Chapter 15 Acids and Bases

Presentation on theme: "Chapter 15 Acids and Bases"— Presentation transcript:

1 Chapter 15 Acids and Bases
Chemistry English 99-2 Semester

2 15.1 Bronsted Acids an Bases 布朗斯特酸與鹼
Vocabulary and Phrase 字與詞 Acid Base Conjugated acid-base pair 酸 鹼 共軛酸鹼對

3 15.1 Bronsted Acids an Bases 布朗斯特酸與鹼
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 Bronsted acid 布朗斯特酸 A Bronsted acid is defined as a substance capable of donating a proton, and as a Bronsted base is a substance that can accept a proton. capable donate accept 能夠 捐獻, 釋出 接受 中譯: 布朗斯特酸被定義為可釋出一個質子的物質, 布朗斯特鹼則被定義為可接受一個質子的物質 。

4 15.1 Bronsted Acids an Bases 布朗斯特酸與鹼
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 Conjugated acid-base pair 共軛酸鹼對 A conjugate base of a Bronsted acid is the species that remains when one proton has been removed from the acid. remain remove 保持 移除 中譯: 一個布朗斯特的鹼是當酸中一個質子被移除後存留的物質。

5 15.1 Bronsted Acids an Bases 布朗斯特酸與鹼
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 Conjugated acid-base pair 共軛酸鹼對 A conjugate acid results from the addition of a proton to a Bronsted base. Result from addition 源自於…, 來自 加上 中譯: 共軛酸來自於一個布朗斯特鹼加上一個質子。

6 15.1 Bronsted Acids an Bases 布朗斯特酸與鹼
Ionization of acetic acid

7 15.1 Bronsted Acids an Bases 布朗斯特酸與鹼
ammonia

8 15.2 The acid-base Properties of Water 水的酸鹼性質
Vocabulary and Phrase 字與詞 Autoionization of water 水的自動離子化

9 15.2 The acid-base Properties of Water 水的酸鹼性質
Vocabulary and Phrase 字與詞 Ion product constant 離子積常數 Kw is called the ion-product constant, which is the product of molar concentrations of H+ and OH- ions at a particular temperature.

10 15.2 Writing Equilibrium Constant Expression
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 Kw is called the ion-product constant, which is the product of molar concentrations of H+ and OH- ions at a particular temperature. product particular 乘積 特定的, 特別的 中譯: 被稱為離子積常數, 是特定溫度下H+ ,OH-離子濃度的乘積。

11 15.2 The acid-base Properties of Water 水的酸鹼性質
Vocabulary and Phrase 字與詞 Acid Acidic Acidity 酸 酸的 酸性 Base Basic Basicity 鹼 鹼的 鹼性

12 15.2 The acid-base Properties of Water 水的酸鹼性質
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 In pure water at 25℃, the concentrations of H+ and OH－ are equal and found to be [H+]=1.0×10-7 M , [OH－]=1.0×10-7 M and Kw=1.0×10-14 M. Pure water equal 純水 相等　 中譯: 25純水中氫離子濃度和氫氧根離子濃度相同, [H+]=1.0×10-7 M [OH-]=1.0×10-7 M 以及Kw=1.0×10-14 M.

13 15.2 The acid-base Properties of Water 水的酸鹼性質
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 Whenever [H+]= [OH－], the aqueous solution is said to be neutral. whenever 不論何時, 每當　 中譯: 2一旦氫離子濃度與氫氧根離子濃度相同， 水溶亦稱為中性(溶液)

14 15.2 The acid-base Properties of Water 水的酸鹼性質
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 In an acidic solution there is an excess of H+ ion and [H+]> [OH-]. Excess of 過多的 中譯: 酸性溶液中有過多的氫離子因此氫離子濃度大於氫氧根離子濃度

15 15.2 The acid-base Properties of Water 水的酸鹼性質
Self-test 自我測試 In an basic solution there is an excess of hydroxide ions, so [H+]< [OH-]. 中譯:

16 15.3 pH –A Measure of Acidity pH-酸性的度量單位
Vocabulary and Phrase 字與詞 pH pOH Activity pH+pOH=14.00 活性

17 15.3 pH –A Measure of Acidity pH-酸性的度量單位
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 The pH of a solution is defines as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration (in mol/L). be defined as Negative logarithm 定義為 負的 對數　 中譯: 溶液的pH定義為氫離子濃度(體積莫耳濃度)的對數取負值

18 15.3 pH –A Measure of Acidity pH-酸性的度量單位
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 Acidic solution酸性溶液 [H+] > 1.0 × 10-7 M, pH < 7.0 Basic solution鹼性溶液 [H+] < 1.0 × 10-7 M, pH > 7.0 Neutral solution中性溶液 [H+] = 1.0 × 10-7 M, pH = 7.0

19 15.3 pH –A Measure of Acidity pH-酸性的度量單位
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 Activity is the effective concentration. 中譯: 活性即為有效濃度

20 15.3 pH –A Measure of Acidity pH-酸性的度量單位
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 In the laboratory, the pH of a solution is measured with a pH meter. laboratory pH meter 實驗室 pH計, 酸鹼度計　 中譯: 在實驗室裡, 溶液的pH值以pH計(酸鹼度計)測量

21 15.4 Strength of Acids and Bases 酸與鹼的強度
Vocabulary and Phrase 字與詞 Strength Strong acid Weak acid Strong electrolyte Weak electrolyte Strong base Weak base 強度 強酸 弱酸 強電解質 弱電解質 強鹼 弱鹼

22 15.4 Strength of Acids and Bases 酸與鹼的強度
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 Strong acids 有關強酸 … Strong acids are strong electrolytes that, for practical purposes, are assumed to ionize completely in water. practical purpose assume 實際的, 實用的 目的 假設　 中譯: 強酸是一種強電解質, 為了實用的目的, 設定強酸在水中是完全解離的.

23 15.4 Strength of Acids and Bases 酸與鹼的強度
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 Strong acids 有關強酸… Most of the strong acids are inorganic acids. inorganic 無機的　 中譯: 大多數的強酸都是無機酸.

24 Strong Acid Weak Acid

25

26 15.4 Strength of Acids and Bases 酸與鹼的強度
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 Strong acids 有關強酸… At equilibrium, solutions of strong acids will not contain any nonionized acid molecules. contain 包含 中譯: 平衡時強酸溶液中並不會含有任何未解離的酸分子.

27 15.4 Strength of Acids and Bases 酸與鹼的強度
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 Weak acids 有關弱酸… Most acids are weak acids, which ionize only to a limited extent in water. limited extent 有限的 範圍 中譯: 大部分的酸都是弱酸, 在水中的解離有一定的限度.

28 15.4 Strength of Acids and Bases 酸與鹼的強度
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 Weak acids 有關弱酸… The limited ionization of weak acids is related to the equilibrium constant for ionization. 中譯: 弱酸有限的解離度與解離的平衡常數有關.

29 15.4 Strength of Acids and Bases 酸與鹼的強度
Self-test 自我測試 Strong bases 有關強鹼… Strong bases are strong electrolytes that ionize completely in water. 中譯:

30 15.4 Strength of Acids and Bases 酸與鹼的強度
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 Strong bases 有關強鹼… Hydroxides of alkali metals and certain alkaline earth metals are strong bases. All alkali metal hydroxides are soluble. hydroxide alkali metal alkaline earth metal 氫氧化物 鹼金族金屬 鹼土族金屬 中譯: 鹼金族金屬和部分的鹼土族金屬的氫氧化物都是強鹼. 所有鹼金族金屬的氫氧化物都是可溶(於水)的.

