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仓储管理 Warehousing Management

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1 仓储管理 Warehousing Management
CHAPTER 5 仓储管理 Warehousing Management

2 本章学习目标 Learning Objectives
To understand the role of warehouses and distribution centers in a logistics system To identify the various types and functions of warehouses Gain to the knowledge of publish, private and contract warehousing To learn the steps of warehousing design To describe the major factors that influence location decisions Develop an analytical framework for basic warehousing operation

3 本章专业术语 Key Terms Accumulating(bulk-making)积聚
Allocating(bulk-breaking) 分配 Assorting 分类 Bonded Storage 保税仓储 Center-of Gravity Approach 重心法 Contract(third-party) warehousing 合同仓储 Cross-docking 越库(直接转拨) Distribution Center 配送中心 Dunnage 货垫

4 本章专业术语 Key Terms Facility Location 设施选址 Facility relocation 设施搬迁
Field Warehousing 现场仓储 Fixed Slot Location 固定的储位布置 Free trade zone 自由贸易区 Grid system 网格系统 Intermodal competition 模式间竞争 Intramodal competition 模式内竞争

5 本章专业术语 Key Terms Inventory tax 库存税 Maquiladoras 出口加工区
Multiclient Warehousing 多客户仓储 Paperless Warehousing 无纸化仓储 Private Warehousing 私有仓储 Public Warehousing 公共仓储 Pure materials 纯材料 Regouping Function 重组功能

6 本章专业术语 Key Terms Sorting out 分拣 Supplier parks 供应园区 Throughput 吞吐量
Variable Slot Location 可变的储位布置 Warehouse 仓库 Warehouse Management System 仓库管理系统 Warehousing 仓储 Weight-gaining products 增重产品 Weight-losing products 失重产品

7 本章结构安排 5.1 about warehousing management
1.definition of warehousing 2. warehouse and distribution center 3. functions of warehousing 4. types of warehouse 5. public, private, contract warehousing 5.2 design considerations in warehousing 1. general consideration 2. the ownership decision 3. the number of warehouses 4. facility location decision 5. layout consideration 6. basic warehouse operation 7. warehouse trade-offs

8 5.1 关于仓储管理 about Warehousing Management

9 1. 仓储的定义 Definition of Warehousing
Warehousing: part of a firm’s logistics system that stores products (raw materials, parts, goods-in-process, finished goods) at and between points of origin and point of consumption.

10 1. 仓储的定义 Definition of Warehousing
Term “Warehousing” is referred as transportation at zero miles per hour Warehousing provides time utility for raw materials, industrial goods, and finished products, allowing firms to use customer service as a dynamic value-adding competitive tool.

11 2. 仓库和配送中心 Warehouse and Distribution Center
Warehouses emphasizes storage of products. Distribution centers emphasize rapid movement of products through the facility, and thus to maximize throughput. (the amount of product entering and leaving a facility in a given time period.) The purpose of a distribution center is product throughput, not storage.

12 3. 仓储的功能 Functions of warehousing
Accumulating (bulk-making) Regrouping Function Quatity of Product Allocating (bulk-breaking) Assorting Product assotment Sorting

13 (1)积聚 accumulating Accumulating involves bringing together similar stocks from different sources (increasing quantity)

14 (2)分配 allocating Allocating involves breaking larger quantities into smaller quantities. (decreasing quantity)

15 (3) 分类和分拣 Assorting and Sorting out
Assorting refers to building up a variety of products. Sorting referes to separating products into grades and qualities desired by different target markets.

