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Testing Specimen Requirement 2ml EDTA whole blood Fill in the tube label(s) with name.

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Presentation on theme: "Testing Specimen Requirement 2ml EDTA whole blood Fill in the tube label(s) with name."— Presentation transcript:

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2 Testing Specimen Requirement 2ml EDTA whole blood Fill in the tube label(s) with name

3 临床输血学实验 Transfusion Medicine (blood transfusion laboratories) 上海市第六人民医院 Shanghai Sixth People Hospital 输血科 Transfusion Department

4 History Ancient times 敬畏血液 - 生命的源泉 - 饮血疗法 The period 1500-1800 治疗精神病 血液有毒 放血疗法 - 人体血液循环,为输血奠定基础 - 血液 的携氧功能,合理治疗手段 The discovery of blood groups 血型之父 --Landsteiner

5 人类血型的发现,为安全输 血提供重要保证。 而且,在遗传学、人类学、 法医学、免疫学、部分疾病 的发病机制探讨上也具有重 要意义。

6 While blood cell antigens:  Red cell antigens  HLA antigens  Granulocytes-specific antigens Platelets ( 22 )

7 Part one Red blood cell group 目的要求: 掌握 ABO 血型的鉴定 熟悉 Rh 血型的鉴定

8 ABO SYSTEM Principle of procedure  红细胞上具有 A 抗原者为 A 型 - Red blood cells possess A blood group antigens  有 B 抗原者为 B 型 - Red blood cells possess B blood group antigens  A 和 B 抗原都没有者为 O 型 - Red blood cells lack A and B blood group antigens  A 和 B 抗原都有者为 AB 型 - Red blood cells possess A and B blood group antigens

9 Rh SYSTEM  The most complex in the red cells antigen  Individuals who possess the D antigen are Rh positive, who lack it are Rh negative.  The D antigen is capable of stimulating production of Anti-D in persons lacking the D antigen.  Anti-D is a clinically significant antibody capable of causing RBC destruction and may result in hemolytic disease of the newborn and transfusion reaction.

10 已发现的抗原 40 多个。 涉及临床主要是 5 个抗原: C 、 c 、 D 、 E 、 e 及其相应的特异性抗体。 Four other antigens(C 、 c 、 E 、 e) account for almost all of the Rh-related transfusion problems. They are less antigenic than D, and/or the antibodies are less clinically dangerous. But they can cause the transfusion reaction.

11 Materials Required  Centrifuge  0.9% saline  pipetter  reagents: The monoclonal antibody(IgM) include Anti-A 、 Anti-B 、 Anti-D 5% Standard RBC-Affirmagen

12 Methods  Solid phase adherence test  Tube test  Gel test  Manual  Semi-automated system  Automated system

13 PROCEDURE Specimen collection and preparation Red blood cell suspensions(4%RBC) can be prepared using the following combinations of saline and packed red blood cells: Saline Volume---2ml Packed RBC Volume---100ul 被检者 RBC 用生理盐水配成 2-5% 悬液待用 (2ml 0.9% NS +100ul 压积红细胞)

14 TEST PROCEDURE---tube test 正定型: 取小试管三只,分别用记号笔标记后加抗 A 、抗 B 、抗 D 血清各一滴,然后加受检者 RBC 悬液一 滴。 blood grouping  Add one drop of Anti-A 、 Anti-B 、 Anti-D to three tubes separately  Add one drop of a 2-5% RBC suspension to three tubes separately

15 TEST PROCEDURE 反定型: 取小试管三只,分别用记号笔标记后加受检者 血清一滴,然后加标准 A 、 B 及 O 型 RBC 各一滴 。 reverse grouping  Add one drop of serum/plasma to three tubes separately  Add one drop of 5% standard RBC to three tubes separately

16 将上述混匀后静置数分钟或 3000r/m 离心 15s 肉眼 判断凝集度。  Shake gently to mix contents of reaction tubes.  Centrifuge six tubes with 3000r/s,15m.  Shake gently with 45-60 angles.  Evaluate six tubes for agglutination and/or hemolysis upon test completion.  Record the reaction strength on the paper.

