ❒构成国际法的基础 ❒具有强行法性质

3 二、国际法基本原则与强行法 1. 强行法 2. 强行法与国际法基本原则的关系
❒一般国际法强制规律(a peremptory norm of general international law) 2. 强行法与国际法基本原则的关系 参考书: 张潇剑:国际强行法论,北京大学出版社,1995年

4 一、联合国宪章(UN Charter)原则
第二节 国际法基本原则的体系 一、联合国宪章(UN Charter)原则 ❒国际法基本原则的核心 ❒国际社会的“宪法”、“准宪法” 各国主权平等原则 各民族平等及自决原则 禁止非法使用武力原则 和平解决国际争端原则 不干涉任何国家国内管辖事件原则 依照宪章进行国际合作原则 诚意履行宪章所负义务原则

5 二、国家主权原则 1.主权的意义(sovereignty) 2.主权观念 ❒ 国家在国际法所固有的独立自主地处理其对内对外事务的权力
(1)概念 ❒ 国家在国际法所固有的独立自主地处理其对内对外事务的权力 (2)涵义 ❒ 对内具有最高权 ❒ 对外具有独立权 (3)主权的可分性(divisibility) ❒ 内部主权(internal sovereignty) ❒ 外部主权(external sovereignty) 2.主权观念

6 4. 主权平等原则 (a)各国法律地位平等; (b)每一国均享有充分主权之固有权利; (c)每一国均有义务尊重其他国家之人格;
主权平等尤其包括下列要素: (a)各国法律地位平等; (b)每一国均享有充分主权之固有权利; (c)每一国均有义务尊重其他国家之人格; (d)国家之领土完整及政治独立不得侵犯; (e)每一国均有权利自由选择并发展其政治、社会、经济及 文化制度; (f)每一国均有责任充分并一秉诚意履行其国际义务,并与其他国家和平相处。

7 三、禁止使用武力或武力威胁原则 1. 形成与地位 2. 有关的几个问题
❒各会员国在其国际关系上不得使用威胁或武力,或以与联合国 宗旨不符之任何其他方法,侵害任何会员国或国家之领土完整或政治独立。 ❒ All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations ❒ 国际习惯法原则;强行法规则 2. 有关的几个问题 (1)武力的含义( force) ❒武装或军事力量 (2)领土完整和政治独立与使用武力或威胁的关系 ❒强调 (3)适用范围 ❒国际关系

8 三、不干涉内政原则 1. 形成与地位 ❒习惯国际法 2. 有关概念 A.定义
(non—intervention of internal affairs) 1. 形成与地位 ❒习惯国际法 2. 有关概念 (1)干涉 A.定义 一个国家对另一个国家的事务的强制或专断的干预,旨在对该另一国家强加某种行为或后果 B. 形式 ❒直接干涉——武装干涉 ❒间接干涉 (2)内政 ❒本质上属于国内管辖之事项;不仅仅是一个地域概念

9 4. 干涉理论 特点 (1)根据权利的干涉 (2)人道主义干涉(humanitarian intervention) (3)新干涉主义
❒ 克林顿主义 ❒ 布莱尔主义 ❒ 霍华德主义 ❒ 干预和国家主权国际委员会 (ICISS) 保护的责任 (responsibility to protection ) 不干涉内政原则例外 人权高于主权 为价值而战 国家集团使用武力 特点

10 5. 不干涉内政原则的新动向 (1) 国际组织强行介入国家内部事务 (2) 国际组织授权干涉成员国内部事务
❒ 非洲联盟宪章第4条h项规定,在出现战争罪、种族灭绝罪和反人道罪的严重情况下,经联盟2/3的成员授权时,本联盟根据大会所作的决定有权在一成员国进行干涉。 ❒ 联合国宪章第2条7款:但此项原则不妨碍第七章内执行办法之适用 (3)民主传播 ❒暴政前哨(tyranny outpost)  ❒ 朝鲜、伊朗、古巴、白俄罗斯、缅甸和津巴布韦

11 A.甲国决定废除君主立宪制,改用共和制作为其基本政治制度 B.为解决该国存在的种族间的冲突,甲国通过立法决定建立种族隔离区
甲国是一个君主立宪制的国家,其下列行为中,哪些属于国际法上的国家内政范围,外国不得进行干涉? A.甲国决定废除君主立宪制,改用共和制作为其基本政治制度 B.为解决该国存在的种族间的冲突,甲国通过立法决定建立种族隔离区 C.甲国决定邀请某个外国领导人来访 D. 甲因决定申请参加某个政府间的国际组织 思考题: 运用所学国际法原理,分析保护的责任的法律问题