16 3. 仓储的功能 Functions of warehousing
Another funtions of warehousing including: Warehousing acts as a reservoir(蓄水池)for production overflow Warehousing facilitate production Warehousing act as safety valves in plant strikes, supplier stockouts, or transportation delays Warehousing is to provide customer service (primary role)

17 4.仓库类型 Types of Warehouses
A basic warehouse decision is choosing the type of combination of types to use 按仓库建筑结构 封闭式仓库---库房 半封闭式仓库---货棚 露天仓库---货场

18 按库内形态 地面型仓库(ground warehouse):单层地面库 货架型仓库(shelf warehouse):采用多层货架的仓库
自动化立体仓库(automatic stereoscopic warehouse):出入库用运送机械存放取出,用堆垛机等设备进行机械化自动化作业的高层货架仓库

19 按存储物资种类多少 综合性仓库( Integrated warehouse):在一个仓库里储存多种不同属性的物资
专业性仓库(specilized warehouse):在一定时期内,一个仓库里只存储某一大类物资,或虽存储两类以上的物资,但其中一类物资的数量占绝大多数。

20 按存储物资不同保管条件 普通仓库:用于存放无特殊保管要求的物品的仓库
冷藏(Refrigerated warehouse)、恒温恒湿仓库(temperature & humidity warehouse )等 特殊仓库:一般指危险品仓库(Hazardous warehouse)

21 4.公共、私有、合同和多客户仓储 Public,Private, Contract&Multiclient Warehousing
Business must decide the proper mix of pulic, private and contract warehousing to use.

22 (1) 公共仓储 Public Warehousing
Public warehouses serve all legitimate users Two notable public warehouse services are bonded storage warehousing and field worehousing.

23 (1) 公共仓储 Public Warehousing
Advantages: (1) requires no capital investiment on the user's part (2) the user rents space as needed (3) users receive regularly scheduled bills for the space used (4) offers more locational flexibility (5) provide a number of specialized services Disadvantages: the potential lack of control by the user is not open 24 hours

24 (2)私有仓储 Private Warehousing
Private warehousing is owned or occupied on a long-term lease.(Offers control to owner) Requiring: large volumes and demand patterns

25 (2)私有仓储 Private Warehousing
Advantages: (1) the storage facility can be constructed to the user's specifications (2) companies can control product placement with a facility (3) offers access to products when an organization needs or wants (4) when dealing with large volumes of inventory, the costs can be spread out over more units of inventory, thus reducing the cost per unit of storage

26 (2)私有仓储 Private Warehousing
Disadvantages: high fixed costs necessity of having high and steady demand volumes less attractive in times of high interest rates reduce an organizeation's flexibility in reonding to changes in the external environment

27 (3)合同仓储 Contract Warehousing
Contract warehousing (3PL warehousing) is a long term, mutually beneficial arrangement which provides unique and specially tailored warehousing and logistics services exclusively to one client, where the endor and client share the risks associated with the operation.

28 (3)合同仓储 Contract Warehousing
Characteristics: (1)simultaneously mitigates the negative aspects and accentuates the positive aspects of public and private warehousing (2)Less costly than private warehousing and more costly than public warehousing (3)more flexible than private wourhousing but less so than public warehousing (4)But, firm's may lose direct control of this kind of logsitics activity

29 (4)多客户仓储 Multiclient Warehousing
mixes attributes of contract and public warehousing the services in a multiclient facility are more differentiated than those in a public facility, but less customized then would be found in contract warehousing

30 5.2 仓储的设计考虑 Design considerations in Warehousing

31 所有权 私有 公共 多少 集中化 分散化 多大规模 设在哪里?(地点) 内部布局 何种产品,在哪儿

32 1.一般性考虑 General considerations
The four basic components of a warehouse are : Space(空间) People(人员) Goods(货物) Equipments(设备)

33 2.所有权的考虑 The Ownership Decision
Public warehousing costs mostly all variable. Private warehousing costs have a higher fixed cost component. Thus private warehousing virtually requires a high and constant volume.

