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Introduction to the Course of Basic Medical Sciences

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1 Introduction to the Course of Basic Medical Sciences
Xia Qiang(夏强), PhD Department of Physiology Rm C518, Block C, Research Building, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zijingang Campus Tel: , Introduction to the Course of Basic Medical Sciences

2 信息时代的医学教育 作为医学生,我们应该如何学习? 传统的医学生 现代的医学生 国内 国外

3 Dr. Charles Sidney Burwell (Dean of HMS from 1935 to 1949)
At an HMS graduation in the late 1940s, he said “…Half of what we have taught you is wrong. Unfortunately, we don’t know which half.” Dr. Burwell was a cardiologist who specialized in circulation changes associated with heart disease. He is credited with bringing attention to obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. In 1944, while Dr. Burwell was Dean, women entered Harvard Medical School for the first time on an equal basis with men.

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5 "It has been estimated that, from the beginning of civilization — 5,000 years ago or more — until 2003, humanity created a total of five exabytes (billion gigabytes) of information. From 2003 to 2010, we created this amount every two days. By 2013, we will be doing so every ten minutes, exceeding within hours all the information currently contained in all the books ever written. So it isn't that we need more knowledge; it is that we need to distinguish between what we know and what we don't know, through what Firestein calls “controlled neglect”. Researchers must selectively ignore vast quantities of facts and data that block creative solutions, and focus on a narrow range of possibilities. "To make discoveries, researchers need to look beyond the facts.” Ignorance includes an important discussion about scientific errors and their propagation in textbooks. I admit that I passed one on in my last book, The Believing Brain (Times Books, 2011): I repeated as gospel the 'fact' that the human brain contains about 100 billion neurons. Firestein reports that it is actually around 80 billion, and that the number of glial cells is an order of magnitude smaller than most textbooks state. The 'neural spike' recorded by neuroscientists as a fundamental unit of brain activity, Firestein reminds us, is an artefact of our measuring devices and ignores other forms of neural activity. Even the famous and widely printed 'tongue map', which shows sweet flavours sensed on the tip of the tongue, bitter on the back and salt and sour on the sides, is wrong — the result of a mistranslation of a German physiology paper. These and other errors arise as a result of our lack of scepticism towards the knowledge we have.”

6 大学课程面向的对象 课程面向对象——已经是成人的大学生 成人学习的主要特点: 学习是有目的的 学习是自愿的 学习应当是主动的,不是被动的
应该设定清晰的学习目的和最后目标 需要反馈 应该提供思考的机会

7 新时期对我国医学教育的新要求 21世纪医学人才的培养目标: 国际的: 国内的: 医学与自然科学、社会科学、生命科学越来越广泛的交叉渗透
现行的基于学科的课程体系无法适应社会对医学人才的需求 国际的: 世界医学教育联合会1999年提出的《医学教育全球标准》 世界卫生组织和世界医学教育联合会2001年联合提出的《本科医学教育国际标准》 国际医学教育专门委员会2002年提出的《全球医学教育最基本要求》 国内的: 我国教育部卫生部2008年联合提出的《本科医学教育标准》

8 我国医学教育主要课程体系 基于学科的课程体系 基于系统的课程体系 基于模块的课程体系 以问题为中心的课程体系
通识、基础医学、临床医学“三段式” 以学科为主的教学模式 基于系统的课程体系 按照人体器官系统组织课程的教学模式 基于模块的课程体系 通常是根据器官系统或某一主题组织课程,综合了医学、人文社科、伦理等知识内容 以问题为中心的课程体系

9 What is MEDICINE(医学)? Medicine is the art and science of healing. It encompasses a range of practices evolved to maintain and restore human health by the prevention and treatment of illness The word medicine is derived from the Latin ars medicina, meaning the art of healing

10 What is MEDICINE (医学)? The science of diagnosing, treating, or preventing disease and other damage to the body or mind ( Medicine is concerned with maintaining or restoring human health through its study, diagnosis, and treatment (

11 The Rod of Asclepius, with its single snake, is an ancient Greek symbol associated with medicine
蓝色生命之星交叉的六条臂象征着急救医疗系统的六大功能:发现、报告、反应、现场抢救、运输途中监护、转至院内救治 医神之蛇杖(rod of Asclepius):一條蛇盤繞一根杖的,稱為醫神之蛇杖(rod of Asclepius)。所說的醫神叫阿斯克勒庇奧斯,他是太陽神阿波羅的兒子。 赫密斯之杖(caduceus):兩條蛇之上有一對翼的,稱為赫密斯之杖(caduceus)。赫密斯(Hermes)是希臘神話裡神的信使,專管冶煉金術士。因為到了十六世紀末,煉金術士與醫學關係密切,赫密斯之杖漸漸地成為一些醫療組織採用的象徵。现代人将双蛇杖视为贸易和运输行业的象征,也象征著医学以及炼金术。 但專業醫療組織認為醫神之杖才是最正統的,而採用赫密斯之杖的多是醫療行業的商業組織。

