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Historical background: Descartes and Locke

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1 Historical background: Descartes and Locke
Self Knowledge 自我知識 第五單元: Historical background: Descartes and Locke 歷史背景: 笛卡兒與洛克 梁益堉 教授 【本著作除另有註明外,採取創用CC「姓名標示-非商業性-相同方式分享」台灣3.0版授權釋出】 本課程指定教材為Brie Gertler (2011). Self-knowledge. London ; New York : Routledge。 本講義僅引用部分內容,請讀者自行準備。 本作品轉載自Microsoft Office 2007多媒體藝廊,依據Microsoft服務合約及著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。

2 Self-knowledge and epistemic internalism
Two internalist requirements of epistemic justification 1. one has accessible reasons for one’s belief (外在論反對這點) 2.knowledge must be supported by reasons that are within the thinker’s mind. Ex: 1.外面正在下雨這個事實(accessible to me)就構成理由。 2.我自己內心關於下雨的視覺經驗(within my mind)才構成理由。 第五單元 Historical Background: Descartes and Locke 00:00:00~00: 07:39 作業二說明 00: 07:39 ~ 00:17:55 兩種內在論要求

3 Self-knowledge and epistemic internalism
Flickr,作者:xJason.Rogersx。 Descartes 認為知識必須滿足上 述兩種內在論的要求。 因此,擁有外在世界的知識必須 要先有自我知識。 P. 32 If the two internalist requirements apply to some knowledge of external objects or facts, …,of the external world. What do you think? 00:17:55~00:25:30 本著作轉載自Brie Gertler (2011). Self-knowledge. London ; New York : Routledge,頁32,依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。

4 Self-knowledge and epistemic foundationalism
Descartes: self-knowledge provides a foundation for the general body of knowledge. 基礎信念(Foundational or basic beliefs): a privileged class of especially secure beliefs, certain, indubitable. Ex: 既使在錯覺中紅色衣看成是綠色的,經驗本身不會錯, 是關於經驗內容的信念。 (i) 其他信念的證成依賴基礎信念 (ii)基礎信念不需依賴其他信念 00:25:30~00:30:25

5 Self-knowledge and epistemic foundationalism
The evil genius argument 全能的惡魔盡其可能地欺騙我,讓我產生各種假信念。 就算我的信念都是錯誤的,我存在(I exist)是不能被懷疑 的。思維本身就證明我存在。 Descartes: “I must finally conclude that this proposition I am, I exist, is necessarily true whenever it is put forward by me or conceived in my mind.” One cannot be deceived without existing. I exist和其他的心智內容(例如:pain)兩者的差別。 00:30:25 ~ 00:35:18

6 Self-knowledge and epistemic foundationalism
知識證成的基本來源:introspective awareness P.35 introspective awareness, …, is a basic source of epistemic justification. Two consequences 1. Weak conception of ‘self’: 不需要有大腦,只要能有心智狀態或 思想就可以了。 2. 一旦心智活動停止,I (心智)就不存在。Disposition belief(相信 12+12=24)不算是信念,而要是currently introspecting。 What do you think? 本著作轉載自Brie Gertler (2011). Self-knowledge. London ; New York : Routledge,頁35,依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。 00:35:18 ~ 00:38:22 00:38:22 ~ 00:47:08

7 Knowledge of the self and mind-body dualism
Descartes’ Meditation Mind as mental substance: “I have a clear and distinct idea of myself, in as far as I am simply a thinking, non-extended thing”—that is, I can conceive of myself (my mind) existing in the absence of a body.” “I am really distinct from my body, and can exist without it.” Body as physical substance: “I have a distinct idea of body, in so far as this is simply an extended, non-thinking thing” 我可以設想,任何物理事物,包 括我的身體,的存在,不需依賴心靈的存在而存在。 What do you think? 00:47:08 ~ 01:05:10

8 Knowledge of the self and mind-body dualism
Objection 1. 可設想的不一定就是可能的。 2. one can be mistaken in thinking that one is clearly and distinctly conceiving some scenario. Descartes’ response: P.38 when carefully attending to our own thoughts, …, its essential features. Certainty about our own states 不蘊含infallible or omniscient 。 Q:如果仔細反省自己的心智狀態,就沒有錯誤的可能? Flickr,作者:alles-schlumpf。 本著作轉載自Brie Gertler (2011). Self-knowledge. London ; New York : Routledge,頁38,依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。 01:05:10 ~ 01:14:00

9 Locke: the inner sense theory
經驗主義:所有的知識都需要有input,都從經驗而來。沒有 innate idea。 外感官與內感官 Self-knowledge is achieved through an introspective faculty he called “inner sense.” P.39 Introspection is somewhat similar to perception, …, inner sense is directed towards one’s own mind. 所有的心智狀態都是conscious 本著作轉載自Brie Gertler (2011). Self-knowledge. London ; New York : Routledge,頁39,依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。 01:14:00~01:17:50

10 Locke: Inner sense and knowledge
只有訴諸經驗。 Sense(inner and outer) v.s. intellect加工連結,idea的來 源來自經驗。 心靈如白板 P.40 tobula rasa or clean slate until it is furnished with ideas, …, processed by the intellect. Flickr,作者:Wurz。 01:17:50 ~ 01:21:26 本著作轉載自Brie Gertler (2011). Self-knowledge. London ; New York : Routledge,頁40,依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。

11 Locke: Inner sense and consciousness
Locke: we are always aware of our thoughts. 但不一定時時都保持注意力。 P. 41 We may be aware of our thoughts even when we are not attending to, …, insofar as they affect our experience. The idea of thought without awareness as unintelligible. 是不是所有心智內容都是察覺得到的? Ex: Automatic pilot 。有沒有看見紅燈,有沒有擁有看見紅燈的心智狀態。 Thought 一定是conscious thought。既使內容有可能不清楚或弄錯,但一定 知道正在看聽聞。沒有unconscious mental state。 What do you think? 01:21:26 以上著作轉載自Brie Gertler (2011). Self-knowledge. London ; New York : Routledge,頁41,依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。

12 版權聲明 頁碼 作品 授權條件 作者/來源 1-13 本作品轉載自Microsoft Office 2007多媒體藝廊,依據Microsoft服務合約及著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。 3 Flickr,作者:xJason.Rogersx。 本作品轉載自 If the two internalist……external world. 本著作轉載自Brie Gertler (2011). Self-knowledge. London ; New York : Routledge,頁32,依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。 6 introspective awareness……justification. 本著作轉載自Brie Gertler (2011). Self-knowledge. London ; New York : Routledge,頁35,依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。 8 Flickr,作者:alles-schlumpf。 ,瀏覽日期2012/3/30。本作品採取創用CC「姓名標示-非商業性-相同方式分享」2.0 版授權釋出。 when carefully……essential features. 本著作轉載自Brie Gertler (2011). Self-knowledge. London ; New York : Routledge,頁38,依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。

13 版權聲明 頁碼 作品 授權條件 作者/來源 9 Introspection is somewhat……one’s own mind. 本著作轉載自Brie Gertler (2011). Self-knowledge. London ; New York : Routledge,頁39,依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。 10 Flickr,作者:Wurz。 本作品轉載自 本著作轉載自Brie Gertler (2011). Self-knowledge. London ; New York : Routledge,頁40,依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。 11 We may be aware of our thoughts……as unintelligible. 本著作轉載自Brie Gertler (2011). Self-knowledge. London ; New York : Routledge,頁41,依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。


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