U.S. Airspace and Air Medical Services 美国空域 与 空中医疗服务

Presentation on theme: "U.S. Airspace and Air Medical Services 美国空域 与 空中医疗服务"— Presentation transcript:

1 U.S. Airspace and Air Medical Services 美国空域 与 空中医疗服务
11/3/08

2 Overview 概览 FAA Authority to Manage Airspace 联邦航空管理局的空域管理权限
11/3/08 Overview 概览 FAA Authority to Manage Airspace 联邦航空管理局的空域管理权限 Classes of Airspace 空域类别 General Aviation use of the Airspace 空域的通用航空用途 Military use of the Airspace / Special Use Airspace (SUA) 空域/特殊用途空域的军事用途 Air Traffic Service (ATS) Routes 空中交通服务航线 Air Traffic System Support to Air Medical Services 空中交通系统对空中医疗服务的支持

3 U.S. Law: TITLE 49 U.S.C. 美国法律：《美国法典》第49卷
11/3/08 U.S. Law: TITLE 49 U.S.C. 美国法律：《美国法典》第49卷 The U.S. Government has exclusive sovereignty of airspace of the U.S. 美国政府拥有美国领空的专属主权。 A citizen of the U.S. has a public right of transit through the navigable airspace. 美国公民拥有通过通航空域的公共权利。 The FAA Administrator shall: 联邦航空管理局的行政人员应： Develop plans and policy for the use of the navigable airspace 制定使用通航空域的计划和政策 Assign by regulation or order the use of the airspace necessary to ensure the safety of aircraft and the efficient use of airspace. 通过法规或命令分配空域使用，以确保飞机安全和空域的有效使用。 Authority to manage airspace - U.S. Law: Title 49 United States Code (49 U.S.C.) U.S. Government has exclusive sovereignty over the airspace of the United States A citizen of the U.S. has a public right of transit through he navigable airspace The FAA Administrator shall: Develop plans and policy for the use of the navigable airspace. Assign by regulation or order the use of the airspace necessary to ensure the safety of aircraft and the efficient use of airspace. In consultation with the Secretary of Defense, establish areas in the airspace the Administrator decides are necessary in the interest of national defense.

4 Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations 《美国联邦法规》第14卷
11/3/08 Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations 《美国联邦法规》第14卷 Rulemaking Airspace: 规定空域： Part 71: Designation of Class A, B, C, D, and E Airspace Areas; Air Traffic Service Routes; and Reporting Points. 第71部分：A、B、C、D、E类 空域的划分；空中交通服务航线；报告点。 Provides rulemaking basis for establishing controlled airspace. 为建立管制空域提供制定规则的基础。 Part 73: Special Use Airspace. 第73部分：特殊用途空域。 Prohibited Areas (National Security & Welfare) 禁区（国家安全和福利） Restricted Areas (Hazards to aviation) 限制区（航空危害）

5 Nonregulatory (Nonrulemaking) Airspace 非监管（非规定）空域
11/3/08 Nonregulatory (Nonrulemaking) Airspace 非监管（非规定）空域 Airspace types not specifically covered in Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations 《美国联邦法规》第14卷未明确涵盖的空域类型 Airspace over which FAA has authority, but does not issue its decision by rule 联邦航空管理局拥有权限，但未通过规则发布决定的空域 Special Use Airspace: 特殊用途空域： Military Operations Areas (MOA) 军事行动区 Warning Areas 警告区 Alert Areas 警戒区 National Security Areas 国家安全区

6 U.S. AIRSPACE CLASSES 美国空域类别
11/3/08 U.S. AIRSPACE CLASSES 美国空域类别 ABOVE FL 600: CLASS E 飞航空层600以上：E类 Airspace Categorization (controlled vs. uncontrolled) -- U.S. airspace is categorized as “controlled” or “uncontrolled” according to the ICAO ATS Airspace Classes listed Appendix 4 to ICAO Annex 11, Air Traffic Services. -- Most U.S. domestic airspace is controlled airspace (Class A, B, C, D, or E). In the U.S., controlled airspace is designated through rulemaking procedures. -- In general, the airspace below 1,200 feet AGL (or below 700 feet AGL over airports that have an instrument approach procedure, but do not have an operating control tower) is “uncontrolled” (Class G) airspace.

