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實證護理 Evidence Based Nursing

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1 實證護理 Evidence Based Nursing
報告者:陳寶珍

2 實證護理1 實證護理( Evidence Based Nursing;EBN )是由實證醫學推演而來 可以視為照顧病人的方式。
是藉由謹慎的臨床研究文獻,同時了解病理生理機轉、臨床經驗、疾病、人的偏好,以協助臨床護理決策。 2018/12/31

3 實證護理2 參考應用了最佳科學性的文獻,減少因非系統性觀察所導致的決策性誤差,同時考量決策利弊得失及病人偏好。
強調系統性評值臨床研究提供的實證,而非直覺及片段的臨床經驗。 可當作是一種評值臨床護理決策利弊得失的工具,而此工具也必須同時考量病人的價值觀。 2018/12/31

4 實證護理3 實證護理(Evidence-based Nursing),依據國際護理榮譽學會的定義,涵概現有之最佳證據及護理實務經驗,並重視個人、家庭及社區之價值與偏好的護理照護。 Ingersoll對實證護理的定義:針對一個病人或一群病人,能誠實、詳盡與明斷的運用「有理論為起源、研究為基礎的資訊」於臨床護理決策,並考慮到個案的需求與喜好。 實證護理就是護理人員必需具備「定義臨床問題」、「搜尋科學研究證據」、「評讀」、以及「將所得的證據應用病人臨床照護」之能力。 2018/12/31

5 發展實證護理因素 科學與資訊時代的來臨。 以問題為中心終生學習。 護理專業的改革與科學化。
護理不再只有愛心、依循傳統,而是獨立自主、有批判性思考能力,以創新研究,講求效率及效果。 2018/12/31

6 e時代對醫療專業的挑戰 醫療資訊不再是醫護相關專業人員的專利。 臨床專業人員所受的訓練的知識很快會過時。
由個人有限觀察所獲得的臨床經驗亦難免有偏差。 醫院管理者為了有效的提供高品質低成本的醫療照護成效。 2018/12/31

7 臨床專家(Clinical Expertise)
Clinical expertise refer to the clinician’s cumulated experience, education and clinical skills. 2018/12/31

8 病人價值觀(Patient Values)
The patient brings to the encounter his or her own personal and unique concerns, expectations, and values. 2018/12/31

9 Best Evidence The best evidence is usually found in clinically relevant research that has been conducted using sound methodology (優質的研究方法) 2018/12/31

10 以實證護理為依據之臨床決策者需同時考量研究實證、臨床專長及病人偏好
Geyman,1998 2018/12/31

11 你的化妝品隨時保持新鮮 知識呢? 不能學習是文盲 不能溝通是流氓 2018/12/31

12 臨床推行實證護理的目的 提升臨床工作對「文獻」的覺察,包括:治療、診斷、病人結果、品質改善、新知、成本、研究…… 。
協助護理人員判斷什麼是「正確的」、「對臨床有幫助的文章」 包括:研究文章(Research Article)、評論 文章(Review Article) 2018/12/31

13 EBN問題的來源 不確定最佳措施 面臨爭議的技術 不清楚措施的成效 措施是否有副作用 創新的措施或技術 傳統的措施或技術 病人提出的疑問
高品質的照護 成本效益 2018/12/31

14 萬芳醫院實證護理實例 2018/12/31

15 實證護理五大步驟 1 整理出一個可以回答的問題 2 尋找文獻證據 3 嚴格評讀文獻 4 應用於病人身上 5 對過程進行稽核
2018/12/31

16 可回答的問題(PICO)1 Patient或Population (病人或群體) Intervention (措施)
Comparison Intervention (比較、介入措施) Outcome (成果指標)

17 範 題 王先生60歲,肥胖且血壓偏高,護理人員請他減重及減少鹽分攝取量,但王先生質疑這些措施的效果,在此情況下,護理人員如何運用實證護理?
範  題 王先生60歲,肥胖且血壓偏高,護理人員請他減重及減少鹽分攝取量,但王先生質疑這些措施的效果,在此情況下,護理人員如何運用實證護理? 2018/12/31