31 15.4 Strength of Acids and Bases 酸與鹼的強度
Self-test 自我測試 Weak bases 有關弱鹼… Weak bases, like weak acids, are weak electrolytes. 中譯:

32 Conjugate acid-base pairs have the following properties:共軛酸鹼對具有下列性質
If an acid is strong, its conjugate base has no measurable strength. 中譯: 若該酸為強酸, 其共軛鹼的強度無法測得.

33 Conjugate acid-base pairs have the following properties:共軛酸鹼對具有下列性質
H3O+ is the strongest acid that can exist in aqueous solution. Acids stronger than H3O+ react with water to produce H3O+. 中譯: H3O+ 是可存在水溶液的最強的酸,比H3O+更強的酸會與水作用形成H3O+

34 Conjugate acid-base pairs have the following properties:共軛酸鹼對具有下列性質
Self-test 自我測試 The OH－ ion is the strongest base that can exist in aqueous solution. Bases stronger than OH－ react with water to produce OH－.

35 15.5 Weak Acids and Acid Ionization Constants 弱酸與酸解離常數
Vocabulary and Phrase 字與詞 酸解離常數 百分解離度 Acidic ionization constant, Ka Percent ionization

36 15.5 Weak Acids and Acid Ionization Constants 弱酸與酸解離常數
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 The acid ionization constant, Ka, is the equilibrium constant for the ionization of an acid. 中譯: 酸的解離常數(Ka)是酸解離反應的平衡常數

37 15.5 Weak Acids and Acid Ionization Constants 弱酸與酸解離常數
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 The larger Ka is, the stronger the acid, that is, the greater concentration of H+ ions at equilibrium due to its ionization. 中譯: 酸的Ka 值越大, (表示)解離達平衡時氫離子濃度越高.

38 15.5 Weak Acids and Acid Ionization Constants 弱酸與酸解離常數
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 Keep in mind, however, that only weak acids have Ka values associated. 中譯: 要記得, 只有弱酸才有與之相關的Ka值

39 15.5 Weak Acids and Acid Ionization Constants 弱酸與酸解離常數
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 We can calculate the hydrogen ion concentration or pH of an acid solution at equilibrium, given the initial concentration of the acid and its Ka value. 中譯: 只要有酸的起始濃度及Ka 值就可以計算酸在溶議中達平衡時氫離子的濃度或是pH

40 15.5 Weak Acids and Acid Ionization Constants 弱酸與酸解離常數
Self-test 自我測試 Alternatively, if we know the pH of a weak acid solution and its initial concentration, we can determine its Ka. alternatively 兩個選一個, 換句話說 中譯:

41 15.5 Weak Acids and Acid Ionization Constants 弱酸與酸解離常數
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 Another measure of the strength of an acid is its percent ionization, which is defined as 中譯:另一個酸強度的計量是百分解離度, 其定義為

42 15.5 Weak Acids and Acid Ionization Constants 弱酸與酸解離常數
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 The stronger the acid, the greater percent ionization. 中譯: 越強的酸百分解離度也越大

43 15.5 Weak Acids and Acid Ionization Constants 弱酸與酸解離常數
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 The extent to which a weak acid ionizes depends on the initial concentration of the acid. The more dilute the solution, the greater the percentage ionization. 中譯: 弱酸解離的程度受到酸起始濃度的影響. 酸的濃度越稀薄百分解離度就越大.

44 15.6 Weak Bases and Base Ionization Constants 弱酸與酸解離常數
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 Acid ionization constant, Ka 酸解離常數 Base ionization constant, Kb 鹼解離常數 Acid ionization constant is the equilibrium constant for the ionization of an acid.