7 11/3/08 CLASS A AIRSPACE A类空域 18,000 feet Mean Sea Level (MSL) TO Flight Level (FL) 600. 18,000英尺平均海平面至飞航空层600。 All aircraft operations under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR). 根据仪表飞行规则进行所有飞机操作。 Air Traffic Control (ATC) clearance required to enter. 需进入空域的空中交通管制许可。 Must maintain two-way radio communications with ATC. 必须与空中交通管制保持双向无线电通信。 Transponder required. 需转发器。 Class A: 18,000 feet MSL to FL The dimensions are set by regulation in 14 CFR part 71: That airspace overlying the 48 contiguous states, and the state of Alaska, including over the waters within 12 nautical miles of the coast. -- Operating requirements are established by regulation and include: --- All aircraft operations under IFR --- ATC clearance required to enter --- Must maintain two-way radio communications with ATC --- Transponder equipage is required

8 CLASS B AIRSPACE B类空域 Purpose: 目的： Airport Candidate Criteria: 机场候选标准：
11/3/08 CLASS B AIRSPACE B类空域 Purpose: 目的： Reduce risk of mid-air collisions near airports with High Density air traffic operations. 降低具有高密度空中交通作业的机场附近空中碰撞风险。 Airport Candidate Criteria: 机场候选标准： Primary Airport: 5 Million passengers enplaned annually; 一级机场：每年搭乘500万名乘客； Airport Operations Count: 300,000 (of which at least 240,000 must be Air Carrier or Air Taxi). 机场运营航班数量：300,000次（其中至少240,000次须为航空承运人或空中的士航班） Validated need for Class B airspace to enhance safety and efficiency of airspace management. 经验证的B类空域需求，以提高空域管理的安全性和效率。 Currently: 37 Airports 目前：37座机场 Class B: Surface to 10,000 feet MSL surrounding the Nation’s busiest airports (e.g., Atlanta, New York, etc.). Dimensions: The size and shape vary depending on local ATC operational requirements. It must be designed to contain all instrument procedures within Class B airspace. The boundaries are centered on the Airport Reference Point (ARP). The configuration may be a circular (“upside-down wedding cake”) design (example: Boston), or a “linear design (example: Los Angeles). The outer limits must not extend beyond 30 NM from the airport. The upper limit should not exceed 10,000 feet MSL.

9 CLASS C AIRSPACE C类空域 Purpose: 目的： Airport Candidate Criteria: 机场候选标准：
11/3/08 CLASS C AIRSPACE C类空域 Purpose: 目的： Reduce risk of mid-air collisions in the terminal area 降低航站区的空中碰撞风险。 Airport Candidate Criteria: 机场候选标准： Must have operating control tower and radar approach control; AND 必须具备操作塔台和雷达进近管制；以及 One of the following: 其中一项： 75,000 Annual Instrument Operations at Primary Airport; 一级机场每年75,000次仪表操作； 100,000 Annual Instrument Operations (Primary and Secondary Airports); OR （一级和二级机场）每年100,000次仪表操作；或 Annual Count of 250,000 Enplaned Passengers at Primary Airport. 一级机场每年总计250,000名搭乘乘客。 Currently: 121 Airports 目前：121座机场 Nonrule alternatives must be considered before seeking Class C airspace. 寻求C类空域之前须考虑非规则性替代方案。 Class C: Surface to 4,000 feet AGL surrounding busy airports, that do not qualify for Class B airspace. Dimensions: The area consists of 2 concentric circles: the surface area is a 5 NM radius of the airport; and an outer area with a 10 NM radius. The upper limit should be 4,000 feet above the airport elevation. The floor of the airspace between the 5 NM and 10 NM rings must extend no lower than 1,200 feet AGL. Variations to the design may be approved if justified by operational requirements.

10 CLASS D AIRSPACE D类空域 Purpose: 目的： Requirements: 要求：
11/3/08 CLASS D AIRSPACE D类空域 Purpose: 目的： Provide controlled airspace for terminal Visual Flight Rules (VFR) and IFR operations at airports having an operational Control Tower. 为在具备操作塔台的机场进行的航站目视飞行规则和仪表飞行规则操作提供管制空域。 Requirements: 要求： Operational Control Tower 操作塔台 Communications with ATC down to runway surface 与空中交通管制通信，直至跑道表面 Weather Observations and Reporting. 天气观测和报告 Class D: Surface to 2,500 feet AGL surrounding airports with an operational control tower. Dimensions: Class D areas normally extend from the surface up to and including 2,500 feet AGL (converted to MSL and rounded to the nearest 100 feet for charting). The radius of the Class D area is determined by the distance required for an aircraft to reach overlying Class E airspace at 700 feet AGL, using a 200 feet per NM climb gradient. A Class D arrival extension must be established to the point where an IFR flight on an instrument approach can be expected to descend to less than 1,000 feet above the surface.

