Study on Wind Power Grid-Integration China Experience （中国风电并网研究）

Study on Wind Power Grid-Integration China Experience （中国风电并网研究）
Disclaimer: The views expressed in this document are those of the author, and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), its Board of Directors, or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this document, and accept no responsibility for any consequence of their use. By making any designation or reference to a particular territory or geographical area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Study on Wind Power Grid-Integration China Experience （中国风电并网研究） China EPRI, ZHU Lingzhi Beijing, China

Content (目录) Wind Power in China 中国风电情况
Study on Grid Integration of Wind Power 风电并网研究 Models and Tools for Grid integration study 风电并网研究的模型与工具 Problem and Suggested Improvement 风电并网研究的不足与改进

1.1 Developing Mode of Wind Power 风电开发模式
Bulk Wind Power Base (千万千瓦级风电基地） Resource(资源) Exploitable capacity: 2500GW (技术可开发量25GW) 80% of the wind resource is concentrated in north, northeast, and northwest of china 80%位于东北、华北和西北地区哈密蒙西江苏沿海吉林酒泉蒙东河北山东黑龙江 Development Plan(开发规划) Up to 100GW at 2015 and 200GW at 年1亿千瓦，2020年2亿千瓦 Nine 10GW wind bases, covers 80% of the total capacity. 9个千万千瓦级风电基地，占总容量的80% 30GW are off-shore. (其中海上风电3000万千瓦)

Bulk Wind Power Base (千万千瓦级风电基地） Several wind farm connected collection substation, Wind power are transferred through UHV or EHV. 多个风电场接入汇集站，通过超高压或特高压输电通道送出

Large Scale Wind Farm (大规模风电场) Each wind farm MW（单个风电场装机50-200MW） Connected to the grid through kV line（通过 kV线路接入电网） Electricity are consumed inside a province（电力一般在省内消纳）.

Distributed Wind Farm (分散式风电) Connected to local substation through 10-35kV line, long distance power transfer is not necessary. (10-35kV接入，电力无需远距离传输) Total installation capacity is normally less than 20MW at single PCC. (单个接入点容量一般不超过20MW) Covers a relatively small part of wind power in china.(占比相对较少)

1.2 Wind Turbines in China 中国的风电机组
Three Types of Wind Turbine (三种主要的机组类型) Fixed Pitch Induction Wind Generator 定桨距失速型异步感应风电机组 Type I Early Type, rarely seen in new installed wind turbines, but still in operation. (早期机型，已逐渐退出市场，但仍具有一部分存量) Less than 1MW. (单机容量1MW以下)

Three Types of Wind Turbine (三种主要的机组类型) Doubly Feed Asynchronous Induction Generator (DFIG/DFAG) 变桨距双馈异步感应风力发电机组 Type III Main Type, covers about 75% of new installed wind turbines. 主流机型，占新装机型的75%左右 1.5MW and above. (单机容量1.5MW及以上).

Three Types of Wind Turbine (三种主要的机组类型) Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator(PMSG) with Full rated Converter 永磁直驱同步风电机组（全功率变流器） Type IV Permanent Magnet Main Type, covers about 25% of new installed wind turbines. 主流机型，占新装机型的25%左右 1.5MW and above. (单机容量1.5MW及以上).

2.1 Two Types of Grid-integration Study 两种类型的并网研究
Special Study on Wind Farm Grid Integration (风电场接入电力系统专题研究) Done while wind farm is planning 在风电场规划前期阶段进行 Help to Design the grid-integrated system of wind farm 指导风电场并网系统的设计 Analysis of Large Scale Wind Power Trip-off (风电大规模脱网事故分析) Analysis the procedure of wind power trip-off and find the reason. 分析风电大规模脱网事故发生的原因 Bring out suggestion to improve the stability of the grid with high penetration wind power 提出改进风电接入系统稳定性的措施

2.2 Special Study on Wind Farm Grid Integration 风电场接入电力系统专题研究
Contents (主要内容) Analysis of Wind Resource (风能资源分析) Load Flow and Reactive Power Study (潮流和无功问题研究) Short Circuit Current Analysis (短路电流分析) Study on Transient Stability (暂态稳定分析) Study on Power Quality Problem (电能质量问题分析)

Analysis of Wind Resource (风能资源分析) Goals(目标) Calculate the probability distribution of power output and power ramp of the wind farm according to measured wind resource data 根据实测风速数据，计算风电场出力及其变化的概率分布 Analysis the relationship between local load and wind power output according to local load characteristic 根据电网的负荷数据，分析风电场出力与所在地区负荷相关性

Analysis of Wind Resource (风能资源分析) Data Requirement(数据需求) Measured wind resource data(more than 1 year) 风资源数据(至少一年) Data about the wind farm.风电场建设数据 Power curve of wind turbines to be installed(风电机组功率特性曲线)