34 3. 仓储的数量 The Number of Warehouses
Factors Affecting the Number of Warehouses Inventory costs 库存成本 Warehousing costs 仓储成本 Transportation costs 运输成本 Cost of lost sales 失销成本 Maintenance of customer service levels 保持客户服务水平 Service small quantity buyers 服务小批量购买

35 4. 设施选址考虑 Facility Location Decision
Facility Location: choosing the locations for distribution centers, warehouses and production facilities to facilitate logistical effectiveness and efficiency finding the lowest-cost location, using centrer-of -gravity approach

36 (1) 影响设施选址的因素 Factors Affect Facility Location
Factors like natural resources(自然资源), market for goods(商品市场), labor(劳动力), traxes and subsidies(税收和补贴), transport(运输), proximity to key suppliers(邻近主要供应商), trade patterns(贸易格局),quality of life(生活质量)and locating in other countries(国外选址) are influencing facility location

37 ⅠFactors Affecting Country
(1)Government rules, attitudes, political risk, incentives (2)Culture & economy (3)Market location (4)Labor availability, attitudes, productivity, and cost (5)Availability of supplies, communications, energy (6)Exchange rates and currency risks

38 Ⅱ Region Location Decisions
(1)Corporate desires (2)Attractiveness of region (culture, taxes, climate, etc.) (3)Labor, availability, costs, attitudes towards unions (4)Costs and availability of utilities (5)Environmental regulations of state and town (6)Government incentives (7)Proximity to raw materials & customers (8)Land/construction costs

39 Ⅲ Factors Affecting Site
(1)Site size and cost (2)Air, rail, highway, and waterway systems (3)Zoning restrictions (4)Nearness of services/supplies needed (5)Environmental impact issues .

40 (2) 设施选址的方法 Methods of Facility Location
A center-of-gravity approach重心法 Finds location of single distribution center serving several destinations Considers Location of existing destinations Example: Markets, retailers etc. Volume to be shipped Shipping distance (or cost) Shipping cost/unit/mile is constant

41 5. 仓库布局考虑 Layout Consideration
发货区 收货区 订单分拣区 订单整理区 存储区 混杂区 办公区

42 (1) 基本需要 Basic needs 接收 基本的存储区域 订单选择和准备 发货

43 (2) 布局和设计原则 Layout and Design Principles
Use one story facilities where possible. Move goods in a straight-line. Use the most efficient materials handling equipment. Use an effective storage plan Minimize aisle space. Use full building height.

44 6. 基本仓库运作 Basic Warehouse Operations
接收 对承运人做时间上的安排 卸货 检查坏损 比较P/O 储存 设备 存货地点 周转率 单位规格 体积 入库 产品识别 存储位置识别 移动产品 更新记录 订单拣货 信息 步行和拣货 批量拣货 AS/R 发货准备 包装 贴标签 等待 运输 对承运人做时间上的安排 装货 提单 记录更新

45 7.仓储权衡 Warehousing Trade-offs
Fixed versus variable slot locations for merchandise固定货位和可变货位 Build out (horizontal) versus build up (vertical)水平布局和高层布局 Order-picking versus stock-replenishing functions拣货和补货 Two-dock versus single-dock layout双站台和单一站台

46 Space devoted to aisles versus space devoted to storage巷道空间和存储空间
Paperless warehousing versus traditional paper-oriented warehousing operations无纸化和传统以纸为主 Retail Storerooms 零售商库房 Other Space Needs 其他空间需求

47 6.3 配送中心 Distribution Center

48 1、配送中心的定义 the Definition of Distribution
配送中心是从事配送业务的物流场所或组织。应符合下列要求:1、主要为特定的用户服务;2、配送功能健全;3、完善的信息网络;4、辐射范围小;5、多品种、小批量;6、以配送为主,储存为辅。 (GB/T )

49 对配送中心的理解 配送中心主要从事“货物配备”工作。 配送中心可以自行承担送货,或者利用社会运输企业进行送货,也可由客户自行提货。
配送中心是配送活动和销售供应等经营活动的结合。 配送中心是“现代流通设施”。

