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實證藥學進階課程 實證藥學應用於 藥物不良反應之評估

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1 實證藥學進階課程 實證藥學應用於 藥物不良反應之評估
財團法人彰化基督教醫院 藥劑部 蔡佩凌 藥師

2 台灣未來十年藥事執業發展方向指引 TSHP 2020 Initiative 架構 Goal 1
提升藥師協助住院病人獲得最佳個人化藥物治療的參與度 Goal 2 提升藥師協助非住院病人獲得最佳個人化藥物治療的參與度 Goal 3 提升藥師積極應用實證方法以改善治療計劃的參與度 Goal 4 提升藥師於醫療體系中在增進用藥安全方面的 顯著角色 Goal 5 提升醫療體系有效地應用科技以增進用藥安全的程度 Goal 6 提升藥師參與社區公共衛生計劃的程度 Goal 7 提升藥師對國際事務的參與度

3 JCI Medication Management Use
Organization and Management Selection and Procurement Storage Ordering and Transcribing Preparing and Dispensing Administration Monitoring - Medication effects on patients are monitored. * JCI: Joint Commission International

4 Diagnosis Medication Assessment Reporting
Lab. symptom Diagnosis Medication Medication effects: Ex. ADR Assessment Reporting

5 實證藥學應用於藥物不良反應之評估 Outline 藥物不良反應定義及國內ADR通報相關規定 藥物不良反應之評估
簡介實證藥學、資料搜尋及文獻評讀 實證藥學應用於藥物不良反應評估之臨床案例分享與討論

6 藥物不良反應定義及國內ADR通報相關規定

7 藥品不良反應定義 (Adverse drug reaction; ADR)
根據ICH與WHO對不良反應的定義,並反應國內國情,訂出不良反應的定義為:基於證據、或是可能的因果關係,而判定在任何劑量下,對藥品所產生之有害的、非蓄意的個別反應。 In the preapproval clinical experience with a new medicinal product or its new usages, particularly as the therapeutic dose(s) may not be established, all noxious and unintended responses to a medicinal product related to any dose should be considered adverse drug reactions. (ICH E6 GCP) 藥品不良反應 指人體在研究用藥品的建議使用量下,所產生預期或未預期的有害反應。此項反應與試驗藥品間,應具有合理之因果關係。 第一條、藥品不良反應 (Adverse drug reaction, ADR):在新藥或其新用法,特別是治療劑量可能尚未確立的未上巿前臨床經驗裏,所有新藥的有害與未預期反應,無論在任何劑量發生時,皆為藥品不良反應。”對藥物的反應”指的是不良事件與藥物間至少有合理可能性的因果關係,例如:無法排除其因果相關性。關於已上巿的藥品:對藥品的有害與未預期反應,通常發生於疾病預防、診斷、治療或修正身體的功能。 世界衛生組織(World Health Organization; WHO)對藥品不良反應的定義為一般用於預防、診斷、治療疾病或調節生理功能的劑量下,藥品產生任何有害或未預期的反應(7);因使用藥品而導致病患死亡、危及生命、造成永久性殘疾、胎嬰兒先天性畸形、導致病人住院或延長病人住院時間及其他可能導致永久性傷害需做處置之一項,稱之為“嚴重”的ADR。 藥物不良反應中心

8 國內ADR通報相關規定 藥事法 藥品優良臨床試驗準則 (GCP) 94.1.6 藥物安全監視管理辦法93.9.9
嚴重藥物不良反應辦法 藥品優良安全監視規範(Good Pharmacovigilance Practice; GPhvP)