Load Flow and Reactive Power Study (潮流无功研究) Goals(目标) Evaluate the impact on system load flow and voltage level. 评估风电场接入后对电网潮流分布、无功电压水平的影响。 Give suggestions of voltage regulation and var compensation of the wind farm and grid.给出风电场和系统的电压调整和无功补偿建议 Data Requirement Static grid data 电网静态数据 Typical system operation scenario 典型系统运行方式出力(%) 无功交换风电场侧 110kV母线侧 -0.57 1.16 10 -0.66 1.06 20 -0.92 0.74 30 -1.35 0.21 40 -1.94 -0.54 50 -2.71 -1.48 60 -3.64 -2.63 70 -4.74 -4.00 80 -6.02 -5.60 90 -7.49 -7.42 100 -9.16 -9.49

Study on Short Circuit Current (短路电流计算) Goals(目标) Analysis short circuit current output of the wind farm and its impact on short circuit level of the local power system. 计算风电场的短路电流输出特性，分析风电场接入后对所在区域电网短路电流水平的影响。 Data Requirement（数据需求） Static grid data 电网静态数据 Short circuit character of wind turbines 风电机组短路电流特性 Short circuit character of generators of the power system 系统发电机短路电流特性

Study on Transient Stability (暂态稳定分析) Goals(目标) Evaluate the impact to power system transient stability of the wind farm 评估风电场接入后对电网暂态稳定性的影响。 Data Requirement（数据需求） Static grid data 电网静态数据 System dynamic model and parameters 系统动态模型和参数 Models and parameters of WTG 风电机组模型和参数 Typical fault type 典型故障方式

Study on Harmonics (电能质量问题研究) Goals(目标) Calculate the voltage harmonic distortion of PCC considering harmonic current injection from wind farm 考虑风电场并网产生的谐波电流注入后，计算风电场接入点的电压谐波畸变； Data Requirement（数据需求） Static grid data 电网静态数据 Data of the collection system of the wind farm 风电场集电系统参数 Harmonic test data of WTGs 风电机组谐波测试数据

2.3 Analysis of Large Scale Wind Power Trip-off 风电大规模脱网事故分析
Goals（目标） Analysis the procedure of wind power trip-off. 分析风电大规模脱网事故发生的过程 Reappear the procedure by simulation and find the reason. 通过仿真再现事故发生的过程并分析导致事故的原因 Bring out suggestion to improve the stability of the grid with high penetration wind power 提出改进风电接入系统稳定性的措施 Data requirement（数据需求） System operation scenario before and after accident. 系统事故前后运行状态 Fault data from PMU and fault recorder 来自PMU或故障录波仪的故障数据 Model of WTGs especial LVRT character 风电机组模型，特别是LVRT特性

Record data of wind farm A from a trip off Accident (某事故中风电场A录波数据) The WTGs of wind farm A don’t have the ability of FRT and trip off because of under voltage protection when fault occurs. 该风电场机组不具备故障穿越能力，故障发生时由于低压保护而脱网

Record data of wind farm B from a trip off Accident (某事故中风电场B录波数据) Some WTGs of wind farm B don’t have the ability of LVRT and trip off because of under voltage protection when fault occurs. Some WTGs have the ability of LVRT but trip off because of over voltage protection when fault cleared. 该风电场部分机组不具备故障穿越能力，故障发生时由于低压保护而脱网。部分机组机组具备低电压穿越能力，但在故障清除后由于高电压保护而脱网

Record data of wind farm C from a trip off Accident (某事故中风电场C录波数据) The WTGs of wind farm C have the ability of LVRT and didn’t trip off when fault occurs. But some WTGs trip off because of over voltage protection when fault cleared. 风电场C机组具备低电压穿越能力，故障发生时未脱网，但仍有部分机组在故障清除后由于高电压保护而脱网

LVRT Character of WTG(风电机组低电压穿越特性) LVRT Test Data of WTG Type A

LVRT Character of WTG(风电机组低电压穿越特性) LVRT Test Data of WTG Type B

LVRT Character of WTG(风电机组低电压穿越特性) LVRT Test Data of WTG Type C

Simulation of the Accident(事故仿真)

3.1 Tools for Grid-Integration Study of Wind Power 风电并网研究的主要工具
Three main analyssis tools in china for wind power integration Study 中国三个用于风电并网研究的主要工具 PSASP (电力系统分析综合程序) PSD Tools (PSD电力系统分析软件包) DIgSILENT PowerFactory Load Flow OPF Transient Stability Analysis Short Circuit Voltage Stability Small Signal Stability Static and Dynamic equivalent Static Security analysis Relay Protection Loss analysis EMT Simulation Parameter Optimization Motor Start Harmonic Analysis Over Current Protection