50 2. 配送中心的基本功能 Functions of Distribution Center
集散功能 拣选功能 配送中心的基本功能 储存功能 流通加工功能 运输功能 配送功能 信息处理功能 延伸服务功能

51 3. Differences btw DCs & Warehouses 配送中心与传统仓库的区别
Distributions handle most products in four cycles (receive, store, ship and pick) handle most products in two cycples (receive and ship) peform a minimum of value-added activities (recieve-store-ship generally in original forms) perform a great deal of value-added activities. e.g., final assembly (applying the postponement strategy) collect data in batches (generally) (receive and ship goods in batches) collect data in real time (might deliver less than the batch size. The transfer batch may not, and many times should not, be equal to the process batch-OPT rule) store all products (slow or fast moving) hold predominantly high demand items focus on minimizing the operating costs to meet shipping requirements focus of maximizing the profit impact of fulfilling customer (external customer) delivery requirement 仓库主要处理产品流通的四个环节,例如:集货,存储,拣选和配送。而配送中心主要处理产品流通的两个环节,例如:集货和配送。 仓库只进行一小部分产品增值性活动(只是在做简单的商品接收、储存、拣选和配送活动)而配送中心主要执行增值性活动,例如:最后产品的装配(应用了延迟战略) 仓库中心批量收集信息,而配送中心可以进行即时信息的采集 。 仓库处理各种货物(流通慢的和迅速的商品),而配送中心处理高需求商品。 仓库为了满足运输要求而降低操作成本,而配送中心通过满足顾客的配送需要来实现价值的最大化。

52 4.配送中心的类型 Types of DC 专业配送中心
配送对象、配送技术属于某一专业范畴,在某一专业范畴有一定的综合性。综合这一专业的多种物资进行配送 以配送为专业化职能,基本不从事经营

53 柔性配送中心 为了适应精益化生产而服务的配送中心
这种配送中心不向固定化、专业化方向发展,而向能随时变化,对用户要求有很强适应性,不固定供需关系,不断向发展配送用户和改变配送用户的方向发展。

54 供应配送中心 专门为某个或某些用户组供应的配送中心
其主体是拥有一定规模的库房、站场、车辆等物流设施和设备以及具备专业管理经验和操作技能人员的批发、仓储或运输企业。 专门为用户提供货物的保管、分拣、加工、运送等系列化服务。 好处:投资相对少、企业占压资金较少,经营风险比较小 缺点:调度、调节能力差,高消耗、低收益

55 销售配送中心 以销售经营为主要目的,以开展配送为主要手段而组建起来的配送中心、。
服务对象和配送的货物是以零售店和零售商品为主,本质上,该配送中心的物流活动是服务于或从属于经营活动的。 包括:生产企业配送中心、流通企业配送中心、零售企业配送中心和联合配送中心

56 1、生产企业(厂商)配送中心 规模较大、流通管理较好的制造厂,在建立销售体制的同时,还要建立快捷的配送中心,以降低流通费用和提高售后服务的质量。

57 2、流通企业配送中心 一般是按行业或商品类别的不同,把相关制造厂的商品集中起来,然后,向下位配送中心或零售店、连锁店等进行配送。对于不具备建立独自配送中心的制造厂或本身不能备齐各种商品的零售商或零售店,往往采用这种办法。

58 3、零售企业配送中心 它是为专业商品为主的零售店、超级市场、百货商店、家用电器商场、建材商场、粮油食品商店、宾馆饭店等服务的。随着城市的增多和大型化,随着人民生活水平的提高,第三产业日趋发达。但城市的商店或服务企业,一般不设仓库和运输设备,因此这类配送中心的发展更为迫切和迅速

59 4、联合配送中心(类似公共型配送中心) 以公共服务业为主体的配送中心,如:各主要城市的中心邮局和港湾、铁路、路各枢纽,十分需要将到达的货物迅速的配送给用户。