17 4+ 一个结实的大凝块,背景清楚。 3+ 数个结实的凝块,背景清楚。 2+ 中等大小的凝块加小凝块,背景清楚。 1+ 小凝块,背景较浑浊。 + 或 W+ 细胞有微小凝块,背景红色浑浊,通常 用显微镜观察。 MF 混合外观凝集,少数红细胞形成较大的 凝集块,而周围是游离的红细胞。 0(negative) 阴性,红细胞呈游离状态,无凝集象 H(hemolysis) 溶血,有游离血红蛋白。 Evaluate the agglutination strength

18 Anti-AAnti-BAnti-DAcBcOc grouping +++ ——— A RhD positive — +++ —— B RhD positive —— +++ — O RhD positive +++ ——— AB RhD positive Interpretation of results

19 Grouping anomalies  Cold auto-antibodies  Acquired B  Unexpected mixed field reactions  Partial or weak D  D negative  Intrauterine transfusions

20 RhD negative verification Reagents: three different Anti-D human (IgG) monoclonal antibody Method  Indirect antiglobulin test (IAT)  Gene test

21 Indirect antiglobulin test  Incubating the donor’s red cells with the Rh typing sera  Washing the cells three times  Adding AHG  Centrifuging the mixture  Observing it for agglutination

22 O 有一种表现自己的性格, 行动受感情左右, 喜欢政治, 好胜心强, 对立斗争有 戒心与喜欢交友并存, 能看清形势, 很注意别人对自己的好恶. 有信念和理想. 率直, 具有现时与罗曼蒂克双重性. 言行带有夸张性,讲话带有教育人和教 训人的语气 A 内心想法不愿为人所知. 对别人情绪及环境变化有敏锐反应, 但对别人的想 法缺乏客观理解. 思想行动慎重而有规律, 个性内向, 没个性谨小慎微固步自 封, 遵从常理, 重视家庭, 富于计划性. 擅长以说服和说明的调子讲话 B 开放型对人缺乏戒心, 情绪善变, 活动力强, 不原受约束, 行动奔放光明正大 反复无常, 富于灵活性, 欢热闹场合. 固执己见, 善于批评, 先下结论后作说明 ABAB 善于待人接物, 很注意合情合理, 期望在社会上施展能力, 注意别人对自己的 感情, 厌恶表里不一. 个性中庸, 富有实践精神计划性强不喜欢指手划脚容易 疲劳. 表情不丰富, 正式场合讲话呆板, 回避感情激烈的讲话或事件 The relationship between ABO group and personality

23 OA BAB ABO group and amativeness female male

24 Part two Red cell compatibility testing-Crossmatch 目的要求: 掌握交叉配血试验的原理 熟悉交叉配血试验的操作

25 CROSSMATCHING The crossmatch is defined as a procedure to exclude incompatibility between donor and recipient. Crossmatching will pick up incompatibilities between the donor and recipient that will not be evident on blood typing (as blood typing is not available against every blood group, just the major ones). In addition, the crossmatch procedure will not pick up low titer antibodies and thus will not prevent delayed-type hemolytic transfusion reactions

26 Immediate spin crossmatch  主侧配血 ---Major crossmatch (most important)---comparing donor eryghrocytes to recipient serum antibodies in recipient serum against donor erythrocytes.  次侧配血 ---Minor crossmatch This compares donor serum to recipient erythrocytes and checks for preformed antibodies in donor serum that could hemolyse recipient red cells

27 Choice of techniques  盐水介质 ---saline  酶介质 ---enzyme + liss  抗球蛋白介质 ---IAT

28 Crossmatch procedure Major crossmatch: Add 1d of 5% suspension of donor RBCs and 1d recipient plasma/serum into the tube 取受血者血清 1-2 滴 + 献血员 2-5% 红细胞盐水悬 液 1 滴 Minor crossmatch Add 1d of 5% suspension of recipient RBCs and 1d donor plasma/serum into the tube, 取受血者 2-5% 红细胞盐水悬液 1 滴 + 献血员血 清 1-2 滴

29 将上述混匀后静置数分钟或 3000r/m 离心 15s 肉眼判断凝集度。 Centrifuge six tubes with 3000r/s,15m. Shake softly with 45-60 angles. Evaluate two tubes for agglutination under the microscope.