18 臨床問題PICO Patient Intervention Comparison Outcome 60歲肥胖 高血壓男性 血壓正常 減 重
減 重 維持體重超過標準 2018/12/31

19 臨床問題PICO Patient Intervention Comparison Outcome 60歲肥胖 高血壓男性 血壓正常 低鹽飲食
正常或高鹽飲食 2018/12/31

20 尋找文獻方法2 從問題找概念 做概念分析 從概念找關鍵字 資料來源:書、雜誌、網路、資料庫 搜尋工具 搜尋策略:由大到小範圍
略讀、速讀、精讀 2018/12/31

21 文獻搜尋方向 實證研究機構 實證資料庫 醫護資料庫 2018/12/31

22 實證研究機構 The Cochrane Collaboration 英國實證醫學研究機構
National Guideline Clearinghouse 美國國家健康照護研究及品質機構所成立 Joanna Briggs Institute 澳洲實證教學機構 Evidence Based Nursing British Medicine Journal American Psychologist Association Practice Guideline 美國心理學會 ome.aspx

23 Cochrane library實證資料庫
2018/12/31

24 Up To Date實證資料庫 2018/12/31

25 Clinical Evidence實證資料庫
2018/12/31

26 醫護資料庫 中華民國期刊論文索引系統 CEPS-中文電子期刊服務 全國碩博士論文資訊網 國家圖書館 PubMed Medline
2018/12/31

27 分析問題,決定關鍵字 成人加護病房氣管內插管病人使用鎮靜劑 是否可降低氣管內管自拔率 P-成人加護病房氣管內插管病人 I-鎮靜劑
  C-不給予鎮靜劑 O-氣管內管自拔率 KEY WORDS Intensive Care Sedation Unplanned Extubation Self Extubation Quality Improvement

28 嚴格評讀文獻3 評讀文獻的有效性及可用性 對於研究設計概念不足 令人眼花的統計數字及圖表 語言障礙 時間限制 整理文獻的功力不夠

29 實證醫學之級別 (美國健康照護政策及研究部) --US Agency for Health Care Policy and Research Classification (AHCPR, 1992)
描 述 I a 收集若干較具規模具有隨機取樣及控制組(randomized controlled trials, RCT)對照所作之實證研究(Mata-analysis) I b 至少由一組有良好之隨機化及控制組(RCT)之實驗研究 II a 有控制組, 但不屬於隨機化 II b 至少有類似或接近完整之實驗方法(quasi-experimental study)之實證研究 III 由描述性之實證研究,如:比較方法, 相關問題之探討, 或個案報告 IV 由專家會議所發表之報告或專家之意見

30 應用於病人身上或臨床實務中4 只有證據,永遠不足 文獻查閱的結果適用於我的病人嗎? 尊重病人及家屬的價值觀 是否跟病人及家屬充分溝通
並對於治療的遵從性 2018/12/31

31 對過程進行稽核5 實際追蹤病人接受新措施的成果 自我評估 專家監督 同儕彼此評估 2018/12/31

32 實行實證護理的障礙 對問題採負向態度,只想依慣例或他人(醫師、護理長或護理部)指示。 沒有能力發現、評估或應用實證。 資訊來源不足。
缺乏時間。 2018/12/31

33 實證護理臨床應用之挑戰 相關研究設備尚不完全 需要的實證會隨情況改變 終身學習的必要性 研究結果不是直接就可應用到臨床情況
2018/12/31

34 推展實證護理的助力 同伴的支持 管理的革新 專業的繼續發展 資訊的方便 研究的可近性 品質改進的管理

35 參與實證之經驗分享 2018/12/31

36 臨床場景(clinical scenario)
感控室發現最近有一個問題,即同一病房中爆發3例疥瘡(Scabies)感染,因醫療人員需長期接觸病人,為預防感染擴大,故感控室考慮是否讓護理站工作人員使用治療疥瘡之藥物,不知道如何處理才最適當? 2018/12/31