45 15.7 The relationship Between the Ionization Constants of Acids and Their Conjugate Bases 酸與其共軛鹼離子化常數的關聯 Vocabulary and Phrase 字與詞 化學平衡 平衡(複數) 平衡常數 Chemical equilibrium Equilibria Equilibrium constant

46 15.7 The relationship Between the Ionization Constants of Acids and Their Conjugate Bases 酸與其共軛鹼離子化常數的關聯 Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 The stronger the acid (the larger Ka), the weaker its conjugate base (the smaller Kb), and vice versa. vice versa 反之亦然 中譯: 酸越強(Ka越大)共軛鹼就越弱(Kb越小), 反之亦然.

47 15.8 Diprotic and Polyprotic Acids 雙質子酸與多質子酸
Vocabulary and Phrase 字與詞 雙質子酸 多質子酸 Diprotic acids Polyprotic acids

48 15.8 Diprotic and Polyprotic Acids 雙質子酸與多質子酸
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 The diprotic and polyprotic acids ionize in a stepwise manner; that is, they lose on proton at a time. stepwise manner 逐步的 方式 中譯: 雙質子酸極多質子酸以逐步方式進行解離, 也就是一次放出一個質子.

49 15.8 Diprotic and Polyprotic Acids 雙質子酸與多質子酸
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 For a given acid, the first ionization constant is much larger than the second ionization constant. 中譯: 某些特定的酸, 第一解離常數遠大於第二解離常數.

50 15.9 Molecular Structure and the Strength of Acids 分子結構與酸的強度
Vocabulary and Phrase 字與詞 Hydrohalic acids (HF, HCl, HBr, HI) Oxoacids Z-O-H Carboxylic acids R-COOH 氫-鹵素酸 含氧酸 羧酸

51 15.9 Molecular Structure and the Strength of Acids 分子結構與酸的強度
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 Two factors influence the extent to which the acid undergoes ionization, the strength and the polarity of the H-X bond. influence extent polarity 影響 程度 極性 中譯: 影響酸解離的兩個因素, H-X 鍵結的強度與極性

52 15.9 Molecular Structure and the Strength of Acids 分子結構與酸的強度
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 The stronger the H-X bond, the more difficult it is for the HX molecule to break up and hence the weaker the acid. 困難 分離 因此 difficult break up hence 中譯: H-X 鍵結越強, 要將HX分子分開就越困難, 因此酸性就越弱.

53 15.9 Molecular Structure and the Strength of Acids 分子結構與酸的強度
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 A high degree of polarity characterizes a stronger acid. degree polarity characterize 程度 極性 具有… 特徵 中譯: 極性程度越高的分子具有越強的酸性特徵.

54 15.9 Molecular Structure and the Strength of Acids 分子結構與酸的強度
Self-test 自我測試 If the H-X is highly polarized, that is, there is a large accumulation of positive and negative charges on the H and X atoms, HX will tend to break up into H+ and X- ions. positive negative 正的 負的 accumulation tend to 累積 傾向於 中譯:

55 15.9 Molecular Structure and the Strength of Acids 分子結構與酸的強度
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 The halogen form a series of binary acids called the hydrohalic acids (HF, HCl, HBr, HI). In this series of binary acids, the weaker the bond, the stronger the acid so the strength of the acids increases as follows HF<< HCl < HBr < HI 中譯: 鹵素形成一系列的二元酸稱為氫-鹵酸. 在此二元酸系列中鍵越弱的酸性越強, 因此酸的強度依下列順序增加 HF<< HCl < HBr < HI

56 15.9 Molecular Structure and the Strength of Acids 分子結構與酸的強度
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 Oxoacids contain hydrogen, oxygen, and one other element Z, which occupies a central position. element occupy central position 元素 佔據 中間的位置 中譯: 含氧酸包含氫氧以及佔有中間位置的另一個元素Z

57 15.9 Molecular Structure and the Strength of Acids 分子結構與酸的強度
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 Oxoacids having different central atoms that are from the same group of the periodic table and that have the same oxidation number. Acid strength increases with increasing electronegativity of the central atom. 中譯: 當含氧酸中央原子屬於周期表同一族中不同原子,其氧化數是相同的, (此一狀況下)隨中央原子陰電性增加酸性也增加

58 15.9 Molecular Structure and the Strength of Acids 分子結構與酸的強度
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 Oxoacids having the same central atom but different numbers of attached groups. Acid strength increases as the oxidation number of the central atom increases. 中譯: 當含氧酸中央原子相同,但所接的官能基數目不同. 酸的強度隨中央原子氧化數增加而增強.