12 Main branches of medicine
Basic sciences of medicine (基础医学): this is what every physician is educated in, and some return to in biomedical research Medical specialties (专科) Interdisciplinary fields (跨学科领域): where different medical specialties are mixed to function in certain occasions

13 Basic Sciences of Medicine
Anatomy (解剖学) is the study of the physical structure of organisms. In contrast to macroscopic or gross anatomy, cytology and histology are concerned with microscopic structures. Biochemistry (生物化学) is the study of the chemistry taking place in living organisms, especially the structure and function of their chemical components. Biostatistics (生物统计学) is the application of statistics to biological fields in the broadest sense. A knowledge of biostatistics is essential in the planning, evaluation, and interpretation of medical research. It is also fundamental to epidemiology and evidence-based medicine. Cytology (细胞学) is the microscopic study of individual cells. Embryology (胚胎学) is the study of the early development of organisms. Epidemiology (流行病学) is the study of the demographics of disease processes, and includes, but is not limited to, the study of epidemics. Genetics (遗传学) is the study of genes, and their role in biological inheritance. Histology (组织学) is the study of the structures of biological tissues by light microscopy, electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Immunology (免疫学) is the study of the immune system, which includes the innate and adaptive immune system in humans, for example. Medical physics (医学物理学) is the study of the applications of physics principles in medicine. Microbiology (微生物学) is the study of microorganisms, including protozoa, bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Neuroscience (神经科学) includes those disciplines of science that are related to the study of the nervous system. A main focus of neuroscience is the biology and physiology of the human brain and spinal cord. Nutrition (营养学) is the study of the relationship of food and drink to health and disease, especially in determining an optimal diet. Medical nutrition therapy is done by dietitians and is prescribed for diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, weight and eating disorders, allergies, malnutrition, and neoplastic diseases. Pathology as a science (病理学) is the study of disease—the causes, course, progression and resolution thereof. Pharmacology (药理学) is the study of drugs and their actions. Physiology (生理学) is the study of the normal functioning of the body and the underlying regulatory mechanisms. Toxicology (毒理学) is the study of hazardous effects of drugs and poisons.

14 Medical Specialties Surgery (外科学): "Surgery" refers to the practice of operative medicine, and most subspecialties in this area require preliminary training in "General Surgery." General surgery (普通外科学) Trauma surgery (创伤外科学) Cardiovascular surgery (心血管外科学) Neurosurgery (神经外科学) Maxillofacial surgery (颌面外科学) Orthopedic surgery (骨科学) Otolaryngology (耳鼻喉学) Plastic surgery (整形外科学) Oncologic surgery (肿瘤外科学) Vascular surgery (血管外科学) Pediatric surgery (小儿外科学) Anesthesiology (麻醉学)

15 Medical Specialties Medicine (内科学): "Medicine" refers to the practice of non-operative medicine, and most subspecialties in this area require preliminary training in "Internal Medicine". Cardiology (心脏病学) Critical care medicine (危重医学) Endocrinology (内分泌学) Gastroenterology (胃肠病学) Hematology (血液病学) Hepatology (肝病学) Infectious diseases (感染病) Nephrology (肾脏病学) Oncology (肿瘤学) Proctology (直肠病学) Pulmonology (肺脏病学) Rheumatology (风湿病学) Sleep disorder (睡眠障碍) Neurology (神经病学) Geriatrics (老年病学) Pediatrics (儿科学) Family Practice (全科医学)

16 Medical Specialties Diagnostic specialties:
Clinical laboratory sciences (临床检验学) are the clinical diagnostic services which apply laboratory techniques to diagnosis and management of patients. In the United States these services are supervised by a pathologist. The personnel that work in these medical laboratory departments are technically trained staff who do not hold medical degrees, but who usually hold an undergraduate medical technology degree, who actually perform the tests, assays, and procedures needed for providing the specific services. Subspecialties include Transfusion medicine, Cellular pathology, Clinical chemistry, Hematology, Clinical microbiology and Clinical immunology. Pathology as a medical specialty (病理学) is the branch of medicine that deals with the study of diseases and the morphologic, physiologic changes produced by them. As a diagnostic specialty, pathology can be considered the basis of modern scientific medical knowledge and plays a large role in evidence-based medicine. Many modern molecular tests such as flow cytometry, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunohistochemistry, cytogenetics, gene rearrangements studies and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) fall within the territory of pathology. Radiology (放射学) is concerned with imaging of the human body, e.g. by x-rays, x-ray computed tomography, ultrasonography, and nuclear magnetic resonance tomography. Clinical neurophysiology (临床神经生理学) is concerned with testing the physiology or function of the central and peripheral aspects of the nervous system. These kinds of tests can be divided into recordings of: (1) spontaneous or continuously running electrical activity, or (2) stimulus evoked responses. Subspecialties include Electroencephalography, Electromyography, Evoked potential, Nerve conduction study and Polysomnography. Sometimes these tests are performed by techs without a medical degree, but the interpretation of these tests is done by a medical professional.

