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Chapter 3 液壓油
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3-1 液壓油之種類 (a)礦物油基 最常使用 (b)合成油 (c)水乙二醇液 (d)油中水型及水中油型乳化液 (e)高水份流體(HWCF)
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3-2 說明 ‧礦物油基 廣泛使用 價格便宜 抗火性較差(易燃) (適用溫度<100℃) 可添加添加劑以提高抗火性抗
‧礦物油基 廣泛使用 價格便宜 抗火性較差(易燃) (適用溫度<100℃) 可添加添加劑以提高抗火性抗 腐蝕性、抗磨秏性、抗氧化性 …等等 ‧其餘四種基本上抗火性較佳 。合成油 不含水,由燐酸酯及氯化碳化烴合 成;不適高溫 。水乙二醇液 含35~55%水 。水中油型(油中水型)乳化液 含35~40%水 。HWCF 含90%以上水
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3-3 各種液壓油性質之比較 ‧由上表可知,石油系(即礦物油基)除了耐火性較差外,其餘之性質均屬最優。
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3-4 液壓油最重要之物理性質- 粘度 1 stoke =1 cm2/sec 1cst = 1 mm2/sec
3-4 液壓油最重要之物理性質 粘度 ‧常用之粘度單位有二: (a) 動力粘度: (dynamic viscosity) (b) 動粘度: (kinematic viscosity) 1 poise = 0.1 N.S/m2 1 CP = 10-2 poise 1 stoke =1 cm2/sec 1cst = 1 mm2/sec
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V = A. = V0 § Compressibility of hydraulic fluids F=(P0 + P).A
P0 P0 + P V0 V0 – V V = A. = V0 Where Eoil : bulk modulus (unit = bar or N/m2) Eoil : – V0 ( )T = 等溫下 compressibility coeff.
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§ Consider a thin pipe shown as follows
tangent stress T = axial stress A = P=P1-P2
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(a)X2 (長度變化於X2方向) 1. due to T : where E: Young’s modulus 2. due to A : where : Poisson’s number (b) X1(長度變化於X1方向) 1. due to A : 2. due to T : total strain εT = similarly εA = (c) U (圓周長之變化) U = U . εT =π.D( – ) = U=πD U + U = πD(1+ εT) thus u = πD εT=U εT (d) D ( 直徑的增加) D=
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for = 0.33 ½[2 - + 0.5 - ] = 0.917 (e) A (斷面積之變化) cf.
(g) Vp (體積之變化) Vp = A. + .A ∵V=A. = ∴dV=dA. +A.d = for = ½[2 - ] = 0.917 = ½[2 - ] = 1.0 ≒1 thus Vp = where V : change in volume due to compressibility of oil Vp : change in volume due to deflection of the thin pipe Eoil’: modified bulk modulus
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for thin pipe Vtotal= V + VP = V V . = V0 P( ) thus Eoil’ = Similarly, for thick pipe: VP=VP Where
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§ Density of hydraulic fluids
T: temperature Let (: thermal expansion coefficient) V= V0..T Ex: thus T=100℃
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§ Viscosity of hydraulic fluids
— dynamic viscosity — kinematic viscosity For convenience:
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‧一般液壓系統所使用液壓油之粘度範圍為10~900 cst。更精確之值一般均由製造廠來推薦。
‧若就泵來決定,則可參考下表:
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3-5 空穴現象(Cavitation) ‧油中多少都含有空氣。在適當之條件下,油中之空氣會
逸出,造成液體、氣體共同存在管路及元件中。其影響所 及,將產生噪音、振動,甚至可能損壞元件(氣蝕)。 ‧空氣可能自油中逸出的二個條件: (a)壓力降低 (b)溫度升高 ‧空穴現象最常發生在泵內(尤其當操作壓力過低時)。一般 可經由泵所發出之異音來判斷是否產生空穴。 Ex: Cavitation of orifice
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Def: coefficient of Cavitation From Bernoulli’s eq.
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