59 15.9 Molecular Structure and the Strength of Acids 分子結構與酸的強度
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 For carboxylic acids, the greater the extent of electron delocalization, the more stable the anion and the greater the tendency for the acid to undergo ionization. delocalization tendency 非定域化(指電子被分散, 而不式集中在特定區域) 傾向 中譯: 對羧酸而言,當電子非定域化程度越大時,陰離子就越穩定,酸進行離子化的傾向就越大.

60 15.10 Acid-Base Properties of Salts 鹽類的酸鹼性質
Vocabulary and Phrase 字與詞 Salt hydrolysis Hydrolyze Percent of hydrolysis 鹽類水解 水解 水解百分比

61 15.10 Acid-Base Properties of Salts鹽類的酸鹼性質
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 The term salt hydrolysis describes the reaction of an anion or a cation of a salt, or both, with water. term describe 名詞 描述 中譯: 鹽類水解這個名詞用以描述鹽類所形成的陰離子或是陽離子或是兩者與水的反應.

62 15.10 Acid-Base Properties of Salts鹽類的酸鹼性質
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 Salts containing an alkali metal ion or alkaline earth metal ion (except Be2+) and the conjugate base of a strong acid do not undergo hydrolysis to an appreciable extent, and their solutions are assumed to be neutral. 中譯: 含有鹼金族金屬離子或是鹼土族離子(Be+2除外)以及強酸的共軛鹼鹽類水解這個名詞用以描述鹽類所形成的陰離子或是陽離子或不會有明顯的水解, 溶液呈現中性.

63 15.10 Acid-Base Properties of Salts鹽類的酸鹼性質
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 The solution of a salt derived from strong base and a weak acid is basic. derive from 源自… 中譯: 由強鹼或弱酸所衍生的鹽類的溶液是鹼性的

64 15.10 Acid-Base Properties of Salts鹽類的酸鹼性質
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 When a salt derived from a strong acid such as HCl and a weak base such as NH3 dissolves in water, the solution becomes acidic. 中譯: 由強酸(如HCl)所形成的鹽類或由弱鹼(NH3)所形成的鹽類溶於水後溶亦呈酸性.

65 15.10 Acid-Base Properties of Salts鹽類的酸鹼性質
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 Salts derived from weak acid and a weak base, both the cation and the anion hydrolyze. 中譯: 弱酸與若檢所形成的鹽類,陽離子與陰離子均會水解.

66 15.10 Acid-Base Properties of Salts鹽類的酸鹼性質
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 Kb>Ka. If Kb for the anion is greater than Ka for the cation, then the solution must be basic because the anion will hydrolyze to a greater content than the cation. At equilibrium, there will be more OH－ ions than H+ ions. 中譯:若陰離子的Kb值大於陽離子的Ka值, 溶液必呈鹼性,因為陰離子水解的程度會大於陽離子水解的程度. 平衡時溶液中OH－的濃度會高於H+

67 15.10 Acid-Base Properties of Salts鹽類的酸鹼性質
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 Kb<Ka. If Kb for the anion is smaller than Ka for the cation, the solution must be acidic because the cation hydrolyze will be more extensive than anion hydrolysis. 中譯: 若陰離子的Kb值小於陽離子的Ka值, 溶液必呈酸性,因為陽離子水解的程度會大於陽離子水解的程度. (平衡時溶液中OH－的濃度會高於H+)

68 15.9 Molecular Structure and the Strength of Acids 分子結構與酸的強度
Self-Test自我測試 Kb=Ka. If Ka is approximately equal to Kb , the solution will be nearly neutral. 中譯:

69 15.11 Acid-Base Properties of Oxides and Hydroxides 氧化物與氫氧化物的酸鹼性
Vocabulary and Phrase 字與詞 Oxides Metallic oxide Hydroxides Metal hydroxide Amphoteric hydroxide 氧化物 金屬氧化物 氫氧化物 金屬氫氧化物 (酸鹼)兩性氫氧化物

70 15.11 Acid-Base Properties of Oxides and Hydroxides 氧化物與氫氧化物的酸鹼性
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 All alkali metal oxides and all alkaline earth metal oxides except BeO are basic. 中譯: 所與鹼金族的氧化物及鹼土族的氧化物, 除了BeO外都是鹼性的.

71 15.11 Acid-Base Properties of Oxides and Hydroxides 氧化物與氫氧化物的酸鹼性
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 Beryllium oxide and several metallic oxides in Group 3A and 4A are amphoteric. 中譯: 氧化鈹及好幾個3A及4A族金屬的氧化物是(酸鹼)兩性的。

72 15.11 Acid-Base Properties of Oxides and Hydroxides 氧化物與氫氧化物的酸鹼性
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 Beryllium oxide and several metallic oxides in Group 3A and 4A are amphoteric. 中譯: 氧化鈹及好幾個3A及4A族金屬的氧化物是(酸鹼)兩性的。

73 15.11 Acid-Base Properties of Oxides and Hydroxides 氧化物與氫氧化物的酸鹼性
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 Beryllium oxide and several metallic oxides in Group 3A and 4A are amphoteric. 中譯: 氧化鈹及好幾個3A及4A族金屬的氧化物是(酸鹼)兩性的。

74 15.11 Acid-Base Properties of Oxides and Hydroxides 氧化物與氫氧化物的酸鹼性
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 Nonmetallic oxides in which the oxidation number of the representative element is high are acidic (for example, N2O5, SO3 and Cl2O7), but those in which the oxidation number of the representative element is low (for example, CO and NO) show no measurable acidic properties. 中譯: 非金屬氧化物中其代表元素之氧化數高者呈酸性(例如N2O5, SO3及Cl2O7), 若其代表元素的氧化數低(例如CO, NO) 則酸性不明顯。

75 15.11 Acid-Base Properties of Oxides and Hydroxides 氧化物與氫氧化物的酸鹼性
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 No nonmetallic oxides are known to have basic properties. 中譯: 已知的非金屬氧化物中沒有呈鹼性的。

76 15.11 Acid-Base Properties of Oxides and Hydroxides 氧化物與氫氧化物的酸鹼性
Self-Test自我測試 The alkali and alkaline earth metal hydroxides (except Be(OH)2) are basic in properties. 中譯:

77 15.12 Lewis Acids and Bases 路易士酸與鹼
Vocabulary and Phrase 字與詞 Lewis Base 路易士鹼 Lewis base is a substance that can donate a pair of electrons. 中譯: 可以提供一對電子的物質即為路易士鹼

78 15.12 Lewis Acids and Bases 路易士酸與鹼
Vocabulary and Phrase 字與詞 Lewis Acid 路易士酸 Lewis acid is a substance that can accept a pair of electrons. 中譯:

79 15.11 Acid-Base Properties of Oxides and Hydroxides 氧化物與氫氧化物的酸鹼性
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 Hydration of a metal ions in solution is in itself a Lewis acid-base reaction. 中譯: 金屬離子的水合作用本身就是一個路易士酸鹼反應

80 15.11 Acid-Base Properties of Oxides and Hydroxides 氧化物與氫氧化物的酸鹼性
Definition and Reading 定義與例句閱讀 Beryllium oxide and several metallic oxides in Group 3A and 4A are amphoteric. 中譯: 氧化鈹及好幾個3A及4A族金屬的氧化物是(酸鹼)兩性的。