An Introduction to Ecology

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1 An Introduction to Ecology
Chapter 1 An Introduction to Ecology

2 Ecology: Study of relationships between organisms and the environment.
Overview of Ecology Ecology: Study of relationships between organisms and the environment. Simple definition does not convey the extreme breadth of this discipline.

3 Organisms interact with the environment
in the context of the ecosystem Biotic factors Abiotic factors Figure 1.1

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5 Organismal ecology 個體生態 Population ecology 族群生態
Community ecology 群聚生態 Ecosystem ecology 生態系生態

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11 相關性分析(Correlation analysis)
研究兩個或更多變數(variables)的相關性 例: 期中考成績和溫習功課時間的關係 例: 期中考成績和吃零食多寡的關係

12 期中考成績和溫習功課時間的關係 。 。 。 。 成績 。 。 。 。 溫習功課時間 (小時)

13 期中考成績和吃零食多寡的關係 。 。 。 。 成績 。 。 。 。 吃零食量 (包)

14 相關 不一定等於 因果 !!!!!!

15 操縱性實驗(Manipulative experiment)
設控制組及實驗組 儘量維持兩組的條件相同，只留下一個可改變的條件

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18 個案1: Ecology of Bumblebees

19 Bumblebees live in many cool regions.
Ecology of Bumblebees Bumblebees live in many cool regions. Heinrich estimated energy budget of individuals foraging on different flowers and under different temperatures. Energy Gain / Loss Energy Intake - Energy Expenditure.

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21 個案2: Ecology of Forest Birds
Robert H. MacArthur

22 Ecology of Forest Birds
MacArthur studied ecology of five species of warblers in spruce forests in N.A. Theory predicted two species with identical ecological requirements could not coexist indefinitely.

23 Warbler Feeding Zones

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25 個案 3: Forest Nutrient Budget: A watershed (集水區) approach

26 Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest

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28 Forest Nutrient Budgets
Likens and Bormann estimated 90% of nutrients in a New Hampshire forest were locked up in soil organic matter. Approximately 9.5 % was tied up in vegetation. Streamflow output amounted to < 1%.

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30 個案4：Vegetation Change: Pollen Records
Many environmental changes occur over large spatial or temporal scales. Davis monitored plant pollen deposited in lake sediments in the Appalachian Mtns. Documented large temporal changes to nearby plant communities.

31 Vegetation History from Pollen Sediments

32 古海洋生態學 研究：矽藻 (彰化師大 王瑋龍攝)

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34 (彰化師大 王瑋龍攝)

35 個案五: Landscape Ecology 地景生態學

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37 破碎化棲地 （fragmentation of habitats):八卦山台地

38 個案１： Ecology of Bumblebees 個案２： Ecology of Forest Birds
Review 個案１： Ecology of Bumblebees 個案２： Ecology of Forest Birds 個案３： Forest Nutrient Budgets 個案４： Vegetation Change 個案５： Landscape Ecology