12 (二)自决权的主体 (peoples) 五、人民自决权(self-determination of peoples )
(一)人民自决原则:国际法基本原则 (二)自决权的主体 (peoples) 1.殖民地人民和其他被压迫民族 2.一国内的部分人民 Quebec does not meet the threshold of a colonial people or an oppressed people, nor can it be suggested that Quebecers have been denied meaningful access to government to pursue their political, economic, cultural and social development. In the circumstances, the National Assembly, the legislature or the government of Quebec do not enjoy a right at international law to effect the secession of Quebec from Canada unilaterally 3.所有国家和领土——独立的、托管的或非自治领土——的所有人民 ❒ We The Peoples Of The United Nations  Preamble, Charter Of The United Nations   ❒ All peoples have the right of self-determination. By virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development.  Article 1, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

13 (三)自决权的本质  ❒独立和自治 狭义的解释 广义的解释 内部自决(internal self-determination)
 ❒独立和自治 内部自决(internal self-determination) 外部自决(external self-determination) 独立(independence) 自治(self-government) 狭义的解释 广义的解释  独立和自治

14 (四)自决与分离(secession)  ❒自决权不等于分离权,也不包括分离权
 ❒自决权不等于分离权,也不包括分离权 ❒ Although there is no right, under the Constitution or at international law, to unilateral secession, that is secession without negotiation on the basis just discussed, this does not rule out the possibility of an unconstitutional declaration of secession leading to a de facto secession. The ultimate success of such a secession would be dependent on recognition by the international community, which is likely to consider the legality and legitimacy of secession having regard to, amongst other facts, the conduct of Quebec and Canada, in determining whether to grant or withhold recognition. Such recognition, even if granted, would not, however, provide any retroactive justification for the act of secession, either under the Constitution of Canada or at international law ——Reference re Secession of Quebec,1998

15 ❒ International recognition would be conferred on such a political reality if it emerged, for example, via effective control of the territory;Secession of a province from Canada, if successful in the streets, might well lead to the creation of a new state. Although recognition by other states is not, at least as a matter of theory, necessary to achieve statehood, the viability of a would-be state in the international community depends, as a practical matter, upon recognition by other states;international recognition is not alone constitutive of statehood and, critically, does not relate back to the date of secession to serve retroactively as a source of a "legal" right to secede in the first place. Recognition occurs only after a territorial unit has been successful, as a political fact, in achieving secession. ——Reference re Secession of Quebec,1998

16 (五)台湾与自决 1.“住民自决论” ❒ 土著人(indigenous people)没有自决权 ❒ 2007年《土著人民权利宣言》第4条
❒ indigenous populations—indigenous people 2.台湾的自决属于全体中国人民 It is, of course, true that democracy expresses the sovereign will of the people. Yet this expression, too, must be taken in the context of the other institutional values we have identified as pertinent to this Reference. The relationship between democracy and federalism means, for example, that in Canada there may be different and equally legitimate majorities in different provinces and territories and at the federal level. No one majority is more or less "legitimate" than the others as an expression of democratic opinion, although, of course, the consequences will vary with the subject matter. At the same time, Canada as a whole is also a democratic community in which citizens construct and achieve goals on a national scale through a federal government acting within the limits of its jurisdiction. The function of federalism is to enable citizens to participate concurrently in different collectivities and to pursue goals at both a provincial and a federal level.

17 第三节 和平共处五项原则是现 代国际法的基本原则 一、内容 二、地位 参考书 赵建文:论和平共处五项原则,中国社会科学出版社,1996年
中国与印度共同倡导——1954年《关于中国西藏地方和印度之间的通商和交通协定》 ❒ 互相尊重主权和领土完整 ❒ 互不侵犯 ❒ 互不干涉内政 ❒ 平等互利 ❒ 和平共处 二、地位 ❒ 亚洲国际法 ❒ 国际法基本原则的重要组成部分 参考书 赵建文:论和平共处五项原则,中国社会科学出版社,1996年

18 参考书 白桂梅:《国际法上的自决》,中国华侨出版社,2000年 思考题 如何理解国家主权的责任观念。


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