17 Medical Specialties Other:
Ophthalmology (眼科学) exclusively concerned with the eye and ocular adnexa. Combines conservative and surgical therapy, and has its own College. Dermatology (皮肤科学) is concerned with the skin and its diseases. In the UK, dermatology is a subspecialty of general medicine. Emergency medicine (急诊医学) is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of acute or life-threatening conditions, including trauma, surgical, medical, pediatric, and psychiatric emergencies. Obstetrics and gynecology (妇产科学) (often abbreviated as OB/GYN) are concerned respectively with childbirth and the female reproductive and associated organs. Reproductive medicine and fertility medicine are generally practiced by gynecological specialists. Palliative care (姑息护理) is a relatively modern branch of clinical medicine that deals with pain and symptom relief and emotional support in patients with terminal illnesses including cancer and heart failure. Pediatrics (儿科学) is devoted to the care of infants, children, and adolescents. Like internal medicine, there are many pediatric subspecialties for specific age ranges, organ systems, disease classes, and sites of care delivery. Physical medicine and rehabilitation (or physiatry) (物理医学和康复【物理疗法】) is concerned with functional improvement after injury, illness, or congenital disorders. Psychiatry (精神病学) is the branch of medicine concerned with the bio-psycho-social study of the etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cognitive, perceptual, emotional and behavioral disorders. Related non-medical fields include psychotherapy and clinical psychology.

18 Interdisciplinary fields
General practice, family practice, family medicine or primary care (全科医学) is, in many countries, the first port-of-call for patients with non-emergency medical problems. Many other health science (健康科学) fields, e.g. dietetics (营养学) Bioethics (生物伦理学) is a field of study which concerns the relationship between biology, science, medicine and ethics, philosophy and theology. Biomedical Engineering (生物医学工程) is a field dealing with the application of engineering principles to medical practice. Clinical pharmacology (临床药理学) is concerned with how systems of therapeutics interact with patients. Conservation medicine (保护医学) studies the relationship between human and animal health, and environmental conditions. Also known as ecological medicine, environmental medicine, or medical geology. Disaster medicine (灾难医学) deals with medical aspects of emergency preparedness, disaster mitigation and management. Diving medicine (潜水医学) (or hyperbaric medicine) is the prevention and treatment of diving-related problems. Evolutionary medicine (进化医学) is a perspective on medicine derived through applying evolutionary theory. Forensic medicine (法医学) deals with medical questions in legal context, such as determination of the time and cause of death. Gender-based medicine (性别医学) studies the biological and physiological differences between the human sexes and how that affects differences in disease. Hospital medicine (医院医学) is the general medical care of hospitalized patients. Physicians whose primary professional focus is hospital medicine are called hospitalists in the USA. Medical humanities (医学人文学) includes the humanities (literature, philosophy, ethics, history and religion), social science (anthropology, cultural studies, psychology, sociology), and the arts (literature, theater, film, and visual arts) and their application to medical education and practice. Medical informatics (医学信息学), medical computer science, medical information and eHealth are relatively recent fields that deal with the application of computers and information technology to medicine.

19 Interdisciplinary fields
Nosology (疾病分类学) is the classification of diseases for various purposes. Preventive medicine (预防医学) is the branch of medicine concerned with preventing disease. Community health (社区卫生) or public health is an aspect of health services concerned with threats to the overall health of a community based on population health analysis. Occupational medicine (职业医学) 's principal role is the provision of health advice to organizations and individuals to ensure that the highest standards of health and safety at work can be achieved and maintained. Aerospace medicine (航空航天医学) deals with medical problems related to flying and space travel. Osteopathic medicine (骨病医学), a branch of the U.S. medical profession. Pharmacogenomics (药理基因学) is a form of individualized medicine. Sports medicine (运动医学) deals with the treatment and preventive care of athletes, amateur and professional. The team includes specialty physicians and surgeons, athletic trainers, physical therapists, coaches, other personnel, and, of course, the athlete. Therapeutics (治疗学) is the field, more commonly referenced in earlier periods of history, of the various remedies that can be used to treat disease and promote health [1]. Travel medicine (旅行医学) or emporiatrics deals with health problems of international travelers or travelers across highly different environments. Professions complementing physicians Nursing specialties (护理专业): specialties performed by Nurses. Mid-level practitioners (中级专业医师): performance of medical sciences by other certified people than physicians or nurses; Nurse practitioners, practitioners of medical psychology, midwives and physician assistants, treat patients and prescribe medication in many jurisdictions. Allied health professions (健康相关职业): a diverse set of clinical healthcare professions distinct from medicine and nursing. Urgent care (急救护理) focuses on delivery of unscheduled, walk-in care outside of the hospital emergency department for injuries and illnesses that are not severe enough to require care in an emergency department. In some jurisdictions this function is combined with the emergency room. Veterinary medicine (兽医学); veterinarians apply similar techniques as physicians to the care of animals.