9 嚴重藥物不良反應 通報義務 藥事法 第四十五條之一:醫療機構、藥局及藥商對於因藥物所引起之嚴重不良反應,應行通報;其 方式、內容及其他應遵行事項之辦法,由中央衛生主管機關定之。 第九十二條:違反第四十五條之一者,得處新台幣三萬元以上十五萬元以下罰鍰。 93.4 經立法院院會通過,衛生署將嚴重藥物不良反應通報列入藥事法。 修正藥事法第四十二條。 第四十二條 (核發或展延藥品許可證) 中央衛生主管機關對於製造、輸入之藥物,應訂定作業準則,作為核發、變更及展延藥物許可證之基準 衛署藥字第 號發布「藥品優良臨床試驗準則」(GCP)取代「藥品優良臨床試驗規範」 第45條 經核准製造或輸入之藥物,中央衛生主管機關得指定期間,監視其安全性。 廠商於前項安全監視期間應遵行事項,由中央衛生主管機關定之。 第45條之1 醫療機構、藥局及藥商對於嚴重的藥物不良反應案例,應行通報;其方式、內容及其他應遵行事項之辦法,由中央衛生主管機關定之。

10 嚴重藥物不良反應,係指因使用藥物致生下列各款情形之一者:
死亡 危及生命 造成永久性殘疾 胎嬰兒先天性畸形 導致病人住院 延長病人住院時間 可能導致永久性傷害需做處置者

11 嚴重藥物不良反應 通報時效性 臨床試驗 上市後 死亡 危及生命 獲知七日內通報 十五日內提供詳細書面資料 其他嚴重ADR
獲知日起十五日內通報並提供詳細書面資料 - (務必通報)

12 嚴重藥物不良反應 通報目的 注意常發生、未預期及嚴重藥物不良反應之藥品,預防患者再度使用相同藥物,確保患者用藥安全。
提供醫師處方時或醫療人員照顧患者時之參考 建立本土之藥物用藥安全資料庫,以達到合理用藥及提昇台灣民眾藥物使用安全性 National Reporting System of ADRs in Taiwan

13 案例 患者A君78歲,於97年11/18開始服用allopurinol (11/18 uric acid: 9 mg/dl),依據當時的腎功能(ClCr 35ml/min)給予100mg/d allopurinol。 服藥5週後身體開始出現皮膚脫屑、口腔粘膜潰瘍至急診治療,經會診皮膚科及免疫風濕科診斷為Stevens-Johnson syndrome (favor Allopurinol related) 入院即停用allopurinol,因oral ulcer以鼻胃管進食,給予抗組織胺及類固醇等治療。 A君之前不曾發生此種情形且平時並無服用中藥或其他藥品習慣 併用藥品:acetyl salicylic acid, ramipril, atenolol, Isosorbide-5-mononitrate 疾病:ischemic heart disease, hyperuricemia (asymptomatic)

14 實證藥學應用於藥物不良反應之評估 Outline 藥物不良反應定義及國內ADR通報相關規定 藥物不良反應之評估 藥物不良反應是否可預防
不良反應與藥物或疾病相關性 JCI MMU: Dispensing & Monitoring

15 藥物不良反應 是否可預防 對本病患而言,產生ADR的懷疑藥品,是否不符適應症?
就病患之年齡、體重及疾病狀態,目前所使用之劑量、給藥途徑或給藥頻率不恰當? 是否應對懷疑藥品進行藥物治療監測或其他相關檢驗,但該做而未做? 病患對此懷疑藥品是否曾有過敏反應或藥物不良反應症狀發生? 此藥品不良反應是否與藥物交互作用有關? 血中藥物濃度是否已達中毒濃度? 是否有服藥依從性不佳之考量? Schumock GT, Thornton JP. Focusing on the preventability of adverse drug reactions, Hosp Pharm 1992; 27: 538

16 案例 對本病患而言,產生ADR的懷疑藥品,是否不符適應症?
患者A君78歲,於97年11/18開始服用allopurinol (11/18 uric acid: 9 mg/dl),依據當時的腎功能(ClCr 35ml/min)給予100mg/d allopurinol。 服藥5週後身體開始出現皮膚脫屑、口腔粘膜潰瘍至急診治療,經會診皮膚科及免疫風濕科診斷為Stevens-Johnson syndrome (favor Allopurinol related) 入院即停用allopurinol,因oral ulcer以鼻胃管進食,給予抗組織胺及類固醇等治療。 A君之前不曾發生此種情形且平時並無服用中藥或其他藥品習慣 併用藥品:acetyl salicylic acid, ramipril, atenolol, Isosorbide-5-mononitrate 疾病:ischemic heart disease, hyperuricemia (asymptomatic) 對本病患而言,產生ADR的懷疑藥品,是否不符適應症?