37 Foreground question 爆發疥瘡(Scabies)感染,醫療人員接觸者是否須要使用治療疥瘡藥物來預防? 2018/12/31

38 P I C O Patient 疥瘡感染接觸者 Intervention 使用疥瘡藥物預防治療 Comparison
不使用抗疥瘡藥物預防治療 Outcome 感染控制成效 2018/12/31

39 Searching strategies 先從已經過評讀的database開始找起(system,synopses,synthesis)
最後再找尚未經過嚴格評讀的study 2018/12/31

40 Searching for the best evidence
Key words Scabies Contact Outbreak Nosocomial Infection control Prevention Cross infection 2018/12/31

41 Database selection Best evidence (Prefiltered) databases
UpToDate ACP journal club Cochrane database of systematic reviews PubMed Clinical Queries Primary (Unfiltered) databases PubMed 遠距圖書系統 思博網(EPS)中文電子期刊服務 2018/12/31

42 UpToDate 關鍵字:Scabies prevention 搜尋結果 2018/12/31

43 2018/12/31

44 2018/12/31

45 ACP Journal Club 關鍵字:Scabies 搜尋結果: 1 articles 2018/12/31

46 Cochrane Library 關鍵字: Scabies+infection control 搜尋結果: 4 articles
2018/12/31

47 PubMed Clinical Queries
關鍵字:Scabies+Prevention 搜尋結果: 4 articles 2018/12/31

48 Best evidence (Prefiltered) databases
Total 10 articles Exclusion 6 articles Inclusion 4 articles UpToDate Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC MMWR Recomm Rep May 10;51(RR-6):1-78 European guideline for the management of scabies Int J STD AIDS; 2001; Oct; 12;supp 3; 58-61 Interventions for treating scabies(review) cochrane database of systematic review 2018/12/31

49 Management of Sex Partners and Household Contacts
Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Management of Sex Partners and Household Contacts Both sexual and close personal or household contacts within the preceding month should be examined and treated. Management of Outbreaks in Communities, Nursing Homes, and Other Institutional Settings Scabies epidemics often occur in nursing homes, hospitals, residential facilities, and communities. Control of an epidemic can only be achieved by treatment of the entire population at risk. Ivermectin can be considered in this setting, especially if treatment with topical scabicides fails. 2018/12/31 CDC MMWR Recomm Rep May 10;51(RR-6):1-78

50 European guideline for the management of scabies
Indication for therapy Characteristic clinical finding High-risk contact persons with protracted or frequent skin contact (e.q. via hands) should be treated whether or not they have symptoms. Low-risk contacts Persons with indirect contract (e.q. via bedding) only require treatment in case of crusted scabies. Recommended regimens Permethrin 5% (once for 8-12 hours) Lindane 1% (once for 8-12 hours) Benzyl benzoate 25% (thrice, for 24 hours each day) Sulphur (6-33%) Other: Crotamiton 10%, allethrin, malathion 0.5% 2018/12/31 Int J STD AIDS; 2001; Oct; 12;supp 3; 58-61

51 Primary (Unfiltered) databases
檢索策略和檢索功能 PubMed 控制字彙(MeSH) 自然語言 中文期刊篇目索引影像系統 思博網(EPS)中文電子期刊服務 2018/12/31

52 PubMed Searching strategies
("Scabies / drug therapy"[Mesh] OR "Scabies / epidemiology"[Mesh] OR "Scabies / nursing"[Mesh] OR "Scabies / prevention and control"[Mesh] OR "Scabies / therapy"[Mesh] OR "Scabies / transmission"[Mesh]) AND ("Cross Infection / drug therapy"[Mesh] OR "Cross Infection / epidemiology"[Mesh] OR "Cross Infection / nursing"[Mesh] OR "Cross Infection / prevention and control"[Mesh] OR "Cross Infection / therapy"[Mesh] OR "Cross Infection / transmission"[Mesh]) AND "prevention and control "[Subheading] 2018/12/31

