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Chap. 2 Circuit Elements Contents Objectives
2018/11/29 Chap. 2 Circuit Elements Contents 2.1 Voltage and Current Sources 2.2 Electrical Resistance (Ohm’s Law) 2.3 Construction of a Circuit Model 2.4 Kirchhoff’s Laws 2.5 Analysis of a Circuit Containing Dependent Sources Objectives 1. 了解理想的基本電路元件的符號與特性:獨立電壓與 電流源、相依電壓與電流源、電阻器。 2. 了解歐姆定律、克希荷夫電流定律、克希荷夫電壓 定律,並利用此三種定律來分析簡易電路。 3. 了解如何計算簡易電路中各元件的功率,並且能夠判 斷整個電路是否保持功率守恆。
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2.1 Voltage and Current Sources
2018/11/29 2.1 Voltage and Current Sources 電源(electrical source) : 可將非電能轉為電能或將電能轉為非電能的一種裝置。 具有提供功率或是吸收功率的特質。 通常將理想電壓源及理想電流源當成電路的基本元件。 理想電壓源(ideal voltage source) : 不論流過其端點之電流大小為何,而其兩端電壓維持在規定值的電路元件。 理想電流源(ideal current source) : 不論兩端電壓多大,在其兩端內之電流維持在規定值的電路元件。 獨立電源(independent source) : 會依規定供給電路電壓或電流值,不需仰賴電路中的其他電壓或電流。 獨立電壓源 獨立電流源
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2.1 Contd. 相依電源(dependent source)或 受控電源(controlled sources):
2018/11/29 2.1 Contd. 相依電源(dependent source)或 受控電源(controlled sources): 所提供給電路的電壓或電流值,需仰賴電路中的其他電壓或電流。 1. 相依電源通常用菱形符號來表示 電壓源以極性+-標示,電流源以方向標示。 因受電路中其他電壓或電流所控制,共有四種組合,如右圖所示。 VCVS VCCS 主動元件(active element) : 能產生電能的裝置,如電源。 被動元件(passive element) : 不能產生電能的裝置,如電阻器、電感器及電容器。 CCVS CCCS 相依電壓源 相依電流源
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EX 2.1 Testing Interconnections of Ideal Sources
2018/11/29 EX 2.1 Testing Interconnections of Ideal Sources Connection (a) is valid. Connection (b) is valid. Connection (c) is not permissible. Connection (d) is not permissible. Connection (e) is valid.
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2018/11/29 EX 2.2 Testing Interconnections of Ideal Independent & Dependent Sources Connection (a) is invalid. Connection (b) is valid. Connection (c) is valid. Connection (d) is invalid.
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2018/11/29 Assessing Objective 2.2 a) What value of vg is required in order for the interconnection to be valid? b) For this value of vg , find the power associated with the 8 A source. ANSWER: (a) −2 V; (b) −16 W (16 W delivered).
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2.2 Electrical Resistance (Ohm’s Law)
電阻器(resistor): 具電阻特性之電路元件。 電阻器 理想電阻器的電阻值不隨時間改變,而實際電阻器則會隨時間改變; 若在分析電路時,實際元件偏離值不多時,都可用理想電阻器取代。 電導(conductance): 電阻的倒數,以G表示,單位為S,以往以姆歐為單位( )。 Ohm’s Law (歐姆定律) Passive Sign Convention! Power in a Resistor
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EX 2.3 Calculating Voltage, Current, and Power
2018/11/29 EX 2.3 Calculating Voltage, Current, and Power
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2.3 Construction of a Circuit Model
EX 2.4 Constructing a Circuit Model of a Flashlight Short circuit Open circuit Switch
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EX 2.5 Construction of a Circuit Model Based on Terminal Measurements
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2.4 Kirchhoff’s Laws Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
端點(terminal): 電路元件的兩端; 節點(node): 二個以上電路元件相連的地方 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) The algebraic sum of all the currents at any node in a circuit equals zero. (電路中任一節點其所有電流代數和為零) 電流需有代表方向的代數符號,若將流出節點的電流定為正號,那麼流入節點就是負號。
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2.4 Contd. (KVL) Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
封閉路徑或迴路(closed path or loop) : 指從某一節點開始,沿著選定的電路元件回到起點,且其間之節點只許經過一次。 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) The algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed path or loop in a circuit equals zero. (電路中任一封閉路徑或迴路其所有電壓代數和為零) 若電壓下降為正號,那麼電壓上升就為負號; 若電壓下降為負號,那麼電壓上升就為正號。
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2018/11/29 EX 2.6 Using KCL
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2018/11/29 EX 2.7 Using KVL
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EX 2.8 Applying Ohm’s Law and Kirchhoff’s Laws
(KCL) (KVL & Ohm’s law) Also, (power supplied = power absorbed) Power Balanced
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EX 2.9 Constructing a Circuit Model Based on Terminal Measurements
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2.5 Analysis of a Circuit Containing Dependent Sources
◆ Once we know io , we can calculate vo using Ohm’s law. ◆ Once we know i , we also know the current of the dependent source 5 i. ◆ The current in the 500 V source is i. (KVL & Ohm’s law) (KCL)
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EX 2.10 Applying Ohm’s Law and Kirchhoff’s Laws
2 loops, 2 unknowns io & iS (vo = 3 io) (KVL & Ohm’s law) (KVL & Ohm’s law) Check! OK!
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EX 2.11 An Amplifier Circuit
(KCL) (Controlling variable) (KVL & Ohm’s law)
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