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These Views Are Not Necessarily

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Presentation on theme: "These Views Are Not Necessarily"— Presentation transcript:

1 These Views Are Not Necessarily
Those of the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (or of any individual commissioner) 本文仅代表作者个人观点 不代表联邦贸易委员会或任何委员的观点

2 At Critical Loss 对临界损失分析的一个审视
A Critical Look At Critical Loss 对临界损失分析的一个审视

3 Three Goals of this Talk 本次讨论的三个目标
CLA Defined. How it is Used (and at times misused) 定义临界损失分析:如何使用(有时误用) CLA: Special Cases 临界损失分析:特殊情况 CLA and Competitive Effects 临界损失分析和竞争效应

4 What Critical Loss Is 临界损失分析是什么?
It is an effort to answer the following question: “Would a price increase of X percent be profitable?” 临界损失分析试图回答以下问题:“将价格提高X%是否有利可图?”

5 The Pain vs. The Gain 提价的得与失 P1 P0 Price, Cost Added  Lost  MC
价格,成本 Added  增加的利润 Lost  损失的利润 P1 P0 MC Quantity 产量

6 Two Effects from Raising Price 提价带来的两种效应
a. Lower  from losing sales a. 由于销量损失而失去的利润 b. Greater  on sales at higher prices b. 由于提价而增加的利润 Enter CLA 进入临界损失分析 If losses are < than some “Critical” amount, the X% price increase raises profits 如果损失的销量小于某一“临界”数量,则X%的提价能够增加利润。

7 Some Economics of Profit Maximization 一些关于利润最大化的经济学
Firms maximize profit by setting MR =MC 企业通过设定边际收益 =边际成本取得 最大利润 This generates the following relationship: (P-Marginal Cost)/P = 1 / (the firm’s demand elasticity) 据此可得出以下关系: Lesson: In general, when a firm’s price-cost margin is high, it doesn’t lose many sales from raising price a little. And, it doesn’t gain many sales when it lowers price a little 经验:一般而言,当企业的价格成本利润率很高时,小幅提价不会损失很多销售量,小幅降价也不会增加很多销售量。 .

8 Pretty Lady is Merging with Beautiful Fragrance 漂亮女士与美丽香水的合并
Profit-maximizing P, Pre-merger, is $100 for Both 合并前双方的利润最大化价格都是$100 Per unit Marginal Cost for Both is Constant at $75 双方每单位的边际成本恒为$ 75 Price Elasticity of Demand Facing Pretty Lady is -4 漂亮女士所面临的需求价格弹性为-4 One-quarter of Lost Pretty Lady Sales Go to Beautiful Fragrance 漂亮女士所损失的销售量有四分之一被美丽香水收入囊中 Critical Loss Unilateral Effects Question: 临界损失单边效应问题: Will the merged firm profit from a 5% increase in the price of Pretty Lady? 将漂亮女士的价格提高5%,合并后的企业是否将会获利? 我现在转向用临界损失分析,或至少用临界损失分析的精神,来判定涉及差异产品合并的单边效应。 当然我们要在获得本幻灯片所需要的信息上多加把握。然而,我要说明的是这些信息中的很大一部分是实行假定垄断者测试所需要的。而且,剩下部分是市场界定和市场份额计算之后的下一步分析,即分析可能的竞争效应,所需要的信息。 我们如何得到这些信息?我们对文件和历史证据进行调查,也许进行经济计量分析,也许根据市场份额的比例进行分流。我们也可以使用勒纳条件。最好检测一下分析结果对所使用的参数值的可能变化的敏感性。 提价5%的净效应结合了以下三种效应: 1.由于Pretty Lady的销售损失而减少的利润; 2.继续购买Pretty Lady的消费者所增加的利润; 3.部分流失的消费者转向Beautiful Fragrance,由此重新获取的利润。 给大家一个练习,请说明当价格提高5%之后,利润更高了。

9 Did you notice… 你是否注意到…
That we just analyzed a merger’s competitive effect without first defining a market? 我们刚才分析了一起合并的竞争效应,却没有先界定一个市场?

10 Caveats & Non-Standard Applications 注意事项和非标准应用
CLA: Price Increases > a SSNIP 临界损失分析:提价幅度>一个SSNIP CLA: Price Discrimination is Feasible 临界损失分析:价格歧视是可行的 CLA: Demand or MC Change Greatly as Output Changes 临界损失分析:需求或者边际成本随着产出的变动而大幅变动


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