30 Result  When there is an incompatible reaction on the major crossmatch, the donor blood should not be transfusion under any circumstances.  When there is an incompatible reaction on the minor crossmatch, the transfusion can go ahead. However, if the donated serum is likely to contribute substantially to the plasma volume of the recipient, the serum should be removed from the donor whole blood.

31 Selection of blood  Red cell components---the same ABO and RhD group as the patient  If ABO identical blood is not available---group O RBC + group AB plasma  If RhD-negative blood are limited---RhD positive blood may be selected  Patient with clinically significant red cell antibody  Patient with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia  Massive blood transfusion

32 Part three Coombs’test 目的要求:  掌握直接、间接抗人球蛋白试验 的原理  熟悉直接、间接抗人球蛋白试验 的操  了解直接、间接抗人球蛋白试验 的临床应用

33 一、抗人球蛋白试验的原理 倘若用提纯的或在人的全血 清内的人的球蛋白给动物(如兔 和山羊)注射,动物对外来的蛋 白质将会产生抗体,即抗人球蛋 白。

34 抗人球蛋白血清,在适当处 理之后将会与人球蛋白发生特异 性反应。如果球蛋白分子,或者 抗体或补体附着于红细胞膜上, 抗球蛋白血清将会与球蛋白结合 。因为球蛋白附着于红细胞上, 抗球蛋白血清与球蛋白分子的结 合就引起红细胞凝集反之,将不 会被凝集。

35 直接抗球蛋白试验 证实体内被致敏的红细胞。 洗涤后的患者红细胞可直接 进行抗人球蛋白血清检查。 间接抗球蛋白试验 证实体外被红细胞的致敏 。

36 血清与红细胞孵育,然 后用生理盐水洗涤红细 胞以除去未结合到红细 胞上多余的抗体。若加 入抗人球蛋白血清导致 的红细胞凝集,可证明 是红细胞表面具有与血 清中的抗体相同特异性 的表面抗原。

37 意义: 检查受检红细胞是否在体内已 被抗体或补体致敏。 用于: 新生儿溶血病 溶血性输血反应 自身免疫溶血性贫血 药物诱导溶血性贫血

38 二、操作 1 、直接抗球蛋白试验操作 取一试管放一滴受检者血液,用生理 盐洗涤 3-4 次,末次洗涤后,配成 2- 5%RBC 悬液待用。 取一试管放 1-2 滴多价抗人球蛋白血 清( IgG+C 3 ),再加待用 RBC 一滴 混匀, 3000 r /min 离心 15 s 。

39 持一定的角度轻轻地摇动 试管直到松动试管底细胞 。倘若观察到均匀的细胞 悬液为阴性;有凝集物为 阳性。

40 ( 4 )抗 IgG 阳性对照同( 2 )、 抗 C3 阳性对照细胞(一份 ACD 抗凝 血 + 九份 10% 蔗糖, 37 。 C 15m ,洗三 次, 37 。 C 水浴 30m ,配成 2-5% 红细 胞悬液)阴性对照用正常人 “O” 型红 细胞。

41 2 、 间接抗球蛋白试验  意义:检查受检者血清中有否有 红细胞的不规则抗体,适用于抗 体筛查和鉴定及交叉配合试验等。

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43 ( 2 ) 上述试管中血清于红细胞 混匀,离心( 3000r/min 15s )倘 若阳性对照管呈现凝集,阴性对 照管呈现不凝集,受检管出现凝 集为阳性,不凝集则为阴性。

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