17 Allopurinol 適應症 對本病患而言,產生ADR的懷疑藥品,是否不符適應症? 衛生署適應症 仿單 高尿酸所致之痛風
A君 uric acid: 9.0 mg/dl) Allopurinol 適應症 衛生署適應症 痛風症、痛風性關節炎、尿酸結石、癌症或經化學治療產生之高尿酸血症。 仿單 高尿酸所致之痛風

18 實證藥學應用於藥物不良反應之評估 Outline 藥物不良反應定義及國內ADR通報相關規定 藥物不良反應之評估
簡介實證藥學、資料搜尋及文獻評讀 實證藥學應用於藥物不良反應評估之臨床案例分享與討論

19 Five steps – 5A Step 1: Asking 問問題 Step 2: Accessing 找資料
Step 3: Appraising 分析判斷 Step 4: Applying 臨床應用 Step 5: Auditing 評估成果

20 Step 1: Asking 案例&問題 患者A君78歲,於97年11/18開始服用allopurinol (11/18 uric acid: 9 mg/dl),依據當時的腎功能(ClCr 35ml/min)給予100mg allopurinol QD。 服藥5週後身體開始出現皮膚脫屑、口腔粘膜潰瘍至急診治療,經會診皮膚科及免疫風濕科診斷為Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) 問題一 Allopurinol用於治療hyperuricemia是否恰當? 問題二 Allopurinol是否會導致SJS? 其他藥品或疾病是否會導致SJS?

21 問題一:Allopurinol用於治療hyperuricemia是否恰當?
患者A君78歲,於97年11/18開始服用allopurinol (11/18 uric acid: 9 mg/dl),依據當時的腎功能(ClCr 35ml/min)給予100mg allopurinol QD。 問題一:Allopurinol用於治療hyperuricemia是否恰當? P atient I ntervention C omparison O utcome 78 y/o man with hyperuricemia allopurinol placebo Decreased uric acid

22 Determining question type
Therapy how to select treatments to offer patients that do more good than harm and that are worth the efforts and costs of using them Harm / Etiology how to identify causes for disease (including iatrogenic forms) Diagnosis (tests) how to select and interpret diagnostic tests Prognosis how to estimate the patient's likely clinical course over time and anticipate likely complications of disease 第一個問題需先確定是background或foreground問題 當知道是foreground問題後,再來進一步是決定question type,是屬於何種type (問題的類型問題的類型) Therapy:如何選擇好的治療、介入或預防措施 Harm/ Etiology:如何確認疾病的病因或醫源性傷害 (診斷與治療都會有傷害) Diagnosis (tests):如何選擇好的診斷工具或測量 Prognosis:如何評估(預測)可能的臨床病程與併發症 以上是最常見的四種type 在search的Clinical query及appraisal paper也是這四種

23 資料庫的種類 Primary (Unfiltered) databases
Step 2: Accessing 資料庫的種類 Primary (Unfiltered) databases 中華民國期刊論文, Medline, PubMed, ProQuest Nursing, CINAHL, ……. Best evidence (Prefiltered) databases 2o journals: EBM , EBN, ACPJC, EBM Review, Bandolier (article review) Cochrane database of systematic reviews Guidelines

24 搜尋步驟 PubMed Cochrane Library Guideline: NGC
Keywords - hyperuricemia AND allopurinol Clinical Queries Cochrane Library Keywords - hyperuricemia treatment Guideline: NGC 實證臨床指引平台