11 CLASS E AIRPORT SURFACE AREAS E类机场地面区域
11/3/08 CLASS E AIRPORT SURFACE AREAS E类机场地面区域 Airports without a Control Tower when determined necessary to accommodate IFR arrival and departure procedures. 确定需要适应仪表飞行规则进港和离港程序而不具备塔台的机场。 Same communications and weather requirements as Class D area. 与D类区域相同的通信和天气要求。 Area extends from the surface up to the floor of adjacent or overlying airspace. 从地面向上延伸至相邻或上覆空域底层的区域。 Class E: Except as otherwise specified, Class E airspace extends upward from 14,500 feet MSL to, but not including, 18,000 feet MSL; and the airspace above FL Class E airspace includes Federal airways, and transition areas. Also, Class E airspace extends upward from the surface surrounding airports that have an instrument approach procedure, but do not have an operational control tower.

12 CLASS E AIRSPACE E类空域 Consists of: 包括： Airspace above FL 600
11/3/08 CLASS E AIRSPACE E类空域 Consists of: 包括： Airspace above FL 600 飞航空层600以上空域 14,500’ MSL to but not including 18,000’ MSL. 14,500英尺平均海平面至18,000英尺平均海平面（不含） Designated Class E Surface Areas at airport without Control Tower. 无塔台机场的指定E类地面区域。 Extensions to Class D areas. 延伸至D类区域。 700’ AGL and above at airport with instrument approach procedure. 具备仪表进近程序机场的地平面以上700英尺及以上。 1,200’ AGL Transition Areas, Federal Airways and Low Altitude RNAV Routes. 地平面以上1,200英尺过渡区、联邦航线和低海拔区域导航航线。 Eastern 1/3 of U.S. generally begins at 1,200’ AGL. 美国东部的1/3通常始于地平面以上1,200英尺。 Large Areas in Western U.S. begins at 14,500’ MSL. 美国西部大部分区域始于14,500英尺平均海平面。

13 CLASS G AIRSPACE G类空域 Uncontrolled Airspace. 非管制空域。
11/3/08 CLASS G AIRSPACE G类空域 Uncontrolled Airspace. 非管制空域。 All airspace that has not designated by rule as A, B, C, D, or E. 未按规则划分为A、B、C、D、E类空域的所有空域。 Class G: All U.S. airspace that is not classified as controlled airspace through rulemaking action is, by default, Class G (uncontrolled) airspace.

14 General Aviation (GA) Use of the Airspace 空域的通用航空用途
11/3/08 General Aviation (GA) Use of the Airspace 空域的通用航空用途 GA is allowed full access to the National Airspace System as long as they meet the appropriate pilot qualification and airspace entry requirements, and aircraft equipage specified for the Class(es) of airspace in which the flight will occur. 只要符合适当的飞行员资格、空域准入要求以及针对进行飞行的空域类别的指定飞机装备，通用航空就可完全进入国家空域系统。 Visual Flight Rules (VFR) Flight: GA is authorized to conduct VFR flight in Class E airspace without an ATC clearance or communication with ATC, subject to compliance with VFR visibility and cloud clearance requirements. 目视飞行规则飞行：遵守目视飞行规则的能见度和云净空要求，通用航空则有权在E类空域按目视飞行规则飞行，而无需空中交通管制许可或与空中交通管制通信。 VFR flight is not authorized in Class A airspace (18,000 feet MSL to FL 600). A类空域不得进行目视飞行规则飞行（18,000英尺平均海平面至飞航空层600）。 GA may operate VFR in Class B airspace with an ATC clearance. 在空中交通管制放行的情况下，通用航空可在B类空域操作目视飞行规则。 GA may operate VFR in Class C or D airspace provided radio contact with ATC is made prior to entry. 通用航空可在C类或D类空域操作目视飞行规则，前提是在进入空域前与空中交通管制进行无线电联络。 - General Aviation (GA) Use of the Airspace -- In the U.S., GA is allowed full access to the National Airspace System as long as they meet the appropriate pilot qualification and airspace entry requirements, and aircraft equipage specified for the Class(es) of airspace in which the flight will occur. -- VFR Flight: GA is authorized to conduct VFR flight in Class E airspace without an ATC clearance or communication with ATC, subject to compliance with VFR visibility and cloud clearance requirements. VFR flight is not authorized in Class A airspace (18,000 feet MSL to FL 600). GA may operate VFR in Class B airspace with an ATC clearance. GA may operate VFR in Class C or D airspace provided radio contact with ATC is made prior to entry.

15 11/3/08 Military Use of the Airspace / Special Use Airspace (SUA) 空域/特殊用途空域的军事用途 Definition: 定义： Airspace wherein activities must be confined because of their nature, or wherein limitations may be imposed upon aircraft operations that are not a part of those activities. 出于其性质而须限制活动，或可能对不属于此类活动的飞机操作施加限制的空域。 Purpose: 目的： Support Department of Defense (DoD), and national security requirements 支持国防部和国家安全要求 Confine hazardous activities and/or segregate certain activities from other airspace users 限制危险活动和/或将某些活动与其他空域使用者相隔离 Identify for other users where the activity occurs. 为其他使用者识别活动发生地。 Military Use of the Airspace/ special-use airspace (SUA) -- Generally, the military follows U.S. ATC procedures and flight rules when operating within the National Airspace System. The FAA may issue waivers or exemptions to the rules when necessary to accommodate unique military mission requirements. -- Special Use Airspace (SUA) is assigned to accommodate military and other activities that must be confined or wherein limitations imposed on aircraft not a part of those activities. FAA Order , Procedures for Handling Airspace Matters, defines the process for developing SUA areas.

16 Types of SUA 特殊用途空域类型 Prohibited Areas 禁区 Restricted Areas 限制区
Military Operations Areas (MOA) 军事行动区 Warning Areas 警告区 Alert Areas 警戒区 Controlled Firing Areas 射击控制区 National Security Areas 国家安全区

17 Methodologies for establishing SUA 建立特殊用途空域的方法
11/3/08 Methodologies for establishing SUA 建立特殊用途空域的方法 FAA Headquarters is the final approval authority. 联邦航空管理局总部为最终批准机构。 The dimensions and times of use of SUA must be the minimum required for containing the planned military activities. 特殊用途空域的维度和使用次数必须是包含计划军事活动的最小维度和使用次数。 A “joint-use” policy applies to SUA (except prohibited areas). SUA is released to ATC and becomes available for access by nonparticipating aircraft during periods when the SUA is not needed by the military for its designated purpose. “联合使用”政策适用于特殊用途空域（禁区除外）。特殊用途空域受空中交通管制，并且非参与飞机可在军方无需将其用于指定目的期间进入特殊用途空域。 SUA proposals are subject to an Aeronautical Study by the FAA. 特殊用途空域提案由联邦航空管理局开展航空研究。 The FAA advertises SUA proposals for public comment to identify any impacts on civil aviation operations. 联邦航空管理局公布特殊用途空域提案以征集公众意见，进而确定其民用航空作业的任何影响。 Restricted areas and MOAs must exclude the airspace 1,500 feet AGL and below within a 3 NM radius of airports available for public use. 在可供公共使用的机场3海里半径内，限制区和军事行动区必须在地平面以上1,500英尺及以下的空域之外。 Proposals are subject to an Environmental Analysis to identify potential environmental impacts and compliance with environmental laws. 提案需进行环境分析，以确定潜在的环境影响并遵守环境法。 FAA Headquarters is the final approval authority for all SUA areas (except controlled firing areas). The dimensions and times of use of SUA must be the minimum required for containing the planned military activities. A “joint-use” policy applies to SUA (except prohibited areas). This means that the SUA is released to the controlling agency (ATC) and becomes available for access by nonparticipating aircraft during periods when the SUA is not needed by the military for its designated purpose. SUA proposals are subject to an Aeronautical Study by the FAA to determine if there are any adverse aeronautical impacts to be resolved. The FAA also advertises SUA proposals for public comment to identify any impacts on civil aviation operations. Restricted areas and MOAs must exclude the airspace 1,500 feet AGL and below within a 3 NM radius of airports available for public use. Proposals are subject to an Environmental Analysis to identify potential environmental impacts and compliance with environmental laws.

18 SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE 特殊用途空域
11/3/08 SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE 特殊用途空域

19 Air Traffic Service (ATS) Routes 空中交通服务航线
11/3/08 Air Traffic Service (ATS) Routes 空中交通服务航线 High Altitude 高海拔 Jet Routes (example: J-102) 飞机航线（例如：J-102） Area Navigation (RNAV) Routes (Q-22) 区域导航航线（Q-22） (Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range Collocated with Distance Measuring Equipment (VOR/DME) based routes -- Alaska only: J-804R) （基于航线的与距离测量设备并置的甚高频全向信标（VOR/DME）——仅限阿拉斯加：J-804R） Low Altitude 低海拔 1,200’ AGL to but not including FL 180. 地平面以上1,200英尺至飞航空层180（不含） VOR Federal Airways (V-139) 甚高频全向信标联邦航线（V-139） Low Frequency/Middle Frequency (LF/MF) (Colored) Federal Airways 低频/中频（有色）联邦航线 Amber, Red, Blue, Green (G-13, R-75, etc) 琥珀色、红色、蓝色、绿色（G-13、R-75等） RNAV Routes (T-223) 区域导航航线（T-223） The U.S. route network is divided into a high and a low structure. The high structure is Class A airspace and extends from 18,000 feet MSL to FL It consists of: -- Jet routes which are VOR/VORTAC based. Example: J-183. -- High altitude Area Navigation Routes (Q-routes). Example: Q-122 The low structure is Class E airspace and extends from 1,200 feet AGL (or higher) up to, but not including 18,000 feet MSL. It consists of: -- VOR Federal airways. Example: V-254. -- Low/Medium Frequency (L/MF) airways which are based on non-directional beacons. These are located primarily in Alaska. They are identified by color names: Amber, Blue, Green, or Red. Example: G-10. -- Low Altitude Area Navigation Routes (T-routes). Example: T-257. -- Low altitude Helicopter Area Navigation Routes (TK-routes). Example: TK-504.

20 Air Traffic System Support to Air Medical Services 空中交通系统对空中医疗服务的支持
11/3/08 Air Traffic System Support to Air Medical Services 空中交通系统对空中医疗服务的支持 Aircraft conducting air medical services must comply with the same regulations governing General Operating and Flight Rules 执行空中医疗服务的飞机须遵守管理一般操作和飞行规则的规定 FAA may grant operators relief from the regulatory requirement (“Exemption”) 联邦航空管理局可准许运营商免受监管要求限制（“豁免”） Example: Exemption to allow air medical service operator to conduct rescue operations below established weather minimums 例如：通过豁免允许航空医疗服务运营商在低于既定最低气象条件的情况下开展救援工作 (b) The specific section or sections of 14 CFR from which you seek an exemption; (c) The extent of relief you seek, and the reason you seek the relief; (d) The reasons why granting your request would be in the public interest; that is, how it would benefit the public as a whole; (e) The reasons why granting the exemption would not adversely affect safety, or how the exemption would provide a level of safety at least equal to that provided by the rule from which you seek the exemption;

21 Air Traffic System Support to Air Medical Services 空中交通系统对空中医疗服务的支持
11/3/08 Air Traffic System Support to Air Medical Services 空中交通系统对空中医疗服务的支持 Air Traffic Control as Service Provider 空中交通管制作为服务提供者 Air Traffic Policy: When requested by pilot, ATC will provide increased operational priority to air medical service aircraft 空中交通政策：应飞行员要求，空中交通管制将为航空医疗服务飞机提供更高的操作优先级。 Provide priority handling to civilian air ambulance flights 优先处理民用空中救护飞行 Assist pilots to avoid significant weather and turbulent conditions 协助飞行员避免重大天气和湍流状况 Provide notification to expedite ground handling of patients, vital organs, or other urgent medical needs 发出通知，以加快患者、生命器官或其他紧急医疗需求的地面工作 Call Sign “MEDEVAC” 呼号“救伤直升机” 2−1−4. OPERATIONAL PRIORITY. b. Provide priority handling to civilian air ambulance flights (call sign “MEDEVAC”). Use of the MEDEVAC call sign indicates that operational priority is requested. When verbally requested, provide priority handling to AIR EVAC, HOSP, and scheduled air carrier/air taxi flights. Assist the pilots of MEDEVAC, AIR EVAC, and HOSP aircraft to avoid areas of significant weather and turbulent conditions. When requested by a pilot, provide notifications to expedite ground handling of patients, vital organs, or urgently needed medical materials. NOTE− Good judgment must be used in each situation to facilitate the most expeditious movement of a MEDEVAC aircraft.