20 Branches of Medicine (中国分类)
基础医学: 人体解剖学、组织学和胚胎学、生理学、生物化学、微生物学、寄生虫学、免疫学、病理学、病理生理学、分子生物学、医学遗传学、药理学 公共卫生与预防医学 临床医学 口腔医学 中医学 法医学 护理学 药学

21 Basic Medical Sciences
Morphological courses: 人体解剖学、组织学和胚胎学、病理学 Functional courses: 生理学、病理生理学、药理学、生物化学、分子生物学、免疫学 Mixed courses: 医学遗传学、微生物学、寄生虫学

22 System-based courses in Basic Medical Sciences
Morphological courses: Anatomy (解剖学) Histology and Embryology (组织学与胚胎学) Pathology (病理学) Functional courses: Physiology (生理学) Pathophysiology (病理生理学) Pharmacology (药理学)

23 New Integrated Course: Course of Basic Medical Sciences
Include the theoretical contents and corresponding laboratory contents of following courses: Anatomy (解剖学) Histology and Embryology (组织学与胚胎学) Pathology (病理学) Physiology (生理学) Pathophysiology (病理生理学) Pharmacology (药理学)

24 Course of Basic Medical Sciences
Theoretical contents: 整合课程,解剖学、组织学与胚胎学、病理学、生理学、病理生理学、药理学的理论部分 Introduction to BMS (基础医学导论) BMS 1 (基础医学各论1) BMS 2 (基础医学各论2) BMS 3 (基础医学各论3) Laboratory contents: Morphological Practicals (整合实验课,人体形态学实验基础、比较人体形态学)(解剖学、组织学与胚胎学、病理学的实验部分。独立开课) Experiments of Physiological Sciences (整合实验课,生理科学实验)(生理学、病理生理学、药理学的实验部分。独立开课)

25 Brief introduction to Anatomy
Systematic anatomy (系统解剖学) 是按人体的器官功能系统阐述正常人体器官的形态结构的科学 Regional anatomy (局部解剖学) 是按人体的某一局部或器官,重点描述人体器官的配布位置关系及结构层次等的学科 系统解剖学和局部解剖学主要通过肉眼观察来描述人体的形态结构,又称巨视解剖学(Macroanatomy)

26 Brief introduction to Anatomy
人体的分部:从外形上可分10个局部 头部(包括颅、面部) 颈部(包括颈、项部) 背部 胸部 腹部 盆会阴部 左、右上肢 左、右下肢 躯干部 Leonardo da Vinci ( ) (Italian)

27 Brief introduction to Anatomy
构成人体的基本单位是细胞(cell) 细胞与细胞间质共同构成组织(tissue) 几种组织相互结合,组成器官(organ) 两个或两个以上的器官及相关结构组合形成系统(system) 多个系统组成整体的个体——人体(human body)

28 Brief introduction to Anatomy
人体的9大系统: 运动系统 (locomotor system ) 消化系统 (alimentary system) 呼吸系统 (respiratory system) 泌尿系统 (urinary system) 生殖系统 (reproductive system) 脉管系统 (vascular system) 感觉器 (sensory organ) 神经系统 (nervous system) 内分泌系统 (endocrine system)

29 Brief introduction to Histology and Embryology
是研究机体微细结构及其相关功能的科学 与解剖学的区别:组织学是在解剖学的基础上发展起来的 解剖学:主要在系统和器官水平上研究机体的结构 组织学:主要在组织、细胞、亚细胞和分子水平研究机体的结构 组织学的内容: 四大基本组织:上皮组织,结缔组织,肌组织,神经组织 各系统的组织学

30 Brief introduction to Histology and Embryology
是研究从受精卵发育为新生个体的过程及其机制的科学,包括生殖细胞的发生、受精、胚胎发育、胚胎与母体关系、先天性畸形等 胚胎学的内容: 人体胚胎发生:配子发生、受精和胚前期(受精后的前2周)发育,胚期(受精后15-56天)的发育,胎期(受精后第9周-胎儿出生)的发育 各器官系统的发生

31 Brief introduction to Physiology
是研究生物体及其各组成部分正常功能活动规律的一门科学 人体生理学 (human physiology):是研究正常人体功能活动规律的科学(功能、机制) 生理学的内容: 细胞的基本功能 各系统的生理学