25 Lib.cch.org.tw

26 Primary databases: PubMed
Keywords: hyperuricemia AND allopurinol

27 PubMed Clinical Queries

28 Best evidence databases: Cochrane Library

29 Guideline: National Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC)

30 實證臨床指引平台

31 搜尋步驟 PubMed Cochrane Library Guideline: NGC
Keywords - hyperuricemia AND allopurinol: 609 Clinical Queries: 21 Cochrane Library Keywords - hyperuricemia treatment: 27 Guideline: NGC Keywords - hyperuricemia treatment: 9 實證臨床指引平台:1

32 The Evidence Pyramid Meta-analysis Randomized control studies
Step 3: Appraising The Evidence Pyramid Meta-analysis 1 Randomized controlled double blind studies Randomized control studies Cohort studies 2 Case control studies 3 Case series 4 Case reports Ideals, editorials, opinions 5 Animals reaserch In vitro(test tube) research

33 Therapy/Prevention, Aetiology/Harm
Levels of Evidence (Oxford CEBM 2009) Level of Evidence Therapy/Prevention, Aetiology/Harm Prognosis 1a Systematic Review (SR with homogeneity*) of RCTs SR (with homogeneity*) of inception studies, or a CPG validated on a test set 1b Individual RCT (with narrow Confidence Interval) Individual inception cohort study with 80% follow-up 1c All or none All or none case-series 2a SR (with homogeneity*) of cohort study SR (with homogeneity*) of either retrospective cohort studies or untreated control groups in RCTs 2b Individual cohort study (include low quality RCT; e.g., <80% follow-up) Retrospective cohort study or follow-up untreated control patients in an RCT; or CPG not validated in a test set. 2c “Outcomes” Research 3a SR (with homogeneity*) of case-control studies 3b Individual Case-Control Study 4 Case-series (and poor quality cohort and case-control studies) Case-series (and poor quality prognostic cohort studies) 5 Expert opinion without explicit critical appraisal, or based on physiology bench research or “first principles”

34 文獻摘要(1) Tausche AK et al, Gout—Current Diagnosis and Treatment. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2009; 106(34–35): 549– Level: 1 無症狀的高尿酸血症不需要藥物治療,痛風性關節炎急性治療需找出高尿酸血症之成因,且需長期治療使其尿酸降至6mg/dL以下。急性痛風可短期使用非類固醇消炎藥、秋水仙素及類固醇藥。 Asymptomatic hyperuricemia is generally not an indication for pharmacological intervention to lower the uric acid level. When gout is clinically manifest, however, acute treatment of gouty arthritis should be followed by determination of the cause of hyperuricemia, and long-term treatment to lower the uric acid level is usually necessary. The goal of treatment is to diminish the body's stores of uric acid crystal deposits (the intrinsic uric acid pool) and thereby to prevent the inflammatory processes that they cause, which lead to structural alterations. In the long term, serum uric acid levels should be kept below 360 μmol/L (6 mg/dL). The available medications for this purpose are allopurinol and various uricosuric agents, e.g., benzbromarone. There is good evidence to support the treatment of gouty attacks by the timely, short-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), colchicine, and glucocorticosteroids.

35 文獻摘要(2) 台灣痛風與高尿酸血症診療指引 從未有過關節炎發作的無症狀者(uric acid>7 mg/dL)
無症狀高尿酸血症在下列狀況,可考量藥物治療 有痛風臨床症狀 明顯的痛風、尿路結石家族史 24小時尿液排泄量超過1100mg 經飲食控制或停用影響尿酸代謝的藥物,而尿酸值卻仍持續六個月>9mg/dl 台灣痛風與高尿酸血症診療指引(2008/4/19) 指引發展單位:中華民國風濕病醫學會、國家衛生研究院

