RFID概述 RFID简史 RFID直接继承了雷达的概念，并由此发展出一种生机勃勃的AIDC新技术——RFID技术。1948年哈里.斯托克曼发表的“利用反射功率的通讯”奠定了射频识别RFID的理论基础。RFID被称作是一种新的技术是无线电技术与雷达技术的结合。

2.RFID系统组成

RFID概述 2.RFID系统组成一套典型的RFID系统由电子标签（Tag）、读写器(Reader)和Middleware & A.P.中介和应用系统构成如图1-16所示。。图1-16 RFID系统组成

RFID概述 2.RFID系统组成 1）RFID读写器图1-18 RFID 读写器示意图图1-17 RFID 读写器内部结构

RFID概述 P15 2.RFID系统组成 2）RFID标签图1-19 RFID标签内部结构

标签的类型（续）表带型钥匙型卡片型试管型钮扣型钮扣型电子卷标智能型标签

RFID概述 3.RFID系统类型依据电子标签供电方式的不同，电子标签可以分为有源电子标签(Active tag)、无源电子标签(Passive tag)和半无源电子标签(Semi—passive tag)。有源电子标签内装有电池，无源射频标签没有内装电池，半无源电子标签(Semi—passive tag)部分依靠电池工作。电子标签依据频率的不同可分为低频电子标签、高频电子标签、超高频电子标签和微波电子标签。依据封装形式的不同可分为信用卡标签、线形标签、纸状标签、玻璃管标签、圆形标签及特殊用途的异形标签等。

RFID概述 3.RFID系统类型 1）RFID的类型(以电力来源分类)

被动式(Passive)与主动式 (Active) Tag

RFID概述 3.RFID系统类型 2）RFID的类型(以频率分类) Ⅰ低频Low Frequency(LF)：主要规格125～134KHz。低频的最大优点在于其标签靠近金属或液体的物品能够有效发射讯号，不像其他较高频率标签的讯号会被金属或液体反射回来，但缺点是读取距离短、无法同时进行多标签读取以及资讯量较低，一般应用于门禁系统、动物晶片、汽车防盗器和玩具等。

图1-23 门禁管理和电子钱包（高频HF ISO-14443 Mifare）
RFID概述 3.RFID系统类型 2）RFID的类型(以频率分类) Ⅱ高频 High Frequency(HF)：主要规格13.56MHz 。 ISO-14443A Mifare和ISO-15693；电子卷标都是被动式感应耦合，读取距离约10-100公分；优点在于传输速度较快且可进行多标签辨识；缺点是于环境干扰较为敏感，在金属或较潮湿的环境下，读取率较低；应用于门禁系统、悠游卡、电子钱包、图书管理、产品管理、文件管理、栈板追踪、电子机票、行李卷标；技术最成熟且应用和市场也最广泛且接受度高。现阶段应大力发展此领域技术和应用。图1-23 门禁管理和电子钱包（高频HF ISO Mifare）