32 Brief introduction to Pathophysiology
是一门研究疾病发生、发展、转归的规律和机制的科学(疾病中功能和代谢的变化) 病理生理学的内容: 疾病概论 细胞与分子病理生理学(细胞增殖分化凋亡异常、细胞信号转导异常、基因异常) 基本病理过程的病理生理学(水电解质与酸碱平衡紊乱、应激、发热、缺氧、缺血-再灌注损伤、休克、肿瘤) 各器官系统的病理生理学

33 Brief introduction to Pathology
是研究疾病的病因、发病机制、病理变化、结局和转归的科学(疾病的本质与发生发展规律) 病理学的内容: 普通病理学(细胞和组织的适应与损伤、损伤的修复、局部血液循环障碍、炎症、肿瘤) 各系统的病理学

34 Brief introduction to Pharmacology
是研究药物与机体(包括病原体)相互作用及作用规律的科学 药物效应动力学(pharmacodynamics,简称药效学):主要研究药物对机体的作用和作用原理 药物代谢动力学(pharmacokinetics,简称药动学):主要研究机体如何对药物的处理,包括药物的吸收、分布、生物转化和排泄 药理学的内容: 药理学总论(药物效应动力学、药物代谢动力学、影响药物作用的因素) 各系统的药理学

35 Methodology 形态学学科/课程: 形态学的主要研究方法: 解剖学,组织学与胚胎学,病理学
肉眼观察:包括进行尸体解剖和对标本进行观察 光学显微镜、荧光显微镜和电子显微镜观察:有时需要制作相应的切片进行观察,免疫显微术等 X线、计算机辅助X线断层扫描(CT)、正电子断层扫描(PET)及磁共振(MRI)等

36 Methodology 研究方法: 光学显微镜技术 HE染色,垂体远侧部 镀银染色,小脑皮质神经元

37 Methodology 电子显微镜技术 透射电镜术(transmission electron microscopy):用于观察组织细胞的超微结构 扫描电镜术(scanning electron microscopy):用于观察组织细胞表面结构 透射电镜图,浆细胞 扫描电镜图,血细胞

38 Methodology 显微切割术(microdissection):
能从组织切片或细胞涂片上的任一区域内切割下几百个、几十个同类细胞,甚至单个细胞,再进行如PCR及比较基因组杂交等有关的分子水平的研究

39 Methodology 组织化学术(histochemistry):为应用化学、物理、生物化学、免疫学或分子生物学的原理和技术,与组织学技术结合而产生,在组织切片显示某种物质的存在和分布状态 一般组织化学术:组织中的某种结构成分与所加试剂发生化学反应、并呈现某种颜色,在显微镜下可观察到 免疫组织化学术(immunohistochemistry):根据抗原、抗体特异性结合原理,检测组织切片中的肽和蛋白质 原位杂交术(in situ hybridization):即核酸分子杂交组织化学术,检测基因(DNA片段)的有无、基因的表达活性(mRNA)

40 PAS反应(过碘酸希夫反应,显示多糖和糖蛋白,呈紫红色),小肠上皮杯状细胞的黏原颗粒
免疫组织化学(荧光素标记),毛细血管内皮细胞呈vWF阳性 免疫组织化学(辣根过氧化物酶标记), 胰岛B细胞呈胰岛素阳性 原位杂交,主动脉平滑肌细胞呈弹性蛋白mRNA阳性

41 Methodology 放射自显影术(autoradiography):通过活细胞对某种放射性物质的特异性摄入,以显示该物质在组织和细胞内的分布、含量和代谢过程,以反映细胞的功能状态 放射自显影,示幽门部胃小凹底的干细胞 (3H标记的胸腺嘧啶核苷标记)

42 Methodology 原位多聚合酶链式反应技术(in situ polymerase chain reaction, in situ PCR): 是将PCR的高效扩增与原位杂交的细胞及组织学定位相结合,在冷冻切片或石蜡包埋组织切片、细胞涂片或培养细胞爬片上检测和定位核酸的技术

43 Methodology 比较基因组杂交技术(comparative genomic hybridization):
是通过单一的一次杂交可对某一肿瘤全基因组的染色体拷贝数量的变化进行检查的一种分子细胞学技术

44 Methodology 生物芯片技术(biochip technique):
基因芯片(gene chip):又称DNA芯片,是指在固相载体上的高密度的DNA微点阵 蛋白质芯片(protein chip):又称蛋白质微阵列(protein microarray),是在一个载体上高密度地点布不同种类的蛋白质,再用荧光标记的已知抗体或配体与待测样品中的抗体或配体一起与芯片上的蛋白质竞争结合,利用荧光扫描仪测定芯片上各点阵的荧光强度,再经计算机分析计算出待测样本结果 组织芯片(tissue chip):又称组织微阵列(tissue microarray),是将数十个至数百个小的组织片排列在某一载体上而成的微缩组织切片