36 結果摘要 無症狀的高尿酸血症,幾乎不需要藥物治療。 若為高尿酸所致之痛風,降尿酸藥物對高尿酸血有效,但是調整飲食及生活習慣亦是重要。
在下列狀況,可考量藥物治療 有痛風臨床症狀 明顯的痛風、尿路結石家族史 24小時尿液排泄量超過1100mg 經飲食控制或停用影響尿酸代謝的藥物,而尿酸值卻仍持續六個月>9mg/dl 若為高尿酸所致之痛風,降尿酸藥物對高尿酸血有效,但是調整飲食及生活習慣亦是重要。

37 臨床經驗 案例 患者A君78歲,於97年11/18開始服用allopurinol (11/18 uric acid: 9 mg/dl)
Step 4: Applying 臨床經驗 案例 患者A君78歲,於97年11/18開始服用allopurinol (11/18 uric acid: 9 mg/dl) 疾病:ischemic heart disease, hyperuricemia (asymptomatic)

38 不良反應與藥物或疾病 相關性 衛生署藥物不良反應通報中心藥物不良反應評估記錄 Naranjo Scale WHO causality

39 Naranjo Scale 1.以前是否有關於此種不良反應確定的研究報告? 5.有沒有其他原因(此藥物以外)可以引起同樣之不良反應?

40 WHO causality (1) Certain Probable/likely laboratory test abnormality
occurring in a plausible time relationship to drug administration, and cannot be explained by concurrent disease or other drugs or chemicals. The response to withdrawal of the drug (dechallenge) should be clinically plausible. The event uses a satisfactory rechallenge procedure if necessary Probable/likely a reasonable time sequence to administration of the drug, unlikely to be attributed to reasonable response on withdrawal (dechallenge). Rechallenge information is not required to fulfill this definition

41 WHO causality (2) Possible Unlikely laboratory test abnormality
a reasonable time sequence to administrations of the drug, but which could also be explained by concurrent disease or other drugs or chemicals. Information on drug withdrawal may be lacking or unclear. Unlikely a temporal relationship to drug administration which makes a causal relationship improbable, and in which other drugs, chemicals or underlying disease provide plausible explanations.

42 案例 問題二: Allopurinol是否會導致Stevens-Johnson Syndrome?
患者A君78歲,於97年11/18開始服用allopurinol (11/18 uric acid: 9 mg/dl),依據當時的腎功能(ClCr 35ml/min)給予100mg/d allopurinol。 服藥5週後身體開始出現皮膚脫屑、口腔粘膜潰瘍至急診治療,經會診皮膚科及免疫風濕科診斷為Stevens-Johnson syndrome (favor Allopurinol related) 入院即停用allopurinol,因oral ulcer以鼻胃管進食,給予抗組織胺及類固醇等治療。 A君之前不曾發生此種情形且平時並無服用中藥或其他藥品習慣 併用藥品:acetyl salicylic acid, ramipril, atenolol, Isosorbide-5-mononitrate 疾病:ischemic heart disease, hyperuricemia (asymptomatic)

43 文獻的等級 Textbook. CCIS 3.Tertiary Medline, EMBase, IPA (International pharmaceutical abstracts), IDIS 2 Secondary Original study, case report, letter to editorial, clinical trial, case control study, cohort study 1 Primary

44 Micromedex CCIS

45 問題二:Allopurinol是否會導致SJS?
Step 1: Asking 患者A君78歲,於97年11/18開始服用allopurinol (11/18 uric acid: 9 mg/dl),依據當時的腎功能(ClCr 35ml/min)給予100mg/d allopurinol。 服藥5週後發生Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) 問題二:Allopurinol是否會導致SJS? P atient I ntervention C omparison O utcome 78 y/o man with hyperuricemia allopurinol placebo Stevens-Johnson Syndrome

46 Determining question type
Therapy how to select treatments to offer patients that do more good than harm and that are worth the efforts and costs of using them Harm / Etiology how to identify causes for disease (including iatrogenic forms) Diagnosis (tests) how to select and interpret diagnostic tests Prognosis how to estimate the patient's likely clinical course over time and anticipate likely complications of disease 第一個問題需先確定是background或foreground問題 當知道是foreground問題後,再來進一步是決定question type,是屬於何種type (問題的類型問題的類型) Therapy:如何選擇好的治療、介入或預防措施 Harm/ Etiology:如何確認疾病的病因或醫源性傷害 (診斷與治療都會有傷害) Diagnosis (tests):如何選擇好的診斷工具或測量 Prognosis:如何評估(預測)可能的臨床病程與併發症 以上是最常見的四種type 在search的Clinical query及appraisal paper也是這四種