Animal Identification
RFID概述 RFID的类型(以频率分类) Ticket ISO 14443 Animal Identification Item Management Item Management Item Management Item Management ISO 11784 ISO 15693 ISO 18000 (part 7) ISO 18000 (part 6) ISO 18000 (part 4) ISO 11785 ISO 18000 (part 3) EPC UHF0 ISO 14223 EPC HF1 EPC UHF1 此處參考來源： Heiko Knospe and Hartmut Pohl, “RFID Security”, Information Security Technical Report. Vol. 9, No. 4, 2004. ISO 11784, ISO and ISO specify tags for animal identification in the frequency band below 135 kHz. The original standards defined only a fixed unique 64 bit identifier, but with the more recent ISO standard further read/write and write-protected data blocks are allowed. The communication protocol of ISO is closely related to ISO part 2. Vicinity cards (ISO 15693) have a range of up to 1 meter. They usually incorporate inexpensive state machines instead of microprocessors. These cards can be used for identification and simple applications like access control. The standard describes the air interface, anticollision and the transmission (link layer) protocol. ISO (RFID for item management) defines the air interface, collision detection mechanisms and the communication protocol for item tags in different frequency bands. Part 1 describes the reference architecture and parts 2 to 6 specify the characteristics of the different frequencies. Specifically, part 2 specifies low frequency (<135 kHz) tags. Part 3-1 for HF systems (13,56 MHz) is compatible with ISO (but with more flexibility in tag design), and part 3-2 specifies a next generation RFID system in the same frequency band with higher bandwidth (up to 848 kBit/s) and faster scanning of multiple tags. Part 4 specifies 2,45 GHz systems: in mode 1 a passive backscatter system and in mode 2 a long range, high-data rates system with active tags. Part 5 for the 5,8 GHz band is currently withdrawn. Part 6 defines a passive backscatter system around 900 MHz (the band is only partly available in Europe). Part 7 specifies a RFID system with active transponders and long range in the 433 MHz band. Proximity cards (ISO 14443) operate at approx. 10 centimetres distance from the reader. They usually possess a microprocessor and may be considered as high-end RFID transponder. These cards can implement more sophisticated applications such as ticketing. There exist two different standards (type A and type B) for the air interface, initialisation and anti-collision. Part 4 of the standard describes the link layer protocol (T=CL) which allows to exchange Application Data Units (APDUs) similar to ISO (T=1 protocol) for contact smartcards. There also exist alternative proprietary application level protocols, e.g. for the widespread MIFARE® systems. NFC evolved from the RFID technology and is designed for interactions between tags and electronic devices in close proximity (<10 cm). The standards ETSI TS , ISO and ECMA 340 define identically the Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol (NFCIP-1). They describe the air interface, initialisation, collision avoidance, a frame format and a block oriented data exchange protocol with error handling. There is an active communication mode (both devices use their own RF field) and a passive communication mode (the initiator is generating an RF field and the target uses a load modulation scheme). NFC is not designed for full networking or transmission of large amounts of data, but should allow a convenient data exchange between cheap tags (e.g. smart labels) and electronic devices (e.g. PDAs). Another application is communication between computer peripherals (e.g. for configuration purposes). The Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol -2 (NFCIP-2) specifies the communication mode selection mechanism (ECMA 352). This protocol deals with the situation that NFCIP-1, ISO and ISO devices all operate at 13,56 MHz, but with different protocols. It is specified that NFCIP-2 compliant devices can enter each of these three communication modes and are designed not to disturb other RF fields at 13,56 MHz. EPC was developed by the AutoID (Automatic Identification) Centre of the MIT. The standardisation is now within the responsibility of EPCglobal which is a joint venture between EAN International and the Uniform Code Council (UCC). The so-called EPC network is composed of five functional elements: • The Electronic Product Code is a 96 Bit number identifying the EPC version number, domains, object classes and individual instances. EPC evolved from the widely used EANUCC (European Article Numbering/Universal Code Council) barcodes which identify products but not individual objects. • An Identification System which consists of RFID tags and readers. Class 0 tags offer only a factory programmed EPC and higher class tags provide additional functionality, e.g. security functions. The AutoID Centre published a protocol specification for Class 1 tags in the HF band (compatible with ISO and ISO ), and Class 0 and 1 tags in the UHF band. There are ongoing discussions about harmonisation of the EPC UHF band specifications and the ISO standard. • The Savant Middleware offers “Processing Modules or Services” to reduce load and network traffic within the back-end systems. It can perform various tasks related to the acquired tag information. • The Object Naming Service (ONS) is a networking service similar to the Domain Name Service (DNS). With ONS, the Electronic Product Code can be linked to detailed object information. The ONS servers return the IP address of the EPC information service which stores the associated information. • The Physical Markup Language (PML) is XML-based and provides a standardised representation of information from the EPC network. Item Management Near Field Communication ISO 18000 (part 2) ISO 18092 100KHz 1MHz 400MHz 1GHz Heiko Knospe and Hartmut Pohl, “RFID Security”, Information Security Technical Report. Vol. 9, No. 4, 2004.

RFID概述 3.RFID系统类型 2）RFID的类型(以频率分类) Ⅱ高频 High Frequency(HF)：主要规格13.56MHz 。高频HF防伪管理: 运用最新RFID专利技术可以纪录个人学籍数据或产品制造商讯息配合专用读码机制，可杜绝各种仿冒，有效达到防伪效果（图1-24高频HF 防伪管理）

RFID概述 3.RFID系统类型 2）RFID的类型(以频率分类) Ⅱ高频 High Frequency(HF)：主要规格13.56MHz 。高频HF病患识别：减少数据流，减少错误率改变操作模式，缩短操作时间及时准确提供病史，随时掌握病患最新情况（图1-26高频HF 病患识别）

RFID概述 3.RFID系统类型 2）RFID的类型(以频率分类) Ⅱ超高频Ultra High Frequency(UHF)：主要规格433MHz、860MHz～960MHz 。 ISO-18000、EPC Gen2；电子卷标都是被动式天线可采用蚀刻或印刷的方式制造，因此成本较低，读取距离约5-6公尺；优点在于读取距离较远、信息传输速率较快，而且可以同时进行大数量标签的读取与辨识，目前已成为市场的主流；缺点是在金属与液体的物品上的应用较不理想；技术门坎高是未来发展的主流且EPC Gen2是美国主推。故建议现阶段应切入发展此领域技术和应用。（图1-26高频HF 病患识别）

RFID概述 3.RFID系统类型 2）RFID的类型(以频率分类) Ⅱ超高频Ultra High Frequency(UHF)：主要规格433MHz、860MHz～960MHz 。虽然在金属与液体的物品上应用较不理想，但由于读取距离较远、资讯传输速率较快，而且可以同时进行大量标签的读取与辨识，因此目前已成为市场主流，未来将广泛应用于航空旅客与行李管理系统、货架及栈板管理、出货管理、物流管理…等。（图1-27超高频电子标签）

RFID概述 3.RFID系统类型 2）RFID的类型(以频率分类) Ⅲ极高频/微波Super High Frequency(SHF)/Microwave(uW)：主要规格2.4GHz、5.8GHz 特性与应用和超高频段相似，但是对于环境的敏感性较高，像是易被水气吸收，实作较复杂，未完全标准化，普及率待观察，一般应用于行李追踪、物品管理、供应链管理…等。（图1-28极高频/微波标签）

RFID概述 4. RFID系统成本构成 1）RFID建置成本

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