45 Example of a DNA Chip for Infectious Disease Diagnosis
Fully Automatic DNA Testing System

46 Detection of proteins using the magneto-nano protein chip

47 Tissue Microarray

48 Methodology 形态学研究的定量术:
形态计量术(morphometry):运用数学和统计学原理,对组织和细胞进行二维和三维的形态学测量研究。其中三维立体结构的研究又称体视学(stereology) 显微分光光度术(microspectrophotometry):是应用显微分光光度计测定标本中微细结构的吸收光度和荧光光度,以进行化学成分定量的技术 图像分析术(image analysis):应用图像分析仪进行形态计量和显微光度测量 流式细胞术(flow cytometry):应用流式细胞仪对单个细胞进行生物化学和生物物理特性的快速定量测定

49 显微分光光度计 计算机三维重建,示肝小叶血管 流式细胞术
Granulocyte flow cytometry. Granulocytes are electronically selected (upper left plot: red R1 region), and analysed for expression of CD16, CD55 and CD66 cell-membrane proteins (lower dot-plots). Two cell populations are visible, a residual normal and the GPI-deficient PNH clone. 流式细胞术

50 Methodology 活体组织和活细胞研究方法:
细胞培养术(cell culture): 把从机体取得的细胞在体外模拟体内的条件下进行培养 组织工程(tissue engineering):用细胞培养术在体外模拟构建机体组织或器官的技术 实验中的组织工程耳

51 Methodology 活体组织和活细胞研究方法:
活体染色(vital staining):是将无毒、无菌的燃料注入动物体内,组织或细胞选择性地摄取染料后,通过显微镜观察、鉴定组织细胞类型,研究其分布和功能等 细胞分离术(cell isolation):利用细胞的黏附性、大小、密度和特殊的表面标志等分离细胞 差速离心法 密度梯度离心法 台盼蓝染色

52 Methodology 人体病理学的诊断和研究方法: 尸体剖检(autopsy):简称尸检,是对死者的遗体进行病理解剖和后续的病理学观察
活体组织检查(biopsy):简称活检,是用局部切取、钳取、细针穿刺和搔刮等手术方法,从活体内获取病变组织进行病理诊断 细胞学检查(cytology):通过采集病变处的细胞,涂片染色后进行诊断

53 Methodology 机能学学科/课程: 研究方法: 生理学,病理生理学,药理学
动物实验(animal experiment):采用正常动物或人类疾病的动物模型 急性动物实验(acute animal experiment): 离体实验 在体实验 慢性动物实验(chronic animal experiment):

54 急性在体实验 慢性实验 急性离体实验

55 Methodology 人类疾病的动物模型(animal model of human diseases):是指生物医学科学研究中所建立的具有人类疾病模拟性表现的动物实验对象和材料。分为: 自发性动物模型(spontaneous animal model):是指实验动物未经任何有意识的人工处置,在自然情况下所发生的疾病。如自发性高血压大鼠(spontaneous hypertensive rat, SHR) 诱发性或实验性动物模型(experimental animal model):是指研究者通过物理性、化学性和生物性致病因素作用于动物,造成动物组织、器官或全身一定的损害,出现某些类似于人类疾病时的功能、代谢或形态结构方面的病变,以供研究使用