53 2018/12/31

54 Step 1 2018/12/31

55 Step 2 2018/12/31

56 Step 3 2018/12/31

57 Step 4 2018/12/31

58 Step 5 2018/12/31

59 Step 6 2018/12/31

60 2018/12/31

61 2018/12/31

62 2018/12/31

63 PubMed advanced search
2018/12/31

64 2018/12/31

65 Case report 2018/12/31

66 2018/12/31

67 2018/12/31

68 2018/12/31

69 2018/12/31

70 ●關鍵字:Scabies ●搜尋結果:5 articles
2018/12/31

71 關鍵字:Scabies 搜尋結果:4articles
2018/12/31

72 2018/12/31

73 Critical appraisal of Evidence
No controlled trials address whether empiric treatment of asymptomatic contacts . Epidemiology Prevalence rate range from 11% to 21% (Vorou et al., 2007: Chambliss et al., 2000) Nurse,nursing students, and physical therapists are more 4.5 time more likely to develop scabies compared with those in less physical contact (physicians, medical students, and occupational therapists) (Page et al., 2007) Care report 29 indivdual including 4 inpatients and 25 personnel (Huseh et al., 1992) 27 cases occurred among 14 health care personnel and 13 patients ( Spanish, 2000) 17 cases were reported 11 healthcare workers and 6 patients (Larrosa et al., 2003) 2018/12/31

74 Critical appraisal of Evidence
Expert opinion or consensus CDC Control of an epidemic can only be achieved by treatment of the entire population at risk UpToDate usual recommendations are that all members of the family and close contacts be treated at the same time to avoid an endless chain of cross contamination and reinfestation Hierarchy of evidence Case-control study Case report Expert opinion 2018/12/31

75 謹慎的文獻評讀 2018/12/31

76 Applicability 爆發疥瘡(Scabies)感染,醫療人員接觸者是否須要使用治療疥瘡藥物來預防? Because scabies is transmitted by close or skin-to-skin contact, usual recommendations are that all members of the family and close contacts be treated at the same time to avoid an endless chain of cross contamination and reinfestation. Scabies epidemics often occur in nursing homes, hospitals, residential facilities, and communities Control of an epidemic can only be achieved by treatment of the entire population at risk. Contact should be treated simultaneously, regardless of symptoms, and provided with written instructions No controlled trials address whether empiric treatment of asymptomatic contacts or family members of those with scabies decreases itsspread. However,it is known that an initial infestation with scabies will not lead to pruritus fof up to 4 to 6 weeks. Asymptomatic contacts can be infected with scabies,and can transmit this infection to others before symptoms even occur. 2018/12/31

77 2018/12/31

78 結 論 實證照護(Evidence-based health care)主要是引用最佳的證據,作為臨床照護決策依據。
結  論 實證照護(Evidence-based health care)主要是引用最佳的證據,作為臨床照護決策依據。 實證醫學(Evidence-based Medicine)重視病患治療效果,偏重隨機試驗之量性研究 實證護理重視病患的感受、態度,最佳研究證據來源,不單是量性研究文章,更包涵質性研究的文獻。 透過實證護理,希望護理人員能不斷更新知識,學習以實證的方式做出以病人為中心的臨床決策。

79 練習題 丁太太52歲,因摔倒而手腕骨折,檢查發現有骨質疏鬆現象,醫師和他討論荷爾蒙治療的優缺點,建議他可以開始服用荷爾蒙用藥,大家都要他考慮乳癌之發生率,因此他向護理人員提及想要停掉荷爾蒙治療 2018/12/31

80 臨床問題PICO Patient Intervention Comparison Outcome 52歲女性 乳癌發生率 荷爾蒙治療
無荷爾蒙治療 2018/12/31

81 Thank you for your attention!!


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