Power System Analysis Software Package，PSASP 电力系统分析综合程序 A composited tool for power system analysis, developed by China EPRI. 综合性电力系统分析软件，由中国电力科学研究院开发。 Widely used in Power System Analysis 广泛应用于中国的电力系统分析 Several models of wind turbines are internal included, and user defined model is supported. 内置了常用类型风电机组模型，具备用户自定义模型的功能 Load Flow OPF Transient Stability Analysis Short Circuit Voltage Stability Small Signal Stability Static and Dynamic equivalent Static Security analysis Relay Protection Loss analysis EMT Simulation Parameter Optimization Motor Start Harmonic Analysis Over Current Protection

PSD(Power System Department) Tools 电力系统分析软件包 Another composited tool for power system analysis, developed by China EPRI based on BPA program. 综合性电力系统分析软件，由中国电力科学研究院基于BPA开发。 Widely used in Power System Analysis in China 广泛应用于中国的电力系统分析 Several models of wind turbines are internal included, user defined model is not supported. 内置了常用类型风电机组模型，不支持用户自定义模型的功能

PowerFactory, (DIgSLIENT GmbH, Germany) Worldwide used composited platform for power system analysis and research. 世界范围内广泛使用的综合性电力系统分析和研究平台。 Different kinds of models for renewable generation such as wind turbine, PV system and energy storage system. 提供了多种新能源发电系统模型，如风电、光伏发电、储能系统等。 Powerful user defined model tools through DSL Language. 通过DSL语言，实现了较为强大的自定义模型功能 Not compatible with data format of PSASP and PSD Tools 与PSASP和PSD Tools数据格式不兼容

3.2 Models of Wind Turbines 风电机组并网分析模型
Wind Turbine Models in PSASP and PSD-BPA Model for Induction Asynchronous Wind Turbine (Type I) 定桨距鼠笼式感应异步风机的模型 Just the same as conventional induction generators 与传统异步发电机模型相同

Wind Turbine Models in PSASP and PSD-BPA A Common Models for Both DFIG and PMSG (Type III & Type IV) 一种双馈/直驱风电机组通用模型 Based on GE Wind turbine model. (基于GE风电机组模型) A controllable current source is used to model the generator and converter.采用受控电流源描述机网接口 The Model of PWM converter and protection system is simplified. 对PMW变换器、保护系统模型进行了简化

Wind Turbine Models in PowerFactory Model for doubly feed asynchronous induction wind turbine Generator (TYPE III) 变桨距双馈异步感应风力发电机组的模型 A relatively detailed induction generator and PWM model is adopted 采用相对详细的发电机和PWM变换器模型 Detailed control and protection system 详细的控制和保护系统模型 May be too complex for RMS simulation. 对于机电暂态（有效值）或许过于复杂

Wind Turbine Generator Models in PowerFactory Model for wind turbine generators with full rated converter (Type IV) 全功率变频器风电机组的模型 The grid interface is modeled by static generator, which is a common model for generation system with power electronic converter grid interface. 采用静态发电机(一种电力电子并网接口发电系统的通用模型）代替变流器和发电机 The turbine and the wind are note considered in this model. 忽略了风轮机、风速模型 Meet for short-term transient stability study 能够满足短期暂态稳定研究的需要

4 Problem and Suggested Improvement 风电并网研究的不足与改进
About the Models of wind power(关于风电的模型） How to construct a suitable model for different study purpose? (如何针对不同的研究目的，建立合适的模型) Are the current models of wind turbine correct? Or can we model different types of wind turbine by parameter adjustment? 现有的风电模型是否准确，能否通过参数的调整使之适应不同型号的风机？ How to test or identify the model parameter of wind turbine? (如何测试风电机组的模型参数) How to construct an aggregate model of a wind farm which contains lots of wind turbines working at different state? (如何建立一个风电场的聚合等值模型) The installation may be increased to 10 GigaWalt in 2015 and 50 Gigawalt at the year 2020, of course, the number is not officially confirmed.

4 Problem and Suggested Improvement 风电并网研究的不足与改进
About the method of grid integration study 关于风电并网研究的方法 For planning stage grid-integration study, can we find out potential risk such as cascaded wind turbine trip off at bulk wind base, and electricity curtailment of a wind farm? 能否在规划阶段通过并网研究发现潜在的安全和经济性问题，诸如对于大型风电基地连锁故障，可能的弃风？ How to evaluate the risk of voltage and frequency stability when bulk wind power integrated, for those problems we need perform a mid-long term study. 如何评估大量风电接入后对系统电压稳定和频率稳定的影响，对于这些问题，我们需要开展中长期的分析 The installation may be increased to 10 GigaWalt in 2015 and 50 Gigawalt at the year 2020, of course, the number is not officially confirmed.

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Study on Wind Power Grid-Integration China Experience （中国风电并网研究）

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