56 Obese Rat and Normal Rat
Coronary heart disease

57 Methodology 人体实验、临床观察或临床试验: 正常人体数据采集和实验 病人的临床观察、检查和实验研究
临床药理学:研究药物与人体(健康志愿者和病人)相互作用的规律

58 Research levels 器官和系统水平 细胞和分子水平 整体水平

59 Case 1 四川省北川县,26岁的男子陈坚在废墟下等待援救,已经被埋了60多个小时。2008年5月15日晚上8时,经过7个钟头的营救他被救出,但由于伤势严重没能活下来。 挤压综合征(crush syndrome) 病因: 四肢或躯干肌肉丰富部位,遭受重物长时间挤压,在解除压迫后,血液和组织蛋白破坏分解的有毒中间代谢产物被吸收入血引起的外伤后急性肾小管坏死和由其引起的急性肾功能衰竭。以肢体肿胀、肌红蛋白尿、高血钾为特点。 发病机制: 1.肌肉缺血坏死 挤压综合征的肌肉病理变化与筋膜间室综合征相似,患部组织受到较长时间的压迫,解除外界压力后,局部可恢复血液循环,但由于肌肉因缺血而产生类组织胺物质使毛细血管床扩张,通透性增加,肌肉发生缺血性水肿,体积增大,必然造成肌内压上升,肌肉组织的局部循环发生障碍,形成缺血---水肿恶性循环。处在这样一个压力不断升高的骨筋膜间室内的肌肉与神经,最终将发生缺血性坏死。 2.肾功能障碍 随着肌肉的坏死,肌红蛋白、钾、磷、镁离子及酸性产物等有害物质大量释放,在伤肢解除外部压力后,通过已恢复的血液循环进入体内,加重了创伤后机体的全身反应,造成肾脏损害。肾缺血和组织破坏所产生的对肾脏有害的物质,是导致肾功能障碍的两大原因,其中肾缺血是主要原因,尽管发生肌红蛋白血症,如果没有肾缺血,也不一定会导致急性肾功能衰竭。肾缺血可能由于血容量减少,但主要因素是创伤后全身应激状态下的反射性血管痉挛,肾小球过滤率下降,肾间质发生水肿,肾小管功能也因之恶化。由于体液与尿液酸度增加,肌红蛋白更易在肾小管内沉积,造成阻塞和毒性作用,形成尿少甚至尿闭,促使急性肾功能衰竭的发生。 诊断要点 1.病史 详细了解致伤原因和方式,肢体受压和肿胀时间,以及相应的全身及局部症状等。注意伤后有无"红棕色"、"深褐色"或"茶色"尿及尿量情况。 2.临床表现 (1)局部症状:局部出现疼痛,肢体肿胀,皮肤有压痕、变硬,皮下瘀血,皮肤张力增加,在受压皮肤周围有水泡形成。检查肢体血液循环状态时,值得注意的是如果肢体远端脉搏不减弱,肌肉组织仍有发生缺血坏死的危险。 (2)全身症状:患者出现头晕,胸闷,腹胀等症状。严重者心悸,甚至发生面色苍白、四肢厥冷。挤压综合征主要特征表现分述如下:①休克:部分伤员早期可不出现休克,或休克期短而未发现。有些伤员因挤压伤强烈的神经刺激,广泛的组织破坏,大量的血容量丢失,可迅速产生休克,而且不断加重。②肌红蛋白尿:这是诊断挤压综合征的一个重要条件。伤员在伤肢解除压力后,24小时内出现褐色尿或自述血尿,应该考虑肌红蛋白尿。肌红蛋白尿在血中和尿中的浓度,在伤肢减压后3~12小时达高峰,以后逐渐下降,1~2天后可自行转清。③高血钾症:因为肌肉坏死,大量的细胞内钾进入循环,加之肾功能衰竭排钾困难,在少尿期血钾可以每日上升2mmol/L,甚至在24小时内上升到致命水平。高血钾同时伴有高血磷、高血镁及低血钙,可以加重血钾对心肌抑制和毒性作用。④酸中毒及氮质血症:肌肉缺血坏死以后,大量磷酸根、硫酸根等酸性物质释出,使体液pH值降低,致代谢性酸中毒。严重创伤后组织分解代谢旺盛,大量中间代谢产物积聚体内,非蛋白氮迅速升高,临床上可出现神志不清,呼吸深大,烦燥烦渴,恶心等酸中毒、尿毒症等一系列表现。应每日记出入量,经常测尿比重,若尿比重低于1.018以下者是诊断主要指标。 3.实验室检查 (1)尿液检查:早期尿量少,比重在1.020以上,尿钠少于60mmol/L,尿素多于0.333mmol/L。在少尿或无尿期,尿量少或尿闭,尿比重低,固定于1.010左右,尿肌红蛋白阳性,尿中含有蛋白、红细胞或见管型。尿钠多于60mmol/L,尿素少于0.1665mmol/L,尿中尿素氮与血中尿素氮之比小于10:1,尿肌酐与血肌酐之比小于20:1。至多尿期及恢复期一般尿比重仍低,尿常规可渐渐恢复正常。 (2)血色素、红细胞计数、红细胞压积:以估计失血、血浆成分丢失、贫血或少尿期水潴留的程度。 (3)血小板、出凝血时间:可提示机体凝血、溶纤机理的异常。 (4)谷草转氨酶,肌酸磷酸酶:测定肌肉缺血坏死所释放出的酶,可了解肌肉坏死程度及其消长规律。 (5)血钾、血镁、血肌红蛋白测定:了解病情的严重程度。 4.临床分级 可按伤情的轻重、肌群受累的容量和相应的化验检查结果的不同,将挤压综合征分为三级。 (1)一级:肌红蛋白尿试验阳性,CPK大于1万单位(正常值130单位),而无急性肾衰等全身反应者。若伤后早期不做筋膜切开减张,则可能发生全身反应。 (2)二级:肌红蛋白尿试验阳性,CPK大于2万单位,血肌酐和尿素氮增高而无少尿,但有明显血浆渗入组织间,有效血容量丢失,出现低血压者。 (3)三级:肌红蛋白尿试验阳性,CPK明显增高,少尿或闭尿,休克,代谢性酸中毒以及高血钾者。 治疗方法 挤压综合征是骨科急重症,应及时抢救,做到早期诊断、早期伤肢切开减张与防治肾衰。 1.现场急救处理 (1)抢救人员应迅速进入现场,力争及早解除重物压力,减少本病发生机会。 (2)伤肢制动,以减少组织分解毒素的吸收及减轻疼痛,尤其对尚能行动的伤员要说明活动的危险性。 (3)伤肢用凉水降温或暴露在凉爽的空气中。禁止按摩与热敷,以免加重组织缺氧。 (4)伤肢不应抬高,以免降低局部血压,影响血液循环。 (5)伤肢有开放伤口和活动出血者应止血,但避免应用加压包扎和止血压带。 (6)凡受压伤员一律饮用碱性饮料,既可利尿,又可碱化尿液,避免肌红蛋白在肾小管中沉积。如不能进食者,可用5%碳酸氢钠150ml静脉点滴。 2.伤肢处理 (1)早期切开减张:使筋膜间室内组织压下降,防止或减轻挤压综合征的发生。即使肌肉已坏死,通过减张引流也可以防止有害物质侵入血流,减轻机体中毒症状。同时清除失去活力的组织,减少发生感染的机会。早期切开减张的适用证为:①有明显挤压伤史。②有1个以上筋膜间室受累,局部张力高,明显肿胀,有水泡及相应的运动感觉障碍者。③尿液肌红蛋白试验阳性(包括无血尿时潜血阳性)。 (2)截肢适应证:①患肢无血运或严重血运障碍,估计保留后无功能者。②全身中毒症状严重,经切开减张等处理,不见症状缓解,并危及病人生命者。③伤肢并发特异性感染,如气性坏疽等。 3.其他疗法 对挤压综合征患者,一旦有肾功能衰竭的证据,应及早进行透析疗法。本疗法可以明显降低由于急性肾功能衰竭的高钾血症等造成的死亡,是一个很重要的治疗方法。 希望救援医务人员及时对挤压综合征患者给与充分重视。因为挤压综合征是战场上常见的战伤,和平时期不多见,更是千万要重视啊!如果千辛万苦抢救出来后因挤压综合征处置不及时而失去这些灾民的生命就太可惜了! 地震“挤压伤综合症”并发高血钾症

60 Case 2 患者男,现年52岁,在一家企业谋职。7月18日上午,患者因感觉身体不适,并伴有低热(体温:37.5),自带头孢拉定,来到某医院一社区门诊就诊,因为是常来看病的病人,门诊医生并未对病人做进一步询问和检查,而且病人一再声称,此类药物以往经常使用,门诊有一药剂师接过病人自带的药物,配置好药物之后就给患者进行静脉滴注,滴注不过十分钟,患者突然感觉口中发苦,随之而来的伴随呼吸困难,并出现一系列药物过敏体征,此时门诊方对病人做了紧急处理之后,随之急送上级医院,最终抢救无效死亡。 你的看法是什么? 1、药剂师能否给病人打针看病? 2、头孢类抗生素是否需要做过敏试验?若按规定需要的话,为什么不做药敏试验直接给病人用药? 3、一位普通的感冒病人是否需要用抗生素?

61 Course of Basic Medical Sciences
基础医学导论 学分:5.0 学时:80 课程成绩: 形成性评价:多次作业和测验,文献阅读和报告。50-60% 终结性评价:期末考试(至少四种题型)。40-50% 教材:推荐教材,没有指定教材

62 《系统解剖学》,人民卫生出版社,8年制、7年制和5年制本科规划教材均可
《组织胚胎学》,人民卫生出版社,8年制、7年制和5年制本科规划教材均可 《生理学》,人民卫生出版社,8年制、7年制和5年制本科规划教材均可 《病理学》,人民卫生出版社,8年制、7年制和5年制本科规划教材均可 《病理生理学》,人民卫生出版社,8年制、7年制和5年制本科规划教材均可 《药理学》,人民卫生出版社,8年制、7年制和5年制本科规划教材均可

63 The course website and requirements
课程网站: 网站名:基础医学导论 位置:浙江大学医学院数字化学习平台 校内外访问: 登入方式: 登录:进入“浙江大学医学院数字化学习平台”,在首页中,输入“用户名”、“密码”登录,点击“我的空间”,在“我的课程网站”中,点击“基础医学导论-2013级”,即进入课程网站 要求:每天登录检查一次

64 The course website and requirements
APP: 广雅电子教参,iOS

65 第一次作业 对照我国教育部卫生部颁发的《本科医学教育标准》,你所在专业的2013级培养方案总体上有何特点和不足?你认为原因是什么?

66 Thank you for your attention!
We seek to prepare our graduates for distinguished careers in clinical practice, teaching, research, and public service!


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