47 搜尋步驟 PubMed Cochrane Library Keywords
Step 2: Accessing 搜尋步驟 PubMed Keywords - allopurinol AND (Stevens-Johnson Syndrome) Clinical Queries Cochrane Library

48 Primary databases: PubMed
Keywords: allopurinol AND (Stevens-Johnson Syndrome)

49 PubMed Clinical Queries

50 Best evidence databases: Cochrane Library

51 搜尋步驟 PubMed Cochrane Library
Keywords - allopurinol AND (Stevens-Johnson Syndrome): 47 Clinical Queries: 3 Cochrane Library Keywords - allopurinol AND (Stevens-Johnson Syndrome): 0

52 Step 3: Appraising 文獻摘要(1-1) Lee HY et al, Allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome: a preventable severe cutaneous adverse reaction?. Singapore Med J 2008; 49(5): 384– Level: 3 Methods: Retrospective review was done for all patients who were referred to the dermatology unit of a tertiary hospital for allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome over a four-year period. Results: Over the four-year period, there were a total of 3,783 inpatient dermatology consultations. Among these, there were a total of 28 patients with allopurinol drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DHS).

53 文獻摘要(1-2) Lee HY et al, Allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome: a preventable severe cutaneous adverse reaction?. Singapore Med J 2008; 49(5): 384– Level: 3 Allopurinol should be initiated under clear indications with appropriate dosages. Potential associations with this syndrome(SJS) include the Chinese race, the elderly, and patients with underlying renal impairment. Usually appears after a 3–6 week exposure to certain drugs. HLA-B5801 (Taiwan)

54 文獻摘要(2-1) Allopurinol is the most common cause of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in Europe and Israel. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008;58: Level: 3 a multinational case-control study. Results: Allopurinol was the drug most frequently associated with SJS or TEN Daily doses equal to or greater than 200 mg were associated with a higher risk.

55 文獻摘要(2-2) Allopurinol is the most common cause of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in Europe and Israel. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008;58: Level: 3 Results: The use of comedications did not increase the risk.

56 結果摘要 Allopurinol induced Stevens-Johnson Syndrome HLA-B5801 (Taiwan)
通常發生於服藥後3–6 (8)週. 較高之危險性 老年人 腎功能不佳 劑量≧ 200 mg/d

57 Step 4: Applying 案例 患者A君78歲,於97年11/18開始服用allopurinol (11/18 uric acid: 9 mg/dl),依據當時的腎功能(ClCr 35ml/min)給予100mg/d allopurinol 。 服藥5週後身體開始出現皮膚脫屑、口腔粘膜潰瘍至急診治療,經會診皮膚科及免疫風濕科診斷為Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (favor Allopurinol related) 併用藥品:acetyl salicylic acid, ramipril, atenolol, Isosorbide-5-mononitrate (均未停用) 疾病:ischemic heart disease, hyperuricemia (asymptomatic)

58 Naranjo Scale 服藥5週後身體開始出現皮膚脫屑… 入院即停用allopurinol…(後來狀況改善,出院。)

59 A君ADR (SJS)與藥品(allopurinol)的相關性:極有可能相關

60 案例 A君… 停用allopurinol 於醫囑登錄ADR,並給予ADR卡 建議:調整生活型態及飲食,減少啤酒、烈酒、內臟、海產的攝取

61 attitude, skill, knowledge
behavior change Willing is not enough We must do Once is not enough We must practice, practice… Knowing is not enough We must apply 1833.Modified from Goethe JW: "Denken und Tun". Maximen und Reflexionen


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