60 城市配送中心: 只能向城市内的客户提供配送的配送中心。
由于在城市范围内,运距比较短,所以这类配送中心的工具主要是汽车,因此可以将货物直接送达最终用户,实现“门到门”运输

61 大区域型配送中心 区域配送中心是以较强的辐射能力和库存能力,向省(州)、市、全国乃至全球范围内的客户进行配送的配送中心。
它在运输上多采用联运的模式,通过多种运输工具进行送货。这种配送中心的覆盖范围广、规模较大、客户也较多。

62 储存型配送中心 以传统的仓库为基础进而延伸至配送的形式,具有很强的储存功能的一种配送中心类型。 它是利用仓库原有的设备和设施开展活动的。
有较大的储存、分拣、配货场所和装备,理货、分类、配货的功能较强,但是流通加工功能相对较弱。 用这种作业流程的配送中心主要以中、小件杂货配送为主,包括保质期较长的食品配送中心。由于货物品种繁多,为保证客户生产的连续性,配送中心需要一定的储存量,属于有储存功能的配送中心

63 流通型配送中心 仅以暂存或随进随出方式进行配货、送货的配送中心。 它基本上没有长期储存功能。
这种配送中心的典型运作方式是,大量货物整批购进,然后按一定批量零出,采用大型分货机,进货时直接进入分拣机传送带,分送到各客户货位或直接分送到配送汽车上,货物在配送中心仅做少许停滞。

64 加工配送中心 能使货物在流通的过程中得到进一步加工的配送中心。
可以达到提高原材料利用率、提高运输效率、方便用户等多重目的。这类配送中心可以在物流进行的同时实现商品品质和价值的增值。

65 5、配送中心的作业流程 订单处理 储存 分拣 配货 分放 配装 送货 进货 搬运 搬运 盘点 补货 下游客户 配送中心的一般作业流程
用这种作业流程的配送中心主要以中、小件杂货配送为主,包括保质期较长的食品配送中心。

66 订单处理 进货 暂存 分拣 配货 分放 配装 送货 搬运 搬运 盘点 补货 下游客户 不带储存库的配送中心作业流程 这种作业流程的最大特点就是,配送中心没有大量库存,专以配送为职能,只有为一时配送准备的暂时性库存。

67 加工配送型配送中心的作业流程 进货 储存 加工 分放 配货 配装 送货 搬运 搬运 盘点 下游客户
这种流程中,一般按少品种或单一品种、大批量进货,产品很少或无需分类存放,通常也不单独设立拣货、配货等环节,而是按照客户的要求进行加工,加工后直接按客户要求配装,分放到为某个客户划定的分放区域

68 进货 储存 包装 装运 送货 搬运 搬运 盘点 下游客户 批量转换型配送中心流程 批量转换型配送中心流程以中转货物为其主要职能,产品以单一品种、大批量方式进货,在配送中心转换成小批量,然后分别配送到不同的客户。

69 6.配送中心的工艺 Special Techniques of DC
拣选式工艺 拣选式工艺(摘果式工艺):储物货位相对固定,而拣选人员或工具相对于货位进行运动,到达目的地货位面前,按需要取出货物

70 分货式工艺 分货式工艺(播种式):分货人员或分货工具从储存点集中取出各个用户共同需要的货物,然后巡回于各用户的货位之间,将这种货物按用户需要量分放下 ,再集中取出共同需要的第二种货物,如此反复进行,至用户需要的所有货物都分放完毕,就完成了各个用户的配货工作 特点:工艺难度较高,计划性较强

71 7.配送中心的内部布局 Layout of DC 办公室 收货场 理货场 接货区 储存区 理货、备货区 分放、配装区 外运发货区 加工区
办公区 办公室 收货场 保管场 20% 保管场10% 流通加工10% 理货场 60% 配装、发货场 100% 进货 配送 配送中心理货


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