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Neutron Stars and Black Holes 中子星和黑洞
Chapter 11: Neutron Stars and Black Holes 中子星和黑洞
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Neutron Stars 中子星(理论预言)
大质量恒星(M > 8 Msun )以超新星爆炸,吹散外层物质。 中心物质塌缩成一个致密物体(大约 几个 Msun. ) 巨大的压力把电子和质子压在一起,在整个物体里形成稳定的中子。 中子星 典型大小: R ~ 10 km 原子结构 质量: M ~ 1.4 – 3 Msun 密度: r ~ 1014 g/cm3 一勺原子核物质~2x109吨(20亿吨)! (脉冲星<=>中子星)
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Discovery of Pulsars 脉冲星的发现
Angular momentum conservation 角动量守恒 => 塌缩恒星核自旋周期约为几个毫秒 Magnetic fields are amplified up to B ~ 109 – 1015 G 磁场极强. (up to 1012 times the average magnetic field of the sun) => Rapidly pulsed (optical and radio) emission from some objects interpreted as spin period of neutron stars 有些天体的快速脉冲辐射被解释为中子星的自传周期 (脉冲星=>中子星)
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The Crab Pulsar 蟹状星云脉冲星
Pulsar wind + jets 脉冲星 风+喷流 Remnant of a supernova observed in A.D 年爆发的一颗超新星的遗迹
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The Crab Pulsar 蟹状星云脉冲星
Visual image X-ray image
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Light curves of the Crab Pulsar 脉冲星光变曲线
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The Lighthouse Model of Pulsars 脉冲星的灯塔模型
象地球一样,脉冲星的磁场有双极结构。 辐射多沿磁极方向
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The Lighthouse Model of Pulsars 脉冲星的灯塔模型
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Images of Pulsars and other Neutron Stars
The Vela pulsar moving through interstellar space The Crab Nebula and pulsar
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Black Holes 黑洞 中子星质量不能超过3个太阳质量 => A black hole! 黑洞
Just like white dwarfs (Chandrasekhar limit: 1.4 Msun), there is a mass limit for neutron stars: 正如白矮星有质量上限:1.4太阳质量 Neutron stars can not exist with masses > 3 Msun 中子星质量不能超过3个太阳质量 We know of no mechanism to halt the collapse of a compact object with > 3 Msun. 质量大于3个太阳质量,塌缩无法停止 It will collapse into a single point – a singularity: 将塌缩为一个奇点: => A black hole! 黑洞
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Escape Velocity 逃逸速度 vesc vesc vesc
Velocity needed to escape Earth’s gravity from the surface 脱离地球引力的速度: vesc ≈ 11.6 km/s. vesc Now, gravitational force decreases with distance (~ 1/d2) 引力随距离减小 => 离得越远,逃逸速度越小 vesc If you could compress Earth to a smaller radius => higher escape velocity from the surface 质量不变,半径越小,表面的逃逸速度越大。 vesc
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The Schwarzschild Radius 施瓦西半径
=> There is a limiting radius where the escape velocity reaches the speed of light, c: 极限半径:逃逸速度达到光速时 2GM ____ Vesc = c Rs = c2 G = 引力常数 M = 质量 Rs 就是施瓦西半径(Schwarzschild radius.)
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Schwarzschild Radius and Event Horizon 施瓦西半径和视界
No object can travel faster than the speed of light 没有超光速 => nothing (not even light) can escape from inside the Schwarzschild radius 光也逃不出施瓦西半径 We have no way of finding out what’s happening inside the Schwarzschild radius. 没有办法了解施瓦西半径内发生的事情 “Event horizon” 事界/视界
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The Schwarzschild Radius 施瓦西半径(如果天体变成黑洞)
质量(单位:太阳质量) 半径
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“Black Holes Have No Hair” 黑洞无毛定理
Matter forming a black hole is losing almost all of its properties 黑洞物质失去几乎所有性质. black holes are completely determined by 3 quantities: 黑洞由3个量完全决定其性质: Mass 质量 angular momentum 角动量(转动) (electric charge 电荷)
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The Gravitational Field of a Black Hole 黑洞的引力场(时空弯曲)
恒星的引力场 引力势 Gravitational Potential 黑洞的引力场 Distance from central mass 到中心质量的距离 The gravitational potential (and gravitational attraction force) at the Schwarzschild radius of a black hole becomes infinite 黑洞引力在视界处变为无穷大. 引力大,不等于质量大。
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广义相对论的引力和轨道运动
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General Relativity Effects Near Black Holes 黑洞附近的广义相对论效应
An astronaut descending down towards the event horizon of the black hole will be stretched vertically (tidal effects) and squeezed laterally.
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General Relativity Effects Near Black Holes 黑洞附近的广义相对论效应
Time dilation 时间延迟 Clocks starting at 12:00 at each point. 时钟在每个地方12点开始,三小时后(观测者远离黑洞): After 3 hours (for an observer far away from the black hole): Clocks closer to the black hole run more slowly. 黑洞近处时钟变慢。 Time dilation becomes infinite at the event horizon. 时间延迟在视界处变无穷大。 Event horizon 视界
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黑洞(Black Hole) (示意图)
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黑洞(Black Hole) (示意图) 恒星死亡形成 黑洞质量=4到15个太阳质量
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星系中心的超大质量黑洞 黑洞质量=十万到百亿个太阳质量 (105-1010 M☼)
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Observing Black Holes 观测黑洞
No light can escape a black hole 光线不能逃出黑洞, => Black holes can not be observed directly. 所以黑洞不能直接观测到 If an invisible compact object is part of a binary, we can estimate its mass from the orbital period and radial velocity. 如果双星系统有一个隐形致密天体,我们可以估计它的轨道周期和径向速度 质量 > 3 Msun => 黑洞!
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Observing Black Holes 观测黑洞
Compact object with > 3 Msun must be a black hole! 质量大于3个太阳质量的致密天体一定是黑洞!
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Jets of Energy from Compact Objects 致密天体的高能喷流
Some X-ray binaries show jets perpendicular to the accretion disk 一些X射线双星有垂直于吸积盘的喷流
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黑洞(Black Hole) (视频,示意图)
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黑洞(Black Hole) (视频,示意图)
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黑洞并和,产生引力波(LIGO) 背景变化是视觉效应
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黑洞并和,产生引力波(LIGO) 黑洞及其周围时空弯曲
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