Chap.22 Geographic Ecology (地理生態學) 補充：生物保育的策略

Presentation on theme: "Chap.22 Geographic Ecology (地理生態學) 補充：生物保育的策略"— Presentation transcript:

1 Chap.22 Geographic Ecology (地理生態學) 補充：生物保育的策略
+ character displacement 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 國立臺南大學 環境生態研究所 教授 環境與生態學院 院長

2 目錄 Chap. 22 地理生態學 (Geographic Ecology) 生物地理學 (Biogeography)
Introduction (History and definition) Concepts 生物地理學 (Biogeography) 發展史 ( ) 島嶼生物地理學 (Island Biogeography) 物種的差異 (樣區 Baja California) 生物保育的策略 目錄 Geographic Ecology

3 History Humboldt and Bonpland (1799) Darwin and Wallace
10,000km, on foot, by canoe, or on horseback 緯度12°S and 52°N (北美洲至南美洲) I shall try to find out how the forces of nature interact upon one another and how the geographic environment influences plant and animal life. Darwin and Wallace Geographic Ecology

4 Definition MacArthur and Wilson (1967) The Theory of Island Biogeography (島嶼生物地理學) 建立現代「地理生態學」的理論基礎 MacArthur (1972) Geographical Ecology 定義 「地理生態學」 The search for patterns of plant and animal life that can be put on a map. (研究可放在地圖上的植物和動物生活的分佈類型) Geographic Ecology

5 Concepts (Chap.22) On islands and habitat patches on continents, species richness increases with area and decreases with isolation. (面積愈大，種類愈多；隔離，減少物種數量) Species richness on islands can be modeled as a dynamic balance between immigration and extinction of species. (島嶼生態學模型) Species richness generally increase from middle and high latitudes to the equator. (赤道地區有較多的種類) Long-term historical and regional process significantly influence the structure of biotas and ecosystems. (歷史過程的影響) Geographic Ecology

6 地理生態學 (Geographic Ecology) 生物地理學 (Biogeography)
生物隨著時間於空間上的分布情形之研究。 植物地理學 (Plant geography) 動物地理學 (Zoogeography) 島嶼生物地理學 (Island Biogeography) 補充教材 Geographic Ecology

7 生物地理學的發展史 1820 – 1940：主要為描述性的生物地理學。
1940年以後：Cain(1944)加入詮釋性的生物地理之研究，可分為： 歷史生物地理學 (Historical biogeography) 生態生物地理學 (Ecological biogeography)。 1961年研討會：兩種遷移法：(1)跨越水域，(2)經由暫時性的陸橋。 Geographic Ecology

8 1980年以後，the study of biodiversity。
：相關學科的發展 (1) 大陸飄移。 (2) 分子生物技術於系統分類學的應用。 (3) MacArthur and Wilson (1963, 1967)：「島嶼生物地理學」的平衡理論。 (4) Vicariance 生物地理學。 1980年以後，the study of biodiversity。 Geographic Ecology

9 島嶼生物地理學 The equilibrium model of Island Biogeography (Chap.22 text: p ) Species richness on islands can be modeled as a dynamic balance between immigration and extinction of species. (島嶼物種的豐富度可運用物種的移入和滅絕的動態平衡來建構模型) Geographic Ecology

10 Fig. 22.8 Geographic Ecology

11 Fig. 22.9 Geographic Ecology

12 Fig.5a. The Galapagos Islands
Geographic Ecology

13 Fig. 5b. Number of land-plant species on the Galapagos islands in relation to the area of the island. S= 28.6A 0.32 Geographic Ecology

14 Fig. 6. Species-area curve for the amphibians and reptiles of the West Indies. S= 3.3A 0.30
Geographic Ecology

15 Fig. 9. Island biogeography applied to mountaintops
Fig. 9. Island biogeography applied to mountaintops. (a) Map of the Great Basin region of the western United States showing the isolated mountain ranges between the Rocky Mountains on the east and the Sierra Nevada on the west. Geographic Ecology

16 Fig. 9. Island biogeography applied to mountaintops
Fig. 9. Island biogeography applied to mountaintops. (b) Species-area relationship for the resident boreal birds of the mountaintops in the Great Basin. Geographic Ecology

17 Fig. 9. Island biogeography applied to mountaintops
Fig. 9. Island biogeography applied to mountaintops. (c) Species-area relationship for the boreal mammal species. Geographic Ecology

