Michael Alexander Kirkwood Halliday (often M. A. K

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1 Metafunctions of Language: Halliday's Model 小组成员： 李海笑 顾珍宇 庄雅淇 张晶晶 吕萍萍 姜 燕 12英1

2 Michael Alexander Kirkwood Halliday (often M. A. K
Michael Alexander Kirkwood Halliday (often M.A.K. Halliday) is a British-born Australian linguist who developed the internationally influential systemic functional linguistic model of language. His grammatical descriptions go by the name of systemic functional grammar (SFG). Halliday describes language as a semiotic system, "not in the sense of a system of signs, but a systemic resource for meaning". 1925年出生于约克郡，青年时期在伦敦大学主修中国语言文学,获得学士学位。 年到北京大学深造，师从罗常培先生； 转入岭南大学，跟随王力先生攻读现代汉语。1955年完成了对用我国1世纪北方官话译述的《元朝秘史》一文的语言学分析，获得剑桥大学哲学博士学位。韩礼德先后在英美多高校任职。1987年12月退休。

3 Metafunctions 元功能  Ideational function (概念功能)： aims to reveal that language is a means of social interaction, based on the position that language system and the forms that make it up are inescapably determined by the uses or functions which they serve. Interpersonal function(人际功能)：rembodies all uses of language to express social and personal relations. This includes the various ways the speaker enters a speech situation and performs a speech act. Textual function(语篇功能 )：refers to the fact that language has mechanisms to make any stretch of spoken or written discourse into a coherent and unified text and make a living passage different from a random list of sentences.

4 Ideational function (概念功能)
经验功能（experiential function） 逻辑功能（logical function) connected with the contents of the speaker. It is reaction to the external environment of the speaker and experience of speaker about the outside world of various phenomena and the self consciousness of the internal world. logical function is just the expression of abstract logical relations indirectly from experiences gained in the life.

5 经验功能（experiential function）
物性系统 (Transitivity System) 物质过程（material process）； 心理过程（mental process）； 关系过程（relational process）；行为过程（behavioral process）； 言语过程（verbal process）； 存在过程（existential process）。 语态 (Voice)

6 Interpersonal function (人际功能)
refers to the grammatical choices that enable speakers to enact their complex and diverse interpersonal relations. based on the claim that a speaker not only talks about something, but is always talking to and with others. Language not only construes experience, but simultaneously acts out “the interpersonal encounters that are essential to our survival”. Halliday argues that these encounters. It expresses the speaker’s role in the speech situation, his personal commitment and assessment of the social relationship between the addressee and himself.

7 Interpersonal function (人际功能)
人际功能所着重的，就是语言用于人与人之间交流的这种作用与功能。人际功能，由语气 (mood) 和情态 (modality) 构成。语气指交流时双方扮演的角色；而情态指的是这个句子是判断还是推测的，也就是说肯定的成分有多大。 语气也可以分为两部分：主语 (Subject) 和限定成分 (Finite). 限定成分指表示时态（例如 didn’t, will ）和情态动词（例如 can, would ）。 而一个句子剩下的部分就是叫做剩余部分 (Residue) 了。剩余部分有谓语 (Predicator), 补足语(Complement), 附加语 (Adjunct). 补足语相当于传统语法的宾语，附加语相当于传统语法当中的状语。

8 Textual function(语篇功能 )
主位结构（Thematic Structure） 主位（Theme）是话语的出发点（point of departure），是小句的第一个成分。 述位（Rheme）是围绕主位所说的话，往往是话语的核心内容。主位必须先于述位。 信息结构（Information Structure） 已知信息（Given）：言语活动中已经出现过的或根据语境可以断定的成分 新信息（New）：言语活动中尚未出现或者根据语境难以断定的成分 衔接系统（Cohesion）

9 语篇的整体性主要体现为： 衔接的手段 语域一致性（register consistency）：语篇与语域前后一致
语篇特征（texture）：结构性（主位与信息结构）与非结构性（衔接）特征 当话语中的某一成分的解释取决于另一成分的解释时，便会出现衔接（cohesion）。例如：Peter had a wife but he couldn’t keep her. 衔接的手段 语法衔接：照应（reference）、省略（ellipsis）、替代（substitution）与连接（conjunction） 词汇衔接：重复（repetition）、同义（synonymy）、反义（antonymy）、上下义（hyponymy）、搭配（collocation）等等。

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