18 Experimental Island Biogeography
Fig Geographic Ecology

19 物種的差異 Fig. 11. Baja California 補充教材 Geographic Ecology

20 表1. Cortez 海域島嶼間生物地理之比較。
項 目 陸生植物 沿岸魚類 陸棲鳥類 陸棲爬蟲 蜥蜴 陸棲哺乳 50km2 之海洋島嶼所含之平均數 105 13 9.3 3.5 1.3 陸橋性島嶼比海洋性島嶼含有更多的種類？ No Yes Very Yes 島嶼上所含之種類比大陸塊上還少嗎？ 有一點 Holocene才出現之海洋性島嶼所含的種類數比老生島嶼還少嗎？ 距大陸愈遠，種類數愈少嗎？陸橋性島嶼 海洋性島嶼 特有性：陸橋性島嶼 2 5 35 47 16 69 Geographic Ecology

21 Fig. 13. 島嶼生物地理學(修改自Case & Code, 1987)
Geographic Ecology

22 生物保育的策略 傳統的範例 1960年代的島嶼生物地理學 「一大」或是「多小」？ 切割棲息地後，所含的生物種類數反而增加，可能的原因
四項不確定因素 研訂 minimum population size Genetic considerations 1960年代的島嶼生物地理學 「一大」或是「多小」？ 切割棲息地後，所含的生物種類數反而增加，可能的原因 Geographic Ecology

23 傳統的方法 (範例) Heath hem (Tympanuchus cupido cupido)
曾分布於New England 至Virginia State 1876，只存在於 Martha's Vineyard。 1900，只剩不到100隻。 1907，設立refuge(保護區)。 1916，族群數目增加到800隻。但當年火災，冬天又有強大的掠食壓力，族群數目又下降到100隻至150隻。 1920，族群數目再上升至200隻。但又遭疾病侵襲，又再下降到100隻以下。 1932，滅絕。 Geographic Ecology

24 四項不確定因素 (1) demographic stochasticity (2) environmental stochasticity
(3) natural catastrophes (4) genetic stochasticity Geographic Ecology

25 研訂 minimum population size
(1) Experiments (2) Biogeographic patterns (3) Theoretical models (4) Simulation models (5) Genetic considerations Geographic Ecology

26 Genetic considerations
小族群容易滅絕的原因 (1) inbreeding 造成homozygosity 上升。 (2) Genetic drift (3) 環境不斷變動。 Geographic Ecology

27 1960年代的島嶼生物地理學 原則： (1) 愈大愈好。 (2)不要切割。 (3)切割後，每塊間的距離愈近愈好。
(4)周長/面積，要愈小愈好。 Geographic Ecology

28 Fig. 10. Schematic illustration of some principles for the design of nature reserves.
Geographic Ecology

29 當代的切割理論與生物保育策略 「一大」或是「多小」？ (1) maximizes the mean size of reserves
(2) maximizes the number of reserves Geographic Ecology

30 Fig. 4. The distribution of areas of nature reserves in the world.
Geographic Ecology

31 Fig. 14. Diagram of experimental design
Fig. 14. Diagram of experimental design. Plots with solid edges represent enclosures preventing access by sheep. Broken lines mark delineated plots in the grazed area. Geographic Ecology

32 表2. 於不同大小面積之隔離區與牧養區內，顯花植物的種類數之比較。
項目 隔離區 牧養區 小型 中型 大型 N 32 8 2 16 4 1 總數 29 26 20 15 最多/各區 13 12 (15) 最少/各區 3 5 全區 34種 26種 Geographic Ecology

33 表3. 各型樣區的種類數目之變化。 項 目 小型 中型 大型 全部 種類1985 1986 1987 29 30 33 26 27 20
項 目 小型 中型 大型 全部 種類1985 1986 1987 29 30 33 26 27 20 25 34 40 遺失種類 4 2 5 3 1 新增種類 6 7 Geographic Ecology

34 海洋性島嶼 離岸200公里以上 Fig. 16. Cumulative species-area curves for oceanic archipelagos. a. Extant native birds of the Hawaiian islands b. Galapagos land birds c. Galapagos Darwin's finches d. Galapagos ferns. Geographic Ecology

35 Fig. 16. Cumulative species-area curves for oceanic archipelagos. e
Fig. 16. Cumulative species-area curves for oceanic archipelagos. e. Galapagos insects f. Galapagos flowering plants g. Caribbean bats. h. Facroes islands ground beetles. 海洋性島嶼 離岸200公里以上 Geographic Ecology

36 海洋性島嶼 離岸200公里以上 Fig. 16. Cumulative species-area curves for oceanic archipelagos. g. Caribbean bats. h. Facroes islands ground beetles. i.. Canary Islands birds j. Canary island ground beetles. Geographic Ecology

37 沿岸島嶼 離岸100KM以內 Fig. 17. Cumulative species-area curves for nearshores archipelagos. a. Seabirds on islands off of Scotland. b. Extant marsupials on islands in the Bass Straits. c. Reptiles on islands in the Bass Straits. d. Sand dune mammals on islands in the Bass Straits. Geographic Ecology

38 沿岸島嶼 離岸100KM以內 Fig. 17. Cumulative species-area curves for nearshore archipelagos. e. Birds of the California Channel islands. f. Reptiles and amphibians of the California Channel islands. g. Plants of the islands in the Gulf of California. h. Mammals of the islands in the Gulf of California. Geographic Ecology

39 沿岸島嶼 離岸100KM以內 Fig. 17. Cumulative species-area curves for nearshores archipelagos. g. Plants of the islands in the Gulf of California. h. Mammals of the islands in the Gulf of California. i. Reptiles and amphibians of the islands in the Gulf of California. Geographic Ecology

40 陸域隔離區 Fig. 18. Cumulative species-area curves for terrestrial habitat isolates. a. Mammals of East African national parks. b. Birds of East African national parks. c. Mountaintop small mammals. d. Mountaintop plants. Geographic Ecology

41 陸域隔離區 Fig. 18. Cumulative species-area curves for terrestrial habitat isolates. e. Mountaintop birds f. Birds in New Jersey woodlots g. Mammals of Australian wheatbelt reserves. h. Lizards of Australian wheatbelt reserves. Geographic Ecology

42 陸域隔離區 Fig. 18. Cumulative species-area curves for terrestrial habitat isolates. g. Mammals of Australian wheatbelt reserves. h. Lizards of Australian wheatbelt reserves. i. Mammals of U.S. national parks. Geographic Ecology

43 切割棲息地後，所含的生物種類數反而增加，可能的原因：
1. Habitat diversity 2. Population dynamics. Priority effects Multiple stable equilibria Edge effects Disturbance Species pool and dispersal ability. Colonization Evolutionary effects. Extinctions. 3. Historical effects. Geographic Ecology

44 問題與討論！ Ayo 台南站 http://mail.nutn.edu.tw/~hycheng japalur@hotmail.com
Geographic Ecology

45 Character Displacement
相近的物種，於重疊分布的區域，其間的差異會因為競爭而擴大。 這是否普遍存在？ Geographic Ecology

46 Fig. 1 The considerable difference in beak morphology between these three species of Darwin's finches, Geospiza, which coexist on many Galapagos islands, has been the subject of much debate concerning its cause. Geographic Ecology

47 Fig. 2 The beak morphology of Geospiza conirostris shows significant variation on different species on different islands. Geographic Ecology

48 Fig. 3. The average beak depths of four species of Darwin's finches on three islands where they coexist show considerable variation from island to islands, even though the same set of possible competition occurs on each island. Geographic Ecology

49 問題與討論！ Ayo 台南站 http://mail.nutn.edu.tw/~hycheng japalur@hotmail.com
Geographic Ecology

50 College of Environmental Sciences and Ecology 環境境與生態學院
│Biotech│Energy│Environmental Ecology│Ecotourism│ │生物科技學系│環境與能源學系│環境生態研究所│生態旅遊研究所│ Dean 鄭先祐 (Ayo)

51 │Biotech│Energy│Environmental Ecology│Ecotourism│
環境與生態學院 國立台南大學 民前13 92 93 94 95 96 97 35 76 80 環境生態研究所 環境與能源學系 生態旅遊研究所 生物資源與科技研究所 綠色能源科技研究所 生物科學與技術學系 台南師範學校 省立台南師範學校 省立台南師院學院 國立台南師範學院 生物科技學系 105 108年 元年 48年 89 93 60年 元年 Geographic Ecology

52 環境與生態學院 的架構 (價值) 生態與科技 生態與事業 自然與社會
生物科技、能源科技、復育技術 (保育生物學)、生態工法、自然經營管理、生態影響評估、生態監測技術 生態與事業 生態旅遊 (eco-tourism)、生態文化事業(產業)、生態教育、事業生態學 (business ecology)、工業生態學 (industry ecology) 自然與社會 文化生態、社會生態、生態經濟、生態治理 (governance)、生態論述、生態政策、生態社會地誌(拓樸)學 (Eco-